Index

A

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene inhibition, 136

Academic career assistant professor

academic appointment, 18 academic pursuits, 16 Career Development

Awards (see Career Development Awards)

education portfolio, 21 educational curriculum development, 21

mentor, 17 mentorship, 20 mid-career mark, 26–27 potential tracks, 18–20 promotion paperwork

process, 27–28 PubMed, 17 research/educational

activities, 18

review and selection, 15 surgical journals, 20, 21 teaching awards, 21 tenure, 22

time protection, 15–16 time requirements, 23 associate professor, 28–29

preparation phase

academic residency program selection, 13–14

academic training, 14 K12-program, 15 NRSA scholar, 13

promotion timeline, 12, 13 research fellowships, 14

professional title, 12 promotion, definition, 11

Academic surgeons bridge-tenders, 4–5 impact factor

clinical teaching, 5–6 cognitive and technical

skills, 6 mentorship, 6–7 patient care, 6

surgical research types basic science research, 7 clinical studies, 8 education research, 9

health services research, 8 translational research, 7

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 220

American College of SurgeonsNational Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), 102–103

American Pediatric Surgical Association Task Force on Family Issues, 222

252 Index

American surgical training programs, 219

Angiogenic islets, 83

Association for Academic Surgery (AAS), 26

B

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation, 136

C

Cardiofunk (cfk), 88

Career Development Awards (CDAs), 194

academic and professional societies, 26

K Awards, 25, 26

K08, K23 mechanisms, 25 NIH awards, 23, 24

R01 mechanism, 25 Veteran’s administration, 23

Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 135

Clinical and Translational Science

Award (CTSA), 134 The Common Rule, 47

Comparative effectiveness research (CER), 94

definition, 95

observed and unobserved confounders, 96

patients, beneficial treatment approach, 95

population-based datasets, 96 pragmatic clinical trials, 97 randomization, 96, 97 retrospective and prospective,

96–97

SEER registry data, 96

D

Data analysis, 124 biostatistics, 59

case reports/case series, 63 case-control and cohort studies,

63–64

categorical values, 71–72 central tendency and spread

measures, 68–71 cross-sectional studies, 63 discrete scale, 68 experimental studies, 64–65 health services/outcomes

research administrative datasets,

coding, 72 development steps, 73–74 secondary data analysis, 72 SEER tumor registry data,

72, 73 selection bias, 73

inferential statistics, 65–67 IV analysis, 79 multivariate analysis, 75–77

numeric variables measures, 71 numerical scales, 68

ordinal data, 67

propensity score analysis, 79 prospective studies, 64 RCT, 65

retrospective cohort studies, 64 sources of error

bias, 60–62 confounding, 60, 61

measurable and unmeasurable characteristics, 61

randomization, 62 risk factors, 60, 61

type I and type II errors, 62 time-to-event analysis, 77–78

Data collection, 124

E

e-Mentoring, 172

Echinoderm microtubule-associ- ated protein-like 4 (ELM4), 136

Econometrics, 107 Education research, 9 Ethics

avoidable errors, 53 conflict of interest, 53–54

fabrication, 52 falsification, 52

human subjects research Helsinki declaration, 46–47 informed consent process,

48–50

injection of live cancer cells, 47

IRB, 47–48 Nuremberg code, 46

lead researcher and mentees, power imbalances, 51

mentors, 52–53

open research environment, 52 plagiarism, 52

publication and authorship, 54–55

skills, academic surgeons, 44 surgeon-scientist, dual loyalties

goals, 46

patient care, 44, 45 patient-doctor relationship,

44 stakeholders, 45 surgical care, 44

surgical education research, 125–127

surgical innovation, 50–51 Evidence-based medicine (EBM),

112–113

Ewing’s sarcoma cells, 84–86

F

First formal surgical residency training program, 219

Functional genomics, 136, 138

G

Genomics

ALK gene inhibition, 136 BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, 136 DNA sequence, 135 gene-expression profiling

DNA microarrays, 136 false discovery rate, 138 genomic sequencing, 139

Index 253

hepatocellular carcinoma, 139

oligonucleotide, 137 polymerase chain reaction,

137

significance analysis microarrays, 138

Huntington’s disease, 135 SNP, 135

Grant writing candidate, 191–192

career development plan academic degree, 189 advantage, 189 bio-statistical classes, 189 clinical coverage, surgeons,

190

clinical responsibilities, 190 epidemiology courses,

189–190 manuscript writing, 188 mentor (see Mentor)

mentoring relationship, 189 on-line didactic courses, 189 operative skills, 190 postdoctoral fellowship, 191 R proposal, 190

R01 stresses, 183

short-, mid-and long-term goals, 188

K Awards (see K Awards) K08, 183

K23, 183

NIH, 182

relative value units, 182 research plan

acronyms usage, 197 appendix, 197

application process starting, 198

brevity, 193

Career Development Award, 194

clarity, 193

cohort recruitment, 198 data monitoring plan, 198

254 Index

Grant writing (cont.)

Hispanic community, 196 italicize and embolden, 197 Niederhuber and

Lowenstein approaches, 193

proposal resubmission, 197 recruitment and retention

details, 198

research design choosing, 195

specific aims focus, 193 statisticians, 196

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 84

H

Health services research (HSR), 8 definition, 91

disease management clinical trials, 93

comparative effectiveness research (see Comparative effectiveness research)

data synthesis, 94–95, 98 effectiveness trials, 93 patient-centered outcomes

research, 94, 97 health care delivery system,

92, 93

macro environment, 105 policy evaluation, 106 surgical workforce,

107–108

intellectual disciplines, 92, 94 micro-system, 98–99

disparities, 99–100 implementation science,

103–104

patient safety, 104–105 quality measurement,

101–103 quantitative and qualitative

techniques, 92, 95

surgical outcomes research, 92

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 97

Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), 141, 142

Hierarchical clustering, 137 Humans digest theory, 45 Huntington’s disease, 135 Hyperplastic islets, 82, 83 Hypothesis development

available population, 38 eligible population, 38 principal/primary question, 37 reference population, 38 resource utilization, 36 routine catheterization, 37 secondary question, definition,

38

statistical/ethical considerations, 37

study design, 38–40 study population, 38

I

Institutional review boards (IRBs), 47–48, 126–127

Instrumental variable (IV) analysis, 79

K

K Awards, 25, 26 candidate, 183

career development plan, 183 guidelines and instructions, 183 mentors, 184

research plan, 183 Kruskal–Wallis test, 71

L

Literature review adequate power, 35 alpha error, 36

confounding variables, 35 externally valid study, 35–36 information bias, 35 internally valid study, 35

lead time bias, 35 medline search, 34 misclassification errors, 35

multiple sources of information, 34

peer-reviewed papers, 34 randomized controlled trials, 36 selection bias, 35

time bias, 35 Luciferase, 84, 86 Luminex, 141

M

Mann–Whitney U test, 71 Master’s degree in public health

(MPH), 15

Medicare and Medicaid Act, 220 Mentored Patient-Oriented

Research Career Development Award, 183

Mentors, 17, 52–53 definition, 171

dyadic relationship, mentee, 171 electronic media, 172 face-to-face meetings, 185 grant writing, 183

informal mentoring, 171 institutional commitment, 187 K Award, 184

mentee protection, 172 mentee transition, 176 mentee communication, 189 mentor letter, 185–187

mentor-candidates track record, 175

mentoring relationships, 173 networking, 172

origin, 170–171

personal development, 170 potential mentors, 174 prewriting phase decision, 184 professional career, 174 research development, 170 reviewers criticisms, 187

right mentor selection, 173

Index 255

risk, 176–178 roles, 184

rules of game, 172 scientifically prominent

primary mentor selection, 184–185

spontaneous/accidental mentoring, 172

team assembling, 185 time commitment, 175

Mentorship, 6–7 Metabolomics, 143 Multivariate analysis, 75–77

N

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 133

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), 134

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 14, 132, 182

National Research Service Award (NRSA), 13

National surgical quality improvement program ( NSQIP), 102–103

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 87 NIH Mentored Clinical Scientist

Research Career Development Award, 183

Noncancer animal models, 85–87 Nuremberg code, 46

O

Ockham’s razor, 116 Orthotopic xenograft models, 84

P

Parsimony, 116 Patient-centered outcomes

research, 94, 97 Peer-review publication

academic community, novel concepts and ideas, 148 academic writing rules, 149

256 Index

Peer-review publication (cont.) Instructions to Authors,

150–151

journal choosing, 149–150 personal and institutional

recognition, 148 publication deficiency, 148 reviewer comments, 164–165 revising, 163–164

writing

abstract section, 160 acknowledgments section,

159–160 authorship, 161–162

discussion section, 157–159 figure legends, 156

figures and tables section, 153–154

introduction section, 156–157

manuscript writing order, 151–153

methods section, 154 results section, 155 style, 149

title section, 160–161 Phenotypic mimicry models, 87 Philadelphia, 135

Pilot testing, 120–121 Propensity score analysis, 79 Proteomics

biomarker identification, 139, 142 heat shock protein 27, 141, 142 luminex, 141

mass spectrometry, 140 peptide analysis, 141 PGAM1 expression, 142 protein identification, 140 shRNA mediated repression,

142

TBI biomarker, 143

R

Randomized clinical trials (RCT), 65 Rat insulin promoter (RIP), 83

Research team management advertising, 208

career goals, 203 departmental financial and

purchasing administrators, 204

e-mail account, 204 graduate students, 207 help seeking, 206

hiring policies and practices, 206 information, company vendors,

204

institutional applicant pool, 206 laboratory personnel, 206 money saving, 204–205 postdoctoral fellows, 207 probation period, 210

program and career, investigator, 203

program leadership, 214–215 program mission, 203 program vision, 203–204 project planning, 204 questions asked, 207 references, 208–209

research personnel, hiring, 202 research techniques, 213–214 resources and equipment needs,

list generation, 204 time management, 213 trainees

clinical track record, 211 funding, 212–213

grant writing skills, 210 learning presentation skills,

210

postdoctoral trainees, 211 primary role, 210 research training, 212

scientific research methods, 211

time commitment, 210 writing skills, 210

undergraduate students, 207 RIP-TAg model, 82

S

Significance analysis microarrays (SAM), 138

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 135

Structural genomics, 135 Surgical education research

benefits, 114

data collection and analysis, 124

EBM, 112–113 ethics, 125–127 forums, 114 funding, 128 Ockham’s razor, 116 parsimony, 116

pilot testing, 120–121 professional benefits, 113 reliability and validity,

121–122

research project designing steps, 117–119

research team development, 117, 120

rigorous studies features, 117, 119

scientific equipoise criterion, 116

study design development, 122–124

survey analysis, 124–125 teaching mode, 114 teaching vs. teaching with

research, 115 Surgical innovation, 50–51 Surgical research types

basic science research, 7 clinical studies, 8 education research, 9 health services research, 8 translational research, 7

Surveillance epidemiology and end results (SEER) registry data, 72, 96

SV40 Oncogene, 82, 83

Index 257

T

Time management definition, 236 goal setting, 246

activities identification, 246 SMART concept, 244, 247 subtasks execution, 246 time allocation, subtasks, 246

key time-management strategies, 236

maximizing efficiency, 248 disorganization, 247 multitasking, 248 positive thinking, 248–249

planning and prioritizing, 238 action plans, 239

activity logs, 240 goal setting, 237 quality of work, 238 to-do lists, 237, 238

urgency-importance matrix, 237, 239

principles and practices, 236 scheduling protected time, 243

buffer time, 243 distractions elimination,

241–242 e-mail, 243–245

reading and writing, 240–241, 243

skills, 237

Time-to-event analysis, 77–78 Transcriptomics, 136 Transgenic animal model, 82–83 Translational research, 7

cellular and molecular pathways, 134

definition, 133

genomics (see Genomics) laboratory discoveries and

clinical care, 132 metabolomics (see

Metabolomics)

molecular and protein analyses, 133