microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008

9.8. Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚɦ Lactobacillaceae ɢ Streptococcaceae. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ – ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ȼɫɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɨɪ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Sporolactobaɫillus inulinus) ɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ȺɌɎ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

ɍ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ: ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɭɪɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɢɪɢɦɢɞɢɧɚɯ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ «ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ) ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ – ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɛɢɨɯɢ- ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ƚɨɦɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ

Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis ɢ ɞɪ.

Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ ɢ ɋɈ2, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ Leɢconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, Bifidobacterium bifidum ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɥɭ-

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ɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ. ȼ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ:

x ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɚɤɬɨɛɚɰɢɥɥɵ; Streptococcus lactis);

x ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɷɩɢɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ-

ɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Leɢconostoc mesenteroides);

x ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis ɢ ɞɪ.).

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.

Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ:

1)ɫɢɥɨɫɚ;

2)ɤɜɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ, ɨɝɭɪɰɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. (Leuconostos mesenteroides ɢ Lac-

tobacillus plantarum);

3) ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ɋɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɥɢɜɤɢ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɜɚɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɜɚɫɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɝɭɪɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɫɤɜɚɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Streptococcus thermophilus ɢ Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɮɢɪɚ – Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens; ɫɦɟɬɚɧɵ – Lactococcus cremoris, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc lactis ɢ Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris (ɧɨ ɫɤɜɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɜɤɢ);

4)ɫɵɪɨɤɨɩɱɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛɚɫ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɭɫ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɇ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɱɢ ɬɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɥɛɚɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɤɟ;

5)ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɯɥɟɛɨɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɯɥɟɛɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɜɤɭɫ;

6)ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɟɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ, ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɥɚɤɬɢɞɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

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Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɢɜɚ, ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ, ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɦ ɚɝɚɪɟ.

ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɤ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

xɝɟɦɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ȕ-ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧ ɢ ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɦ ɚɝɚɪɟ ɡɨɧɭ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ;

xɡɟɥɟɧɹɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ Į-ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧ ɢ ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɦ ɚɝɚɪɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡ (ɩɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ);

xɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɚɪɚ.

ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɤɡɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ:

1)ȕ-ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧ (ɝɟɦɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, Ɉ-ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɥɢɡɢɧ ɢ S-ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɥɢɡɢɧ), ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 55 ºɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɦɢɧ. Ɉɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɨɜ;

2)ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɞɢɧ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ;

3)ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɞɢɚɥɢɡɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɣ) ɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɤɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ;

4)ɷɪɢɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɠɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɧɬɢɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ;

5)Į-ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ȕ-ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧ.

Ȼɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɷɤɡɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɝɢɚɥɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɭ, ɞɟɡɨɤɫɢɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɭ, ɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɭ, ɧɟɣɪɚɦɢɧɢɞɚɡɭ, ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɚɡɭ, ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɢɧɚɡɭ, ɚɦɢɥɚɡɭ, ɥɢɩɚɡɭ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ. ɗɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ (ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɨɬ-

ɧɵɯ, ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɵ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɣ.

360

ɗɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɩɨɪɬɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ) ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ – ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ).

ɋɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɝɧɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɧɚɝɧɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɢ), ɪɨɠɢɫɬɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɪɨɠɚ (ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ), ɚɧɝɢɧɚ (ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɡɟɜɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧ). ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɟ ɪɭɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɧɟɧɚɝɧɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɤɚɪɥɚɬɢɧɚ, ɪɟɜɦɚɬɢɡɦ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ʉ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɹɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɜɢɞɚ Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɩɬɢɰɟɦɢɸ, ɚɧɝɢɧɭ, ɝɚɣɦɨɪɢɬ, ɨɫɬɪɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ Streptococcus pyogenes ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɠɭ, ɚɛɫɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɯ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ Streptococcus viridans – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɟɥɟɧɹɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɚɦ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɧɨɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɫɟɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɤɚɪɞɢɬ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ Streptococcus faecalis (ɷɧɬɟɪɨɤɨɤɤɢ) ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

9.9.ɋɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ

ȼɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɟɤ, ɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɬɟɣ), ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɬ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɨɪɵ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɨɜ: Bacillus,

Sporosarcina, Sporolactobacillus, Clostridium ɢ Desulfotomaculum.

ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ. Ɋɨɞɵ Bacillus ɢ Sporosarcina ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɟ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵ ɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ-

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ɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus – ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɨɞɚ Sporosarcina – ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɤɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ Clostridium ɢ Desulfotomaculum ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Clostridium ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Desulfotomaculum ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Sporolactobacillus – ɦɢɤɪɨɚɷɪɨɮɢɥɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ), ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɟ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɤɫɨɡ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɚɡɵ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɨɜ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ (ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ)

ɜɢɞ Sporolactobacillus inulinus.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ Bacillus ɢ Clostridium.

Ʉ ɪɨɞɭ Bacillus ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ. ɏɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɬɪɨɮɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ 2,3-ɛɭɬɚɧɞɢɨɥɚ, ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɈ2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ. Ȼɭɬɚɧɞɢɨɥɨɜɨɟ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

3Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ 2 (2,3-ɛɭɬɚɧɞɢɨɥ) + 2 ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ + 4 ɋɈ2. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸ-

ɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɨɪ:

1. ɋɩɨɪɵ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɭ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ (B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis).

2. ɋɩɨɪɵ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɫ ɜɵɪɨɫɬɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ. Ɉɧɢ «ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬ» ɤɥɟɬ-

ɤɢ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɩɨɪɭɥɹɰɢɢ (B. polymyxa, B. stearothermophilus).

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3. ɋɩɨɪɵ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ. ɗɧɞɨɫɩɨɪɵ «ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬ» ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɩɨɪɭɥɹɰɢɢ (B. pasteurii).

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɦɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. stearothermophilus, B. licheniformis). B. megaterium ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ «ɝɢɝɚɧɬɚɦɢ» ɫɪɟɞɢ ɷɭɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ 2 u 5 ɦɤɦ. ȼɢɞ B. subtilis ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ» (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɬɨɹ ɫɟɧɚ). Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ B. polymyxa ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɢɡɢ. B. stearothermophilus – ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɮɢɥ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 50–65 ºɋ).

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ B. anthracis ɢ B. thuringiensis. B. anthracis – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɜɵ. ɗɬɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ D- ɢ L-ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

B. thuringiensis – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɰ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɟɲɭɟɤɪɵɥɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ B. thuringiensis ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɫɩɨɪɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ Cry-ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ 60–140 ɤȾ) ɢɥɢ ɢɡ Cyt-ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ 28 ɤȾ). Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɭɬɨɥɢɡɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ, ɢ Cry-ɛɟɥɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɦɮɭ ɢ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ. ɋɩɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɨɝɨ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ Cry-ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɟɲɭɟɤɪɵɥɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ B. thuringiensis ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɚ-

ɰɢɥɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭ B. laterosporus, B. sphaericus, B. popilliae.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ B. subtilis – ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 70 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

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ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 30 ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ B. brevis. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ B. polymyxa,

B. cereus, B. circulans, B. megaterium, B. licheniformis ɢ ɞɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus – ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤ ɛɭɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ B. circulans, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɥɢɤɨɡɢɞɨɦ, ɚ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɰɢɧ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ B. licheniformis – ɮɨɫɮɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɬɪɢɟɧɨɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Bacillus ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɢɤɫɢɧɵ, ɤɨɥɢɫɬɢɧ, ɛɚɰɢɬɪɚɰɢɧ, ɝɪɚɦɢɰɢɞɢɧ ɋ, ɫɭɛɬɢɥɢɧ, ɷɞɟɢɧ, ɛɭɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ⱥɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Clostridium – ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɨɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɭɛɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɩɨɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɦ, ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɨɞɚ Clostridium – ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɏɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɛɪɨ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum, C. rubrum ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɭɸ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ (C. acetobutyricum, C. felsineum, C. sporogenes ɢ ɞɪ.) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɨɛɭɬɢɥɨ-

ɜɨɟ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ: ɚɰɟɬɨɧ, ɛɭɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ, ɷɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ, ɢɡɨɩɪɨɩɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ.

Ʉɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɢ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ, ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɭɪɢɧɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɣ:

x ɫɚɯɚɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɚ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɩɟɤɬɢɧ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ

(C. pasteurianum, C. butyricum, C. acetobutyricum, C. felsineum);

x ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ

(C. botulinum, C. tetani, C. putribicum, C. sporogenes, C. histolyticum ɢ ɞɪ.);

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x ɩɭɪɢɧɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɩɭɪɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɢɪɢɦɢɞɢɧɵ (C. acidiurici, C. cylindrosporum).

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɣ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬɮɢɤɫɚɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɋ. ɇ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɢɦ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ Ʌ. ɉɚɫɬɟɪɚ Clostridium pasteurianum.

Ʉɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ, ɢɥ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɬɪɚɜɨɹɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ C. pasteurianum, C. acetobutyricum,

C. butyricum (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ). ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɢ: C. tetani – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɨɥɛɧɹɤɚ; C. botulinum – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɬɭɥɢɡɦɚ; C. histolyticum, C. septicum, C. perfringens, C. novyi, C. sordelli – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɝɚɧ-

ɝɪɟɧɵ. ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Clostridium ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɧɢɟɧɢɹ, ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɛɭɬɚɧɨɥɚ, ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ (C. butyricum, C. acetobutyricum). Ⱥɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɥɨɫɬɪɢɞɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɱɤɟ ɥɶɧɚ, ɤɨɧɨɩɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɹɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.

9.10. ɋɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ

ɋɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ Micrococcaceaɟ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɪɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,5–1,5 ɦɤɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɟ, ɩɚɪɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɨɡɞɶɹ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ɇɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ, ɫɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ, ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɯɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚɯ, ɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɪɚɰɢɥ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɨɩɟɩɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ

365

ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ, ɫ ɪɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɚɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɝɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɛɟɥɵɟ, ɡɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɵɟ, ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨ-ɠɟɥɬɵɟ) ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ. ɐɜɟɬ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ɉɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ – ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɮɢɪɟ, ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ, ɚɰɟɬɨɧɟ, ɷɬɚɧɨɥɟ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ 15 % NaCl ɢɥɢ 40 % ɠɟɥɱɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɦ ɚɝɚɪɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɚ.

ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ), ɚɰɟɬɨɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɋɈ2. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɧɢɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ.

Ɋɨɞ Staphylococcus ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ. Ʉ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ S. aureus (ɡɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤ), S. intermedius, S. hyicus. Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ S. saprophyticus, S. hominis, S. saccharolyticus (ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ), S. capitis, S. chromogenes, S. simulans ɢ

ɞɪ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ S. aureus, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ S. aureus, S. epidermidis ɢ S. saprophyticus (ɬɚɛɥ. 16).

ɋɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ – ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ 11 ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɨ Ɇɟɠɞɭ-

366

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ.

1.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ – ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɛɪɨɧɟɤɬɢɧ (ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ).

2.Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ: ɩɥɚɡɦɨɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɚ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ), ɝɢɚɥɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɚ, ɮɢɛɪɢɧɨɥɢɡɢɧ, ȾɇɄɚɡɚ, ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ, ɥɟɰɢɬɢɧɚɡɚ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɚɡɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

3.Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ:

xɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ – Į, ȕ, į ɢ Ȗ. ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ, ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ, ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ, ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɵ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɩɪɨɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ;

xɷɤɫɮɨɥɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (Ⱥ – ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ, ȼ – ɬɟɪɦɨɥɚɛɢɥɟɧ), ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ (Ⱥ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɦ ɝɟɧɨɦ, ȼ – ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɧɵɦ). ɋ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɤɭ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɤɚɪɥɚɬɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɵɩɶ;

xɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɞɢɧ – ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɹ ɢɯ.

4. ɗɤɡɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɨɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɲɟɥɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɬɹɯ

ɢɫɬɨɩɚɯ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɢɚɪɟɹ, ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɞɪ.

5.ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɥɥɟɪɝɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɤɡɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɥɥɟɪɝɢɣ (ɞɟɪɦɚɬɢɬɵ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɬɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).

6.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ. Ɏɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ, ɛɟɥɨɤ Ⱥ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɝɥɢɤɚɧ, ɬɟɣɯɨɟɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

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