microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɹɣɰɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɥɭɩɭ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɹɢɰ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 %, ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 % ɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɪɵɛɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 3–5 % ɜɫɩɵɲɟɤ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡɨɜ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɚɦɢ.

Ʉɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɚ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Vi-ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – N-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɚɦɢɧɨɭɪɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 10 ɆȾ ), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ.

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥ – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ, ɬɟɪɦɨɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ, ɲɢɝɚɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɰɢɬɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ.

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɚ Klebsiella ɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɚ ɗ. Ʉɥɟɛɫɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɷɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɝɢɛɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɢ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Klebsiella, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɩɚɥɨɱɟɤ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 0,3–1,0 u 0,6–6,0 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨ, ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɯ. ɀɝɭɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɫɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ.

Ʉɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɨɜ. ɉɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɨɥɚ, ɩɪɨɛɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɋɢɦɦɨɧɫɚ ɫ ɰɢɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɢɞɚ K. pneumoniae ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Klebsiella ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ, ɮɪɭɤɬɚɯ, ɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

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ɥɟ. ɂɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ʉɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɶ, ɜɨɞɟ ɚɧɬɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɡɟɪ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫɬɨɤɚɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Klebsiella ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɨɞ Klebsiella ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɢɞɚ – K. planticola, K. terrigena, K. oxytoca ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ K. pneumoniae, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚ: K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae ɢ K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɢɞ Klebsiella pneumoniae, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɒɬɚɦɦɵ ɜɢɞɚ K. pneumoniae ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ: ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɢ, ɨɡɟɧɵ (ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɡɭɯ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɡɥɨɜɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ), ɪɢɧɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɦɵ (ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ, ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɵɯ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɨɜ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ, ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ, ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɝɥɚɡ, ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɩɫɢɫ ɢ ɝɧɨɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɵ – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɬɢɬɵ, ɫɟɫɬɢɰɟɦɢɢ ɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɢ ɭ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ, ɫɜɢɧɟɣ, ɥɨɲɚɞɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɶɹɧ.

Ɂɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ – ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɹɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ), ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥɟɡɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɢɦɦɭɧɨɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ʉ-ɚɧɬɢ- ɝɟɧ (ɤɚɩɫɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧ), ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɧɢɯ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ K. pneumoniae ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɨɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ – ɛɟɥɨɤ, ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɭ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɬɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɯ ɫɢɞɟɪɨɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ Fe2+ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ. ɍ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ

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ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɯɟɥɚɬɨɪɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɢɧ (ɷɧɬɟɪɨɯɟɥɢɧ) ɢ ɚɷɪɨɛɚɤɬɢɧ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɤɥɟɛɫɢɟɥɥ ɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɦɛɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɚɦɢ.

Ɋɨɞ Yersinia ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ⱥ. ɂɟɪɫɟɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɭɦɵ ɜ 1894 ɝ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Yersinia – ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,5–0,8 ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1–3 ɦɤɦ. ɇɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ 37 ºɋ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ 30 ºɋ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɢɞɚ Y. ruckeri ɢ ɜɢɞ Y. pestis, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ. ɍ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Yersinia ɩɪɨɛɚ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ; H2S ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ.

ɂɟɪɫɢɧɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɬɢɰ) ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ; ɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

Ɋɨɞ Yersinia ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 11 ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɬɪɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ:

Y. pestis (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ), Y. pseudotuberculosis ɢ Y. enterocolitica; ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɚ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. pestis – ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɭɦɵ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɢɤɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Y. pestis, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɢɤɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ, ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɛɥɨɯɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɨɫɚɧɢɢ ɛɥɨɯɢ ɨɬɪɵɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɤɭɫɚ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɯ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɭɛɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɱɭɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɭɦɵ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. pestis ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ, ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ (ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɨɜ), «ɦɵɲɢɧɵɣ» ɬɨɤɫɢɧ (ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɹɯ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ), ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɚɥɥɟɪɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ), ɮɢɛɪɢɧɨɥɢɡɢɧ, ɩɥɚɡɦɨɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɡɚ, ɧɟɣɪɚɦɢɧɢɞɚɡɚ, ɚɞɟɧɢɥɚɬɰɢɤɥɚɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ, ɬɟɪɦɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (Yɨɪ-ɛɟɥ- ɤɢ – ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɜ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨ-

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ɪɨɜ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Y. pestis ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɚɦɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪYɊ-ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɚɯ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. pseudotuberculosis ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ, ɨɥɟɧɢ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɵ). Ɂɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ; ɩɢɤ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ – ɡɢɦɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. pseudotuberculosis ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɦɮɚɞɟɧɢɬ, ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɟ- ɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ ɫɟɩɬɢɰɟɦɢɸ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ Y. enterocoliticɚ – ɢɟɪɫɢɧɢɨɡ, – ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɢɚɪɟɟɣ, ɷɧɬɟɪɢɬɨɦ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɩɩɟɧɞɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɢ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ) ɫɟɩɬɢɰɟɦɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɚɪɬɪɢɬɨɦ. ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɦɨɥɥɸɫɤɨɜ, ɪɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɩɬɢɰ, ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ, ɫɨɛɚɤ, ɤɨɲɟɤ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɟɜɚ). Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. enterocoliticɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɨɡɟɪ. ɂɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. ɉɨɞɴɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɟɧɧɟ-ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ – ɫɜɢɧɶɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ɪɵɛɵ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Y. ruckeri ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɬɚ» ɭ ɪɵɛ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ – ɪɚɞɭɠɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɟɥɶ).

Ɋɨɞ Enterobacter ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1,2–3,0 u 0,6–1,0 ɦɤɦ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ E. asburiae ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Enterobacter ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Enterobacter ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ɂɧɞɨɥ, H2S ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ. ɍ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ɉɪɨɛɚ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ. ɍɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɰɢɬɪɚɬ.

Ɋɨɞ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 13 ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ – E. cloacae. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Enterobacter ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɯ, ɨɜɨɳɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɚɪɚɧɱɢ). ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ 1970–1980-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ, ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɚɯ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟ-

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ɪɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 10–15 % ɝɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɣ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɠɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, E. sakazakii, E. gergoviae, E. amnigenus, E. taylorae), ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Citrobacter ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 2–6 u 1,0 ɦɤɦ. Ɋɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɶ ɢɡ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ. ɐɢɬɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɵ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. Ⱦɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ. ɍɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɦɭɤɚɬɵ ɢ ɬɚɪɬɪɚɬɵ.

Ɋɨɞ Citrobacter ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ: C. amolonaticus, C. diversus ɢ C. freundii (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ).

ɐɢɬɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɰɢɬɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɷɧɬɟɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ. ɍ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ C. freundii. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ – ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɝɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɱɟ- ɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɨɬɢɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɨɦɢɟɥɢɬɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɭɤɢ ɦɟɞɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɢ, ɷɧɞɨɤɚɪɞɢɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ C. diversus ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɛɫɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɬɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ – ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Proteus ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ 1885 ɝ. ɢɡ ɝɧɢɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɹɫɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɟɝɥɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ (ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɫɵɧɚ ɉɨɫɟɣɞɨɧɚ – ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɨɬɟɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ).

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Proteus – ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1–3 u 0,4–08 ɦɤɦ, ɤɚɩɫɭɥ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ (ɪɢɫ. 96).

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Ɋɢɫ. 96. Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Proteus vulgaris

(http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Prepared_Slides/)

ɉɪɨɬɟɹɦ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ) ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɤɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20– 22 °ɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɨɞɚ Proteus ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ «ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɪɨɟɧɢɹ» ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ) (ɪɢɫ. 97). «Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɪɨɟɧɢɹ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ NaCl, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ, ɤɚɪɛɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɋɢɫ. 97. Ɋɨɫɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Proteus mirabilis ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ

ɉɪɨɬɟɢ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɭ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ, ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ KCN, ɞɟɡɚɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɥɚɧɢɧ ɢ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧ. ɉɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɨɥɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ɏɨɝɟ-

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ɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ H2S. Ɇɚɥɨɧɚɬ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ.

Ɋɨɞ Proteus ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɢɞɚ: P. mirabilis, P. myxofaciens, P. penneri, P. vulgaris (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ).

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Proteus ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, P. myxofaciens ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɰ ɲɟɥɤɨɩɪɹɞɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨɝɨ), ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ. ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɠɨɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ «ɪɨɟɧɢɸ», ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧɵ, ɝɟɦɚɝɝɥɸɬɢɧɢɧɵ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ ɢ ɭɪɟɚɡɚ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Providencia ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɤ ɪɨɞɭ Proteus, ɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ (ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ H2S, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚɦ – ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɟ, ɬɪɟɝɚɥɨɡɟ, ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɟ, ɤɫɢɥɨɡɟ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɞ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Providencia – ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 0,6–0,8 u 1,5–2,5 ɦɤɦ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Providencia – 37 ºɋ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɨɥ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ P. heimbachae), ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ. Ɇɚɥɨɧɚɬ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ. ɇɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɡɢɧ- ɢ ɨɪɧɢɬɢɧɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɭ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɡɚɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɷɬɭ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ.

Ɋɨɞ Providencia ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ: P. alcalifaciens (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ),

P. heimbachae, P. rettgeri, P. rustigianii, P. stuartii.

Ⱦɨ 25 % ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɢɞɚ P. stuartii ɢ ɞɨ 40 % ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɜɢɞɚ P. rettgeri ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ «ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɪɨɟɧɢɹ». ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɤ ɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɤɭɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 30 ºɋ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɚɪɚ (1,3 %). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɩɪɨɬɭɛɟɪɚɧɰɟɜ), ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɣ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ) ɢ ɩɢɧɝɜɢɧɵ. ȼɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɪɟɟ, ɢɡ ɦɨɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɯ

344

ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɢɡ ɝɧɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɧ, ɨɠɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Morganella ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɏ. Ɇɨɪɝɚɧ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɨɞ Proteus, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɞ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Morganella ɨɬ ɪɨɞɨɜ Proteus ɢ Providencia, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 14. Ɋɨɞ Morganella ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1,0–1,7 u 0,6–0,7 ɦɤɦ, «ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɪɨɟɧɢɹ» ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ.

37 ºɋ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɨɥ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɡɢɧɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɭ ɢ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɭ, ɧɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɪɧɢɬɢɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɭ. Ⱦɟɡɚɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɥɚɧɢɧ ɢ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧ (ɱɬɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ Proteus ɢ Providencia), ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɪɟɚɡɭ, H2S ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ KCN.

Ɋɨɞ Morganella ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ – M. morganii ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚɦɢ morganii ɢ sibonii.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ M. morganii ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ) ɢ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ.

345

Ɋɨɞ Hafnia ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɢɞ – Hafnia alvei. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 2–5 u 0,5–1 ɦɤɦ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ).

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Hafnia ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30–37 ºɋ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ɂɧɞɨɥ, H2S ɢ ɭɪɟɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɢ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 22 ºɋ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ c KCN, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɷɫɤɭɥɢɧ. ɉɨ ɥɢɡɢɧ- ɢ ɨɪɧɢɬɢɧɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ; ɩɨ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɬɵ (ɞɨ 30 %) ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɰɢɧɵ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Hafnia ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɬɢɰ. ɍ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɩɨɪɬɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɦɨɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɚɯ.

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɚ Serratia ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɥɨɰɦɚɧɚ ɋɟɪɚɮɢɧɨ ɋɨɪɪɚɬɢ. Ɋɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 0,9–2,0 u 0,5–0,8 ɦɤɦ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25–30 ºɋ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɨɥ ɢɡ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɜɢɞɚ S. adorifera), ɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɢɞɚ S. fonticola). Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɡɢɧ- ɢ ɨɪɧɢɬɢɧɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɭ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɭ. ɇɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ H2S, ɧɟ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɧɚɬ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ.

Ɋɨɞ Serratia ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 11 ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ – Serratia marcescens. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ» ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɹɪɤɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɢɝɢɨɡɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ (ɪɢɫ. 98).

Ɋɢɫ. 98. Ɋɨɫɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Serratia marcescens ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ

346

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Serratia ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ. ɋɟɪɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ S. marcescens, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ 1960-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɢ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɧɨɜ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ – ɠɟɥɭ- ɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ S. marcescens ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 10 % ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɣ ɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɣ, 5 % ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɧ ɢ ɝɧɨɣɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɠɢ. ȼɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɭɤɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɟɪɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɬɟɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ

ɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɣ. ɍ ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɧɨɜ, ɜɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɬɪɢɬɵ, ɷɧɞɨɤɚɪɞɢɬɵ

ɢɨɫɬɟɨɦɢɟɥɢɬɵ. ɋɟɪɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɬɢɬ ɭ ɤɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Serratia ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɂɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɦɛɪɢɢ, ɝɟɦɨɥɢɡɢɧɵ (ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ, ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ), ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ (ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɢɡɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ, ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɡ), ɬɟɪɦɨɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɬɨɬɨɤɫɢɧ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɢɞɟɪɨ-

ɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɠɟ – ɚɷɪɨɛɚɤɬɢɧɨɦ), ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Fe2+ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

Ɋɨɞ Edwardsiella ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ) ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1 u 2–3 ɦɤɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ – 37 ºɋ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ E. ictaluri, ɬɟɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ 37 ºɋ (ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɩɪɢ 25 ºɋ). ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɷɞɜɚɪɞɫɢɟɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚɦ, ɧɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ, ɚɪɚɛɢɧɨɡɭ, ɦɚɧɧɢɬ, ɬɪɟɝɚɥɨɡɭ, ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɧɨɡɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ

ɢɝɚɡɚ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɡɢɧ- ɢ ɨɪɧɢɬɢɧɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ɋɨɞ Edwardsiella ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ: E. hoshinae, E. ictaluri, E. tarda.

Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ – E. tarda.

ɗɞɜɚɪɞɫɢɟɥɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ. ɑɚɳɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɩɨɣɤɢɥɨɬɟɪɦɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɨɦɨɣɨɬɟɪɦɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɪɟɣ, ɡɭɛɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɣ ɜɨ-

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