microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008

ɯɥɨɪɨɪɚɮɢɧ, ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɨɪɚɮɢɧ, ɚɷɪɭɝɢɧɨɡɢɧ Ⱥ, ɚɷɪɭɝɢɧɨɡɢɧ ȼ, ɮɟɧɚɡɢɧ-1- ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. Ɏɟɧɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ P. aeruginosa ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɷɪɭɝɢɧɨɡɢɧ Ⱥ, ɚɷɪɭɝɢɧɨɡɢɧ ȼ, ɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɨɪɚɮɢɧ, ɯɥɨɪɨɪɚɮɢɧ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ – ɩɢɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ; P. aureofaciens – ɮɟɧɚɡɢɧ-1-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ; P. iodininum – ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ ɣɨɞɢɧɢɧ.

ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas (P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. chlororaphis ɢ ɞɪ.) ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢ-

ɪɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɢɨɜɟɪɞɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɢɨɜɟɪɞɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɯɢɧɨɥɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɨɮɨɪɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɦ, ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ. ɉɢɨɜɟɪɞɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɯɟɥɚɬɚɦɢ (ɫɢɞɟɪɨɮɨɪɚɦɢ) ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ Fe3+. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɢɨɜɟɪɞɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɢ ɟɸ ɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɤɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ: ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɢɡɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɫɢɬ.

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas, – ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɥɚɧɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɦ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. Ʉɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ P. mendocina, P. flava, P. palleronii, P. radiora, P. aeruginosa, P. rodos ɢ ɞɪ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ

ɢɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɢɰɟɬɚɦ. ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɮɟɧɚɡɢɧɚɦ, ɩɢɪɪɨɥɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɨɥɚ

ɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.

328

Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ Pseudomonas, ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

1. Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɚɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

xɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (ɦɭɩɢɪɨɰɢɧ) – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɞɪɨɠɠɢ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɝɟɦɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. fluorescens;

xɬɢɨɮɨɪɦɢɧ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ in vivo ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɧ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. fluorescens.

2. Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

x ɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ – P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa,

P. denitrificans;

x ɮɥɸɨɪɨɝɥɸɰɢɧɵ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. aurantiaca.

3.Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

x ɮɟɧɚɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ – P. ɫhlororaphis, P. aureofa-

ciens, P. fluorescens.

4.Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɪɪɨɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

x ɩɢɪɪɨɥɧɢɬɪɢɧ – ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɟɫɧɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ. ɇɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɦɚɬɨɦɢɤɨɡɨɜ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ –

P. aureofaciens, P. fluorescens, P. azotoformans ɢ ɞɪ.

5.Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ-ɚɦɢɧɨɝɥɢɤɨɡɢɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

x ɫɨɪɛɢɫɬɢɧɵ – ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ – P. fluorescens, P. sorbistini.

6.Ⱥɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ-ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

xɫɢɪɢɧɝɨɦɢɰɢɧ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. syringae;

xɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɧɵ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. aeruginosa. 7.ȕ-Ʌɚɤɬɚɦɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

x ɬɚɛɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ, ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ – P. tabaci;

x ɫɭɥɶɮɚɡɟɰɢɧ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬ –

P. acidophila.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɞɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɞɨ 150 ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɮɟɧɨɥ, ɤɚɦɮɨɪɚ,

329

ɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɚɬ, ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧ, ɬɨɥɭɨɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɟ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚ:

HOOC OH

OH

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɜ ɨɪɬɨ- ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚ- ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ:

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ P. putida ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɪɬɨ-ɩɭɬɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas, ɬɚ-

ɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ P. testosteroni, P. fluorescens ɢ P. acidovorans, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɚɪɨ-

ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɚ-ɩɭɬɢ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɝɟɪɛɢɰɢɞɵ, ɢɧɫɟɤɬɢɰɢɞɵ, ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ, ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɪɬɭɬɢ, ɛɪɨɦɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜ- ɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɭɥɶɮɚɧɨɥ, ɚɥɤɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬ, ɞɨɞɟɰɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ (ɤɚɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɚɦ, ɬɪɢɧɢɬɪɨɬɨɥɭɨɥ, n-ɧɢɬɪɨ- ɚɧɢɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɚɦ ɛɢɨɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ D-ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɚɦ.

330

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɵ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɢɦɟɸɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ P. facilis, P. saccharophila, P. flava, P. palleronii ɢ ɞɪ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢ-

ɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ P. aeruginosa, P. denitrificans, P. fluorescens,

P. mendocina ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ N2O, NO ɢɥɢ N2.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɢɡɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ. Ⱥɡɨɬɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɹɜ-

ɥɟɧɵ ɭ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ P. saccharophila, P. dɟlafieldii, P. aurantiaca ɢ ɞɪ. ɂɦɟ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɚɡɨɬɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: ɩɨɱɜɟ; ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ; ɢɥɚɯ; ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ; ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ; ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ; ɩɨɱɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ; ɮɢɥɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɢɡɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɜ ɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɒɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ.

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɨɧɚɞ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ (P. fluorescens, P. putida ɢ ɞɪ.), ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ, ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (P. aeruginosa) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (P. syringae, P. cichorii, P. glɭcinea ɢ ɞɪ.).

Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ:

xɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ (ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɧɬɵ);

xɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɯ (ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ

ɢɞɪ.);

xɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ;

xɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ;

xɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚɯ;

xɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɮɢɬɨɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɨɜ. Ȼɚɤɬɟ- ɪɢɢ-ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ Pseudomonas ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ

331

ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ.

9.4. ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ Enterobacteriaceae

ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ Enterobacteriaceae ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ:

xɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɨ Ƚɪɚɦɭ;

xɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ (0,3–1,8 ɦɤɦ), ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɪ;

xɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɚɡɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ-

ɟɦ Shigella dysentheriae);

xɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ;

xɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ;

xɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɜ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɨɜ Er-

winia, Yersinia ɢ Pantoea);

xɯɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ;

xɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɨɤɫɢɞɚɡɭ;

xɧɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ;

xɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 37 ºɋ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ 25–30 ºɋ.

ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Enterobacteriaceae, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. entero – ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ).

ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ Enterobacteriaceae ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɨɞɵ Es-

cherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pantoea, Serratia, Hafnia, Proteus, Yersinia, Edwardsiella, Providencia, Morganella.

ɗɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ: ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚ ɮɪɭɤɬɚɯ, ɨɜɨɳɚɯ, ɡɟɪɧɟ, ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɯ, ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɨɬ ɱɟɪɜɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɞɨ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ) ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɪɭɝɭ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.

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ɗɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ E. coli, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ.

1. ɂɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ɋɹɞ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɮ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɹ, ɦɟɧɢɧɝɢɬ, ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Enterobacteriaceae ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ 50 % ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ; ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ

E.coli, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia ɢ ɜɢɞɚ Serratia marcescens.

Ɏɢɬɨɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Erwinia ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ, ɨɝɭɪɰɨɜ, ɚɪɛɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ 20–50 % ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɝɢɛɧɟɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ «ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ» ɝɧɢɥɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Erwinia, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɤɬɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɤɟ ɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

2.Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20 ɦɢɧ.

3.ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ.

4.ɍɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ.

Ɋɨɞ Escherichia ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ɍ. ɗɲɟɪɢɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ 1885 ɝ. ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ E. coli. ɗɬɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɨɞ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Enterobacteriaceae. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɨɞɚ: ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ (1,1–1,5 u 2,0–6,0 ɦɤɦ), ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ), ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɫɭɥ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɩɫɭɥ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 37 ºɋ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ), ɰɢɬɪɚɬɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɨɢɧɚ – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ 2,3-ɛɭ- ɬɚɧ-ɞɢɨɥɚ) ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɩɪɨɛɚ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚ) ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚ-

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ɡɭɸɬ H2S, ɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɭ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɢɩɚɡɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Escherichia ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɪɵɛ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɢɞɚ E. blattae ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɨɜ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.

Ɋɨɞ Escherichia ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ – Escherichia coli (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚ).

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ E. coli – ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 37 ºɋ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 45 ºɋ, ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɇ 7,2–7,5. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɨɥ ɢɡ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɚ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ɇɚ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɗɧɞɨ – ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɦɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ; ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ Ʌɟɜɢɧɚ – ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ; ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ ȿɆȼ – ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ) (ɪɢɫ. 95). ɇɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 95 . Ɋɨɫɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɟ ȿɆȼ

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ E. coli ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ E. coli – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɤɨɥɢ-ɬɢɬɪ ɢ ɤɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫ.

334

Ʉɨɥɢ-ɬɢɬɪɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɥɢɬɪɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨ- ɥɢ-ɬɢɬɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 333 ɦɥ. Ʉɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli ɜ 1 ɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɥɢ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2–3 ɤɥ/ɥ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ E. coli, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ: ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ (ɞɢɚɪɟɢ), ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɟɦɢɢ, ɦɟɧɢɧɝɢɬɵ, ɝɧɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɮɢɦɛɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ ɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɸ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɬɟɪɦɨɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ (ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɢɨɧɵ Na+, K+, Cl–, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɫɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɞɢɚɪɟɢ), ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ (ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɡɚ).

Ɋɨɞ Shigella ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ Ʉ. ɒɢɝɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ Shigella dysenteriae, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɢ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɢ: Shigella flexneri (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɋ. Ɏɥɟɤɫɧɟɪɨɦ), Shigella sonnei (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ Ʉ. Ɂɨɧɧɟ), Shigella boydii (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɨɣɞɨɦ).

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Shigella ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɪ ɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥ. ɒɢɝɟɥɥɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ H2S; ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɝɚɡɚ; ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ Ɂɨɧɧɟ), ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ 37 ºɋ, ɜɵɲɟ 45 ºɋ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 6,7–7,2.

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ S. sonnei, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ (ɬɚɛɥ. 13).

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ S. dysentheriae, S. flexneri ɢ S. boydii ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɚɦ. ɍ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɵ (Ɉ-ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɵ): ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Enterobacteriaceae, ɪɨɞɨɜɵɟ, ɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ Ɉ-ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɪɨɞ Shigella ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 44 ɫɟɪɨɬɢɩɚ.

335

ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ: d – 25–75 % ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɨɞɚ Shigella ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɰɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɰɢɧɚɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɰɢɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ – ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ. ɇɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɸɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɲɢɝɟɥɥ – ɮɟ- ɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ (ɦɭɯɢ, ɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ.

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɚ Shigella ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ; ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɩɨɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɢɡɶ, – ɧɟɣɪɚɦɢɧɢɞɚɡɵ, ɝɢɚɥɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɵ; ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɦɭɰɢɧɚɡɵ (ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ); ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɷɤɡɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ (ɰɢɬɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɒɢɝɚ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɱɚɝ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ; ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ɋɨɞ Salmonella ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ⱦ. ɋɚɥɶɦɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɚ-

ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ Salmonella choleraesuis.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɨɞɚ Salmonella ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ (0,7–1,5 u 2–5ɦɤɦ), ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ (ɩɟɪɢɬɪɢɯɢ), ɫɩɨɪ ɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ (ɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ) ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɝɚɡ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ S. typhi ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɪɨɬɢɩɨɜ), ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ

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H2S, ɞɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ Ɏɨɝɟɫɚ – ɉɪɨɫɤɚɭɷɪɚ, ɧɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɢ-

ɪɭɸɬ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɭ (ɤɪɨɦɟ S. arizonae ɢ S. diarizonae).

Ɋɨɞ Salmonella ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ – S. bongori ɢ S. choleraesuis.

Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ S. choleraesuis ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ: choleraesuis, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae ɢ indica.

ɋɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɫɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2500. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɞ choleraesuis. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɟɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɪɨɬɢɩɵ (ɫɟɪɨɜɚɪɵ) ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, S. typhi ɜɦɟɫɬɨ S. choleraesuis ɩɨɞɜɢɞ choleraesuis ɫɟɪɨɜɚɪ typhi).

ɋɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ȼ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɬɶ 11–120 ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ – 15–30, ɧɚ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɚɯ – 5–10 ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ, ɫɵɪɟ – ɞɨ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɜ ɹɣɰɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɦɚɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɹɫɟ – ɞɨ 13, ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ – ɞɨ 9 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ – 80–540 ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 70 ºɋ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɵ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɦɢɧ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɚɦɢ (ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡɵ), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɮ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɵ, ɝɚɫɬɪɨɷɧɬɟɪɢɬɵ (ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ) ɢ ɫɟɩɬɢɰɟɦɢɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɮ (ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ – S. typhi) ɢ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮ Ⱥ (ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ – S. paratyphi A) – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɧɨɡɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ (ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ). Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɚɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɚ ȼ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ S. schotmuleri; ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɚ ɋ – S. hirschfeldii; ɝɚɫɬ-

ɪɨɷɧɬɟɪɢɬɨɜ – S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. gallinarum, S. pullorum ɢ ɞɪ.

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɚ Ⱥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮɚ ȼ ɢ ɋ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ – ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡɚɦɢ. ȼɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɹɫɚ, ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɚɦɢ (ɞɨ 70–75 %). ɍ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ – ɜ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɹɫɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡɨɜ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɹɣɰɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɭɪɵ, ɢɯ ɹɣɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɬɢɰɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɋɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɵ

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