- •Навчальний посібник
- •The subjunctive
- •The formulaic subjunctive.
- •God be praised!
- •God bless you!
- •Nursery Rhyme
- •1. Translate the word combinations in brackets into English.
- •2. Translate into English using set-phrases (The formulaic subjunctive).
- •3. Translate into English using set-phrases (The formulaic subjunctive).
- •Exclamatory sentences.
- •4. Finish each of these sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •7. Complete the following sentences using the perfect form.
- •8. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Replace the infinitive by the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •11. Translate into English.
- •12. Translate into English.
- •Had better
- •13. Translate into English.
- •I’d rather / sooner
- •14. Translate into English.
- •Independent clauses and simple sentences.
- •Sentences without implied condition
- •15. Use the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.
- •16. Translate into English.
- •17. Translate into English.
- •The conditional
- •The conditional tenses. The present conditional tense.
- •The perfect conditional tense.
- •Conditional sentences.
- •Suppose he himself gave her the injections …
- •Three kinds of conditional sentences
- •If I may be frank if you’ll allow me to say so
- •21. Translate into English.
- •Should in conditional 1
- •22. Make the condition less probable by using should.
- •Suppose and imagine.
- •23. Translate into English.
- •24. Translate into English.
- •25. Translate into English.
- •Conditional sentences type 2.
- •Conditional sentences type 3.
- •26. Choose which ending is possible for each sentence.
- •27. Fill the gaps in the sentences and complete the questions in the conversations using the words given or your own ideas.
- •28. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form. (Use forms of can, might, etc. Where suitable.)
- •29. Translate into English.
- •30. Translate into English.
- •31. Translate into English.
- •32. Complete the sentences in the conversation using the ideas given.
- •33. Make a ‘chain story’.
- •34. Fill in each blank to complete the unreal condition.
- •35. Translate into English.
- •36. Translate into English.
- •37. Fill the gaps in the sentences and complete them using the words given or your own ideas.
- •38. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
- •39. Translate into English.
- •40. Translate into English.
- •Mixed conditionals.
- •41. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
- •42. Fill in each blank with the correct form of a verb. These sentences have mixed tenses.
- •43. Translate into English.
- •44. Translate into English.
- •45. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •46. Look at the pairs of pictures below and imagine yourself in each situation. Write what you would say usingif. There may be several possibilities for each pair.
- •47. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Both real conditions and unreal conditions are used.
- •48. Translate into English.
- •49. Translate into English.
- •Wishing
- •50. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •51. Fill in each blank to make a wish about the present.
- •52. Translate into English.
- •53. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •54. Fill in each blank to make a wish about the past.
- •55. Translate into English.
- •56. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •58. Look at the pictures and say what each person wishes, using the words given.
- •59. Fill in each blank to show a desire that someone does something differently.
- •60. Translate into English.
- •61. Complete the conversations with a sentence using wish.
- •62. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. (Use could where suitable.)
- •64. Answer the following questions according to the model, mind the form of the auxiliary verb.
- •65. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •66. Paraphrase the following sentences using object clause after the verb "wish".
- •67. Translate into English.
- •68. Translate into English.
- •69. Open the brackets.
- •70. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •71. Translate into English.
- •72. Translate into English.
- •73. Open the brackets.
- •74. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •75. Translate into English.
- •76. Translate into English.
- •77. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •78. Translate into English.
- •79. Complete each of these sentences twice, once using should and once using another structure.
- •80. Fill in the gaps using the words given. There is usually more than one possible answer.
- •81. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •82. Translate into English.
- •83. Translate into English.
- •As if / as though There is no difference between as if and as though.
- •The difference is clearer with obviously unreal comparisons:
- •84. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form.
- •85. Paraphrase the parts in bold type.
- •86. Answer the following questions according to the model.
- •87. Translate into English.
- •88. Translate into English.
- •It is time…
- •89. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •90. Paraphrase the sentences using the expression It is (about, high) time.
- •91. Translate into English.
- •92. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •Even if / even though.
- •93. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form.
- •94. Translate into English.
- •95. Translate into English.
- •96. Translate into English.
- •97. Translate into English.
- •98. Translate into English.
- •99. Translate into English.
- •100. Translate into English.
- •101. Translate into English.
- •Indirect speech and reporting
- •Conditional sentences in indirect speech.
- •Revision task 1.
- •Task 2.
Wishing
§ 39.
We use two common ways to express our wishes: the verb to wish and using the exclamation if only. It has the same meaning as wish but is more dramatic. In both cases the following verbs are back-shifted like the tenses in indirect speech and hypothetical conditional sentences.
So, in wishing about the present we use wish (that) + subject + a past tense. These are wishes where you want to change a present state:
I wish I knew his address. ~ I’m sorry I don’t know his address.
Wish can be put into the past without changing the subjunctive:
He wished he knew the address. ~ He was sorry he didn’t know the address.
Unreal past tenses do not change in indirect speech:
‘I wish I lived nearer my work,’ he said. ~ He said he wished he lived nearer his work.
§ 40.
In wishing about the past we use wish (that) + subject + past perfect (subjunctive). These are wishes referring to a past event, which can’t be changed:
I wish (that) I hadn’t spent so much money. ~ I’m sorry I spent so much money.
Wished can replace wish without changing the subjunctive:
I wished I hadn’t spent so much money. ~ I was sorry I had spent so much money.
These verbs will be reported unchanged:
‘I wish I had taken his advice,’ she said. ~ She (said she) wished she had taken his advice.
§ 41.
In wishes about the future, we use could and would and other forms of modals. Would here means ‘decide to’:
I wish I could stop it.
When we are talking of the pure future, as in Perhaps it will be fine tomorrow, the corresponding wish can only be expressed by hope – I hope it will be fine tomorrow and not I wish it would be fine tomorrow. Notice that we use would in future wishes only with actions which the subject can control, i.e. actions he could change if he wished. Wish + would here can express interest in the subject’s willingness / unwillingness to perform an action in the present. This is usually a habitual action:
I wish he would write more often. ~ I’m sorry he isn’t willing to write more often.
The subject of wish cannot be the same as the subject of would, as this would be illogical. We cannot therefore have I wish + I would.
I wish you would is a possible request form. Here there is no feeling that the person addressed will refuse to perform the request, but there is often a feeling that this person is annoying or disappointing the speaker in some way: I wish you would help me often implies ‘You should have offered to help me,’ and I wish you would stop humming would imply that the speaker was irritated by the noise. However, the expression I wish you would can be used in answer to an offer of help, and does not then imply any dissatisfaction:
Shall I help you? ~ I wish you would. (I’d be glad of your help.)
§ 42.
As with conditional clauses, we use subjunctive were for all persons in making more formal wishes, but in all clauses we hear was increasingly often:
I wish it was over.
§ 43.
To wish is a stative verb and therefore we do not normally use it with the progressive. So, never I am wishing that – nor do we use it with so / not. I hope so but not I wish so.
Although its main use is to express wishes, we use it for other functions:
I wish you would stop that. (annoyance / command)
I wish I knew how to find it. (indirect request for help)
I wish I hadn’t said that. (regret)
I wish I could help. (polite refusal)
I wish I could believe you. (polite disbelief)
I could have wished you had done better. (understated disappointment)
I do wish you would be more punctual. (reprimand)