microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008
.pdfɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ H2S. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ H2S ɞɨ SO24 ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
H2S |
– |
] |
SO |
2 |
SO |
2 |
[RSS |
3 |
4 |
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɵ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
S |
0 |
– |
] |
SO |
2 |
SO |
2 |
|
[RSS |
3 |
4 |
ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɞɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɧɮɨɫɮɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ (ȺɎɋ):
SO32 + ȺɆɎȺɎɋ + 2ɟ–,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɧɞɢɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ (ȺȾɎ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ:
ȺɎɋ + Ɏɧ SO24 + ȺȾɎ
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɞɟɧɢɥɚɬɤɢɧɚɡɵ ɢɡ ȺȾɎ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ȺɌɎ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɫ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɚɦɢ; ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ɉ2, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ N2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɢɨɛɚɰɢɥɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɦ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɚɦ. ȼɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɡ CO2, ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ Ʉɚɥɶɜɢɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɋɈ2 ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɵ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɯɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɪɹɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɚɦɢ.
318
ɍ ɬɢɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɇȺȾ · ɇ2 (ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ).
Ɍɢɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɟ, ɚɰɢɞɨɮɢɥɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Thiobacillus thioɨxidans ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɪɇ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 0,6; ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ 2–4, ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 7,0 ɷɬɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Thiobacillus denitrificans, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɢɨɛɚɰɢɥɥ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɚɦ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 °ɋ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ
60–70 °ɋ.
Ȼɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Ɉɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
xɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ (ɪɨɞɵ Achromatium, Thiovulum ɢ
ɞɪ.);
xɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ (ɪɨɞɵ Ɍhiospira, Thiobacterium ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨ ɫɮɟ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ.
ɇɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ (Thiothrix) ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ (Beggiatoa) ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɧ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ Thiospira ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɍ Beggiatoa ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɋɈ2. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɧɨ.
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɪɭ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɫɟɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɪɭ ɜ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɏɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɪɭ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ Ɉ2, ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɫɟɪɧɵɯ
319
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɵ ɞɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɪɱɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
9.2.3. ɀɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ
ɀɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɯɥɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɚɰɢɞɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɢɠɟ 4,5, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Thiobacillus ferrɨoxidans. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɦ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɚɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɋɈ2, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ |
|
2Fe2+ + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ |
2Fe3+ + H2O |
Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ Thiobacillus ferroɨxidans ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Fe2+, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵ. Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ Fe2+ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɫ Fe2+ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɦɟɞɶɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ – ɪɭɫɬɢɰɢɚɧɢɧɨɦ (Ɋɐ), ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɪɭɫɬɢɰɢɚɧɢɧɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦ ɫ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦ ɚ1, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɰɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɚ1 ɧɚ 1/2 O2, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɇ2Ɉ:
320
|
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ |
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ |
|
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ |
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ |
2Fe2+ |
2ɟ– |
1/2 O2 + 2H+ |
Ɋɐ |
ɫ |
ɚ1 |
2Fe3+ |
|
H2O |
ɉɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɚ |
ɐɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ |
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Thiobacillus ferrɨoxidans ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɇ+ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɭ Thiobacillus ferroxidans ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɇ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ȺɌɎ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɇ+ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȺɌɎ-ɫɢɧ- ɬɚɡɵ. Ⱦɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɇ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȺɌɎ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ Fe2+. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ Ʉɚɥɶɜɢɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 22 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ Fe2+.
Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ Gallionella ferruginea ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦ. ɇɚ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɮɟɪɪɢɝɢɞɪɢɬ), ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ⱦɨɧɨɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Fe2+. ɗɬɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋɈ2. Ɉɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɚɷɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ (ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚɯ, ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɚɯ, ɱɟɯɥɚɯ). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɯɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɬɪɨɮɵ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡ
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ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɭɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Thiobacillus ferrɨoxidans, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ: ɫɭɪɶɦɵ, ɦɟɞɢ, ɰɢɧɤɚ, ɪɬɭɬɢ, ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ. ɋɭɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɭɞɭ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ.
ɀɟɥɟɡɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
9.2.4.ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ
Ʉɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ Ɉ2, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ2. ɗɬɨ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɇ2 ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:
ɇ2 + 1/2 Ɉ2 ɇ2Ɉ ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɇ2, Ɉ2 ɢ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ [ɋɇ2Ɉ] ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
6ɇ2 + 2Ɉ2 + ɋɈ2 [ɋɇ2Ɉ] + 5ɇ2Ɉ ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɇ2, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɇ2, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ.
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɇ2 ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ Ɉ2, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɚ Alcaligenes (A. eutrophus, A. paradoxus) ɢ Pseudomonas (P. facilis, P. saccharophila, P. carboxidovorans, P. carboxidoflava ɢ ɞɪ.). ɗɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 0,3–0,7 u 0,8–2,9 ɦɤɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ Aquaspirillum, Xanthobacter, Para-
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coccus, Rhizobium, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ – Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Bacillus.
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ Ʉɚɥɶɜɢɧɚ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɯɟɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɧɬɨɡɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɗɧɬɧɟɪɚ – Ⱦɭɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ ɢ ɝɥɢɨɤɫɢɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɭɧɬɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ – ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɭ, ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ, ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɦɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɦ ɚɷɪɨɛɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ, ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ Ɉ2 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ Ɉ2 ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɯɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɭ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɭ – ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɇ2 ɢ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ N2.
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 30 – 35 °ɋ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ – ɬɟɪɦɨɮɢɥɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 50 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ 70 °ɋ. ɇɟɣɬɪɨɮɢɥɵ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ 6,5–7,5.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ – ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ (ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ) ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɭ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɇ2, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɚ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɇȺȾ+, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɚɡɭ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
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