microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008
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Ɋɢɫ. 83. Ɏɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɧɵ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ ɭ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ:
Ⱥ – ɮɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɨɛɢɥɢɧ; Ȼ – ɮɢɤɨɷɪɢɬɪɨɛɢɥɢɧ
Ɏɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ (450–700 ɧɦ) ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɵɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɥɥɨɮɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ ɢ ɮɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ,
288
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ, ɮɢɤɨɷɪɢɬɪɢɧ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ. Ɏɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɫɨɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɨɜ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɩɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɫɨɦɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 84).
Ɏɢɤɨɷɪɢɬɪɢɧ
Ɍɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ
Ⱥɥɥɨɮɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ
Ɏɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ
Ɋɢɫ. 84. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɫɨɦɨɣ
Ʉ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɢɡɨɩɪɟɧɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɢɡɨɩɪɟɧɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ɍ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɰɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (ɚɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ) ɢɥɢ ȕ-ɢɨɧɨɜɨɦɭ (ɚɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɤɨɥɶɰɭ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɫɚɧɬɨ-
ɮɢɥɥɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɜɵɲɟ 50 ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɤɫɚɧɬɨɮɢɥɥɨɜ. Ɂɟ-
289
ɥɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ – ɚɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ.
Ʉɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɫɢɧɟɦ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ 400–550 ɧɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɵ, ɷɬɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɟɬɢɧɚɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɪɨɞɨɩɫɢɧɨɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɛɟɫɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɮɨɬɨɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɧɝɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ (ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ) ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ.
ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ.
Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ:
xɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ;
xɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ;
xɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ȺɌɎ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 9). Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɢ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ.
Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ – ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ (ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɚɯ). Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. ɍ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ
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ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɝɟɥɢɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɨɫɨɦɚɯ, ɭ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ – ɜ ɮɢɤɨɛɢɥɢɫɨɦɚɯ.
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Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9 |
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(ɩɨ Ɇ. ȼ. Ƚɭɫɟɜɭ ɢ Ʌ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɧɟɟɜɨɣ, 2003) |
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ɉɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ |
ɉɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɟ |
Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɟ |
Ƚɟɥɢɨɛɚɤ- |
ɐɢɚɧɨ- |
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ɉɪɨɯɥɨ- |
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ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
ɬɟɪɢɢ |
ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
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ɪɨɮɢɬɵ |
ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ |
ɏɥɨɪɮɢɥɥɵ |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨ- |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨ- |
ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨ- |
ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɚ |
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ɏɥɨɪɨ- |
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ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ |
ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɵ |
ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ g |
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ɮɢɥɥɵ |
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ɚ ɢɥɢ b |
ɚ + ɫ, a + d, |
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a + b |
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a + e |
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ɋɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɟ |
Ɏɢɤɨɛɢɥɢ- |
ɇɟɬ |
ɇɟɬ |
ɇɟɬ |
Ɏɢɤɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ, |
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ɇɟɬ |
ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ |
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ɚɥɥɨɮɢɤɨ- |
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ɰɢɚɧɢɧ, ɮɢɤɨ- |
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ɷɪɢɬɪɢɧ |
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ |
Ⱥɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫ- |
Ⱥɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ |
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ- |
Ⱥɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟ- |
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Ⱥɥɢɰɢɤ- |
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ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ |
ɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɪɢɥɶ- |
ɚɥɢɰɢɤɥɢ- |
ɧɵɣ ɚɥɢɮɚ- |
ɫɤɢɟ |
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ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
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ɧɵɟ |
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ: |
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ɧɟɣɪɨɫɩɨɪɢɧ |
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ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɵ, |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨ- |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯ- |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯ- |
ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɚ |
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ɏɥɨɪɨ- |
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ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨ- |
ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ |
ɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɚ |
ɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ g |
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ɮɢɥɥ ɚ |
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ɫɬɚɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ- |
a ɢɥɢ b |
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ɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ |
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9.1.1. Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɭ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ
ɉɨɞ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ (ȺɌɎ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ (ɇȺȾɎ·ɇ2), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɚɹ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ ( 10–9 ɫ) ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢ-
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ɝɚɬɶ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɬɚɛɥ. 10).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
Ɏɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ (ɩɨ Ɇ. ȼ. Ƚɭɫɟɜɭ ɢ Ʌ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɧɟɟɜɨɣ, 2003)
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ |
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Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ |
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ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ |
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ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ |
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ |
ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ |
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ɷɭɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ |
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ɞɨɧɨɪ |
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ |
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ |
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ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ |
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ |
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ |
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ɉɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɟɪɧɵɟ |
Ȼ/ɯɥ ɚ (ɉ870) |
Ȼ/ɮɟɨɮ ɚ |
ɍɛɢɯɢɧɨɧ, |
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ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
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Ȼ/ɯɥ b (ɉ960) |
Ȼ/ɮɟɨɮ b |
ɦɟɧɚɯɢɧɨɧ |
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Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ |
Ȼ/ɯɥ a (ɉ865) |
Ȼ/ɮɟɨɮ a |
Ɇɟɧɚɯɢɧɨɧ |
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ɫɟɪɧɵɟ |
Ȼ/ɯɥ a (ɉ840) |
Ȼ/ɯɥ ɫ (ɉ663) |
FeS |
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Ƚɟɥɢɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
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Ȼ/ɯɥ g (ɉ798) |
Ȼ/ɯɥ g (ɉ670) |
ɏɢɧɨɧ ɜ ɤɨɦ- |
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ɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ FeS |
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ɐɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ |
Ɏɋ I |
ɏɥ ɚ (ɉ700) |
ɏɥ ɚ |
FeS |
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Ɏɋ II |
ɏɥ a (ɉ680) |
Ɏɟɨɮ a |
ɉɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧ |
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Ɏɋ I |
ɏɥ ɚ (ɉ700) |
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ |
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ |
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ɉɪɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɬɵ |
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
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Ɏɋ II |
ɏɥ a (ɉ680) |
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ |
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ |
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ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
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ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ: Ɏɋ – ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ; ɛ/ɯɥ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ; ɯɥ – ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ; ɛ/ɮɟɨɮ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ; ɮɟɨɮ – ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ; ɉ – ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ; FeS – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ.
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɧɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ) ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ. Ɉɬɞɚɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ «ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ» ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫ-
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ɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɭ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ. ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ – ɬɟɦɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɭ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, «ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɣ» ɨɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ), ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɇȺȾɎ+ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɟɞɨɤɫɢɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɜɲɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ». ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɍ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɮɨɬɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ȺɌɎ-ɫɢɧɬɚɡɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ȺɌɎ.
Ɏɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
ɧɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɨɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ȺɌɎ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɧɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧ-
ɬɟɡ.
Ɉɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɉɢɝɦɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ (Ȝ < 730 ɧɦ), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ I. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ (ɯɥ ɚ1) (ɉ700) – ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɧɨɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɋɜɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ I, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɥ ɚ1. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɯɥ ɚ1 ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɥ ɚ1 .
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ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɟɪɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɮɟɪɪɟɞɨɤɫɢɧɭ, ɚ ɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɪɟɞɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɇȺȾɎ+ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧ, ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɭ ɚ1 ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ II ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɚ2 (ɯɥ ɚ2) (ɉ680*), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ II, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɚ2 ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧɚ ɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɦɢɯɢɧɨɧɚ. Ⱦɨɧɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ II ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɨɞɚ. «Ⱦɵɪɤɚ», ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɯɥ ɚ2 ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɇ2Ɉ:
2ɇ2Ɉ 
Ɉ2 + 4ɇ+ + 4ɟ–
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.
Ⱦɜɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ (ɞɟɩɨ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ I, ɬ. ɟ. ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ «ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɞɵɪɨɤ» ɜ ɯɥ ɚ1 . Ɉɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɛɟɥɤɭ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ b6/f, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɰɢɚɧɢɧɭ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɭ ɚ1 . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 85).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɜɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ) ɤ ɇȺȾɎ+ (ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɇȺȾɎ+ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
294
ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɢɥɚɤɨɢɞɚ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɢ ɷɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ȺɌɎ.
ȿ0, ɦB
Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ I
ɉ700*
Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ II
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Ⱥ1 |
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–1000 |
ɉ680* |
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FeS |
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Ɏɟɨɮ |
ɟ– Ɏɞ |
ɟ– |
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Ɏɞ |
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ɉɏ |
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Ɏɩ |
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Ɏɜɞ |
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ɉɏ |
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ɋɜɟɬ |
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ɇȺȾɎ+ |
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0 |
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FeS |
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ɇȺȾɎ · ɇ2 |
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ɟ– |
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ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ b6/f |
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ɋɜɟɬ |
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ɉɐ |
ɉ700 |
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c553 |
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ɇ2Ɉ |
ɟ |
– |
ɉ680 |
ɉɪɨɬɨɧɧɵɣ |
+1000 1/2Ɉ2 |
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ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ |
Ɋɢɫ. 85. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɰɢɚɧɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ:
ɮɟɨɮ – ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ; FeS – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ; Ɏɞ – ɮɟɪɪɟɞɨɤɫɢɧ; Ɏɜɞ – ɮɥɚɜɨɞɨɤɫɢɧ; Ɏɩ – ɮɥɚɜɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧ; ɉɏ – ɩɥɚɫɬɨɯɢɧɨɧ; ɉɐ – ɩɥɚɫɬɨɰɢɚɧɢɧ; ɫ553, b6, f – ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ; ɉ700* – ɯɥ ɚ1 ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ; ɉ680* – ɯɥ ɚ2 ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ; Ⱥ1 – ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ
Ⱥɧɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɝɟɥɢɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɮɨɬɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɮɨɬɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɚɦɢ) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɭ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ ɚ ɢɥɢ b. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ
295
ɪɹɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɮɨɬɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ȺɌɎ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ (ɇȺȾ · ɇ2 ɢɥɢ ɇȺȾɎ · ɇ2) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ (ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ) ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɇ2S, ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ) (ɪɢɫ. 86).
ȿ0, ɦB
–1000 |
ɛ/ɯɥ ɚ* ɢɥɢ b* |
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ɛ/ɮɟɨɮ ɚ ɢɥɢ b |
ɇȺȾ+ |
|
|
|
Ɇɏ ɢɥɢ ɍɏ |
Ɏɩ |
|
|
|
|
|
ɟ– |
Ɇɏ |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b/ɫ |
|
|
ɫɜɟɬ |
ɫ555 |
|
|
|
S2– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɫ552/Ɏɩ |
+1000 |
ɛ/ɯɥ ɚ ɢɥɢ b |
ɫ552 |
|
|
ɉ870 ɢɥɢ ɉ960 |
|
|
Ɋɢɫ. 86. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ:
ɛ/ɯɥ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ; ɛ/ɮɟɨɮ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ; Ɏɩ – ɮɥɚɜɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧ; MX – ɦɟɧɚɯɢɧɨɧ; ɍɏ – ɭɛɢɯɢɧɨɧ; b, ɫ, ɫ552, ɫ555 – ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
296
ȺɌɎ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɇȺȾ · ɇ2 ɢɥɢ ɇȺȾɎ · ɇ2 .
ɍ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɝɟɥɢɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ȺɌɎ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 87).
ȿ0, ɦB
–1000 |
ɛ/ɯɥ ɚ* |
|
ɉ663* |
|
|
FeS |
|
|
ɟ– |
Ɏɞ |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Ɏɩ |
|
|
|
Ɇɏ |
|
|
|
ɇȺȾ+ |
|
|
ɫɜɟɬ |
|
|
|
b/ɫ |
|
|
|
|
S2– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
|
|
|
ɫ |
+1000 |
ɛ/ɯɥ ɚ |
ɫ553 |
|
|
ɉ840 |
|
|
Ɋɢɫ. 87. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ:
ɛ/ɯɥ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ; ɛ/ɮɟɨɮ – ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ; FeS – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ; Ɏɞ – ɮɟɪɪɟɞɨɤɫɢɧ; Ɏɩ – ɮɥɚɜɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧ; MX – ɦɟɧɚɯɢɧɨɧ; b, ɫ, ɫ553 – ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɵ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȺɌɎ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɇȺȾ · ɇ2 ɢɥɢ ɇȺȾɎ · ɇ2. ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɛɚɤɬɟ-
297