Exercise 29 p. 281 Translate the following sentences, using 'should', 'have to’ and 'need’ according to the sense.

1. Вам не было необходимости ехать за билетами на вокзал. Их надо было заказать по телефону. 2. Раньше ему приходилось делать пересадку два раза, когда он ехал в институт. 3. Тебе не надо было делать пересадку. Восьмой автобус идет прямо до моего дома. 4. Вам незачем было ехать туда одной. 5. Мне следовало пригласить его тоже. 6. Нам не приходится решать такие вопросы. 7. Он сказал, что мне тоже следовало принять участие в работе клуба. 8. Она сказала, мне следует позвонить ему. 9. Они сказали, что нам не нужно платить за билеты. Они бесплатные. 10. Я должен был вернуться до их возвращения, поэтому я вышел раньше. 11. Вам незачем идти на шестой этаж пешком. В доме есть лифт. 12. Не следует расстраивать его из-за таких пустяков. 13. Вам придется согласиться с нашим планом. 14. После такой напряженной работы вам следует хорошо отдохнуть.

Exercise 37 p. 284 Fill in the blanks with 'be to', ‘have to’, 'should', 'could’, 'need' with the correct form of the Infinitive given in brackets.

Helena — (lunch) with her father, who was arriving on a sleeper from Cleveland in the morning; they — (go) shopping together for her mother's anniversary present. She — (meet) him at the Savoy plaza hotel where he kept a bedroom and sitting room for the times when he came to New York on business.

So when the telephone rang in the morning, Helena thought it was her father, but it was Nora declaring that she — (see) Helena right away. Helena felt that Nora wanted to speak about her ugly behaviour at the party the night before when Helena had caught her kissing Kay's husband. Helena — (not discuss) the matter on the telephone. She knew that Nora was worried, but said Nora — (not worry), she wouldn't breathe a word to a soul.

Nora suggested that Helena — (come) round to her place and Helena found herself agreeing. Her father was surprised when she said she __ (not meet) him for lunch as she — (see) a friend. He said reproachfully she — (refuse). He — (not see) what was so urgent that it — (not wait) till afternoon. Helena was unable to see herself why Nora — (not meet her the next day. But when Helena suggested this, there was a silence on the other end of the wire and Nora said: "Never mind, forget it, I __ (guess) that you wouldn't want to see me," which made Helena say it wasn't true and promise to come at once. The moment she put down the receiver she felt she — (agree). She wasn't looking forward to the interview.

(After "The Group" by Mary McCarthy)

1 The Future Continuous Tense is not common in Modern English. The Perfect Non-Continuous Form is used instead. “By this tin\me next year I’ll have worked at this problem for three years.”

1 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used sometimes to denote an activity in its progress immediately preceding the moment of speech and serving at the same time as an explanation of or excuse for something.

1 The Y.M.C.A.: The Young Men’s Christian Association.

2 Mass: Massachusetts

1 Calisthenics: вольные упрфжнения

1 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object becomes the subject of the Passive Construction, eg: “The old house was sold to them very cheap.

2 These verbs are used in the Passive Voice on the pattern of group (b). The verbs introduced, declare, deliver, present, recommend, prove, point out also belong here. The second passive construction is not used with these verbs. Eg. The rule was explained to me.

3 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object denoting a person becomes the subject of the passive construction, Eg “He was asked a lot of questions.”

1 magnifying glass: увеличительное стекло; лупа

2 Some other changes should be observed in Reported Speech: "now" is changed to "then", "tomorrow" "the following day/the next day", "here" "there", "this/these" "that/those".

3 The verbs "shall" and "will" according to the rules of sequence of tenses have the forms of "should" and "would" in the Future-in-the-Past. In modern English "would" is more common for all persons of the singular and plural. "Should" must be used when it has the meaning "Do you want me to ..."

4 The Future Tense can be used after the conjunctions "if" and "when" if they introduce object clauses.

5 Some other changes should be observed in reported speech: "yesterday" is changed to "the day before/the previous day", "last Tuesday" to "the previous Tuesday", "last week/month, etc" to "the week before/earlier/previously", "two days, weeks, etc ago" to "two days, weeks, etc before", "at the moment" to "at the time".

6 With a definite indication of the time of action, there will be no change in the tense form, eg "I lived in Leningrad when the war broke out," she said. -> She said (that) she lived in Leningrad when the war broke out. He said: "I was born in 1961." - He said (that) he was born in 1961.

1 The construction “I have my job to think about” is more emphatic than “I must think about my job”.

1 Note the correlation: too clever to do something; clever enough to do something; only to see something once to remember.

7 A Complex object with Participle I is also possible with the verbs: see, watch, hear, etc “I saw him cross (crossing) the street. ”Participle one is used to draw attention to the process.

1 after the verbs see, hear, feel a subordinate clause, not a complex object, is used if they denote mental perception, eg ‘I saw that he didn’t believe me.”

1 Such verbs, as like, hate, find, think, allow, get, tell, can also be used on the same pattern,

eg “I hate you to take my books without letting me know”. “He told me to do the job.

8 Note that in modern English “may” and ‘can” are often interchangeable. Can I wait for him here?”is also correct

9

1 in colloquial speech “have got to” is used for “have to”, eg “At what time have you got to be there?” “I’ve got to be there by ten o’ clock”.

10 “Be able” or “manage” is used sometimes in place of “could” to show that the effect was achieved: eg “He felt better in the morning, he was able (managed) to finish the work in time.”