An Adverbial Modifier of Result

Model 6: (a) He seemed too tired to speak.

(b) You have only to read it once to understand it clearly.

1. The boys were too frightened —. 2. The roads were good enough —. 3. You must be absolutely blind —. 4. He was a rich man but he was too busy —. 5. Do you know him well enough —? 6. The night was too hot —. 7. He is too young —. 8. You have only to go their once —. 9. The subway station was near enough —. 10. He knew me too well —.

be afraid of me; understand what has happened; sleep inside the house; enjoy his money; not see how hurt she is; drive fast; walk there; speak; not want to go anywhere; ask him for help

Exercise 22 p. 253 Paraphrase the following so as to use the infinitive as an attribute.

Model 1: I must think about my job.

I have my job to think about.¹

1. He must write some important letters. 2. She had to answer some business letters. 3. He had to do so many things. 4. We must first talk over this problem. 5. They wanted to show me a new picture. 6. I must ask him a lot of questions. 7. The ship must cover a long distance before she reaches port. 8. With so much work to do you mustn't lose a moment. 9. He must wait (for) two hours. 10. We must go a long way.

Model 2: She was the last who left the office.

She was the last to leave the office.

1. He was the second who came to the finish. 2. There was only one man who could understand my jokes. 3. She was the first who learned this terrible news. 4. Here is the man whom you can discuss the problem with. 5. She was the last person who could hurt a child. 6. Petrov was the first who raised this question and I was the next who spoke on the subject. 7. He is the last person who can break a promise.

Exercise 23 p. 253 Paraphrase the parts in bold type so as to use the infinitive in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose according to the model.

Model: He raised his hand so that he might attract the students' attention.

He raised his hand to attract the students' attention.

1. They decided to have a special meeting so that they might come to some agreement. 2. She bought this book so that she might kill the time on the train. 3. Children go to school in order that they may learn things. 4. He has come here so that he may have a talk with you. 5. He repeated it several times. He wanted to make the child behave. 6. My neighbour often calls on me so that we may discuss politics. 7. I called at the office so that I might leave a note with the secretary for the chief. 8. The young worker followed the instructions carefully. He didn’t want to spoil the machine. 9. I turned my head so that I might hear better what she was talking about. 10. He didn’t mention this fact. He didn’t want to hurt her feelings. 11. She spoke in a soft voice in order that she might not attract anybody’s attention. 12. He paid special attention to his pronunciation. He wanted to sound natural.

Exercise 24, p. 254: Make up sentences according to the model.

Model: to get to this place, pass through the village

To get to this place he had to pass through the village (you must pass.../you'll have to pass..., etc).

1. understand the instructions, read them carefully. 2. in order to get better results, make an effort. 3. not make things still worse, turn and go away without saying a word. 4. not disturb her, be careful to keep very quiet about it. 5. in order not to get cold, make a camp fire. 6. have no trouble with your home-work, be attentive at the lesson.

Exercise 25, p. 254: Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result (see model 6, Exercise 21, p. 253).¹

1. She was too excited, she couldn't remain silent. 2. He was so tired that he couldn't sleep. 3. She is kind enough. She will not refuse to help you. 4. Do you know him well enough? Can you speak with him on the subject? 5. She was so weak that she couldn't rise to her feet. 6. You have only to see the picture once and you'll remember it for the rest of your life. 7. He is so careful that he can't make a mistake. 8. I think you are too much excited, you can't talk about it today. 9. She was too upset. She didn't want to see anybody.

Exercise 26, p. 254: Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model.

Model: (a) it's hard to follow him. He speaks too fast.

He is hard to follow.

(b) It's pleasant to look at her.

She is pleasant to look at.

1. It's interesting to talk to her. 2. It was hard to understand his idea. 3. It's nice to work with calm people. 4. It was difficult to work out this problem. 5. It's not easy to find a good road here. 6. It was difficult to decide the matter.

Exercise 27 p. 254 Complete the following sentences according to the model.

Model: He is easy to talk to.

1. She was light on her feet and easy —. 2. The child is nice __but difficult —. 3. The old lady is hard —. 4. This fruit is nice —. 5. Her thoughts are hard —. 6. It's a good job, well paid and pleasant —. 7. A good friend is hard —. 8. The story was hard —. 9. His behaviour was difficult —. 10. The matter is easy —.

find, explain, read, arrange, dance with, please, look at, teach, have for dessert, do, believe

Exercise 28 p. 255 Translate the following sentences, using infinitive constructions.

1.Трудно сказать, кого он имел в виду. 2. Он был достаточно добр, чтобы не отказать нам в помощи. 3. Они остановились, чтобы передохнуть. 4. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это позвонить ему. 5. Опасно переходить дорогу в неположенном месте. 6. Чтобы не обидеть ее, мы решили вообще не говорить на эту тему в ее присутствии. 7. Вам придется выехать ранним поездом, чтобы застать их дома до того, как они уедут. 8. Врач остался еще на один час, чтобы убедиться, что жизнь ребенка вне опасности. 9. Он спокойный человек. С ним легко работать. 10. Вы должны быть очень внимательны, чтобы водить машину в большом городе. 11. Я старался много работать, чтобы не думать о том, что случилось. 12. Я думаю, что он достаточно умен, чтобы не сделать этой ошибки. 13. Дети были слишком возбуждены, чтобы вести себя спокойно. 14. Ей нелегко угодить. 15. Инцидент был слишком неприятный, чтобы говорить о нем. 16. Он первый открыл это прекрасное место для отдыха. 17. Его нелегко запугать. 18. Я вам сказал всю правду. Мне нечего скрывать от вас. 19. У меня достаточно времени, чтобы повидаться с ним. 20. От него меньше всего можно было ожидать такого поведения. 21. Она была так расстроена, что совершенно не могла говорить. 22. Первое, что нам нужно сделать, — это выработать план работы. 23. Поздно спорить об этом. Уже ничего нельзя изменить. 24. Ей очень хотелось принять участие в обсуждении этого фильма. 25. Нам повезло, что мы застали его дома. 26. Ей есть чем гордиться. 27. Он человек, с которым можно поговорить на любую тему. 28. Они уехали последними. 29. Ничто меня здесь не удерживает.

The Passive Form of the Infinitive

Exercise 29 p. 255 Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Active Infinitive	Passive Infinitive
He doesn’t want to disturb you.	He doesn’t want to be disturbed.
I am glad to give you advice.	I am glad to be given advice.
I’d like you to understand me.	I’d like my idea to be understood clearly.
They had to do the work in time.	The work had to be done in time.
She was to meet him at the station.	He was to be met at the station.

Exercise 30 p. 256 Give the passive forms of the following infinitives.

write, feel, reach, hold, look for, suppose, laugh at, search, fill, and frighten.

Exercise 31 p. 256 Choose the correct form of the infinitive in brackets and fill up the blanks.

1. (i) I expect them — a telegram to me. (ii) The telegram is — immediately. (send, be sent) 2. (i) Some people like — to themselves. (ii) I don't want you — so early. (leave, be left) 3. (i) They expect you — all the lectures. (ii) They expect all the lectures — regularly. (attend, be attended) 4. (i) We hadn't reached the most north­ern part of the country yet, but cold began — already. (ii) We began __the discomforts of the night train very soon. (feel, be felt) 5. (i) She wants—. (ii) She wants — it. (understand, be understood) 6. (i) We were afraid — what was troubling him. (ii) She was afraid — this question. (ask, be asked) 7. (i) I am sorry — you but may I ask you a question? (ii) He was too weak —. (trouble, be troubled) 8. (i) We expected the meeting — next Monday. (ii) We expected the speaker — the attention of the audience. (hold, be held) 9. (i) He was glad — the subject. (ii) He didn't want anything — in his room. (change, be changed) 10. (i) Some changes had —. (ii) He wanted — some changes in the plan. (make, be made) 11. (i) This is only —. (ii) I don't know what — of him. (expect, be expected)

Exercise 32 p. 256 Translate the following sentences into English, using either active or passive infinitive according to the sense.

1.Он не любит привлекать внимание. 2. Всем хотелось, чтобы конференция состоялась в феврале. 3. Мы были рады, что добрались до деревни засветло. 4. Мы не ожидали, что решение будет принято так быстро. 5. Он рад, что ему помогают в работе. 6. Ребенок был слишком мал, чтобы его оставлять дома без присмотра. 7. Ему повезло, что его спросили первым. 8. Дети были довольны, что им дали билеты.

Exercise 33 p. 256 Paraphrase the following sentences, using the passive infinitive.

Model: The house that will be built here will be a school.

The house to be built here will be a school.

1. The questions that will be discussed at the meeting are important for our work. 2. The people that will be invited to the conference must all take an active part in its work. 3. The work that must be finished today is very important. 4. There was much that could be said on the subject. 5. The railway that will be built there will join the two industrial centres. 6. He has lived in this town a long time and knows all the interesting and beautiful places that can be found here. 7. This was for him a chance that couldn't be missed.

Exercise 34 p. 256 Translate the following sentences into English, using the passive infinitive.

1. Этот случай нельзя было упустить. 2. У нас есть еще один вопрос, который должен быть обсужден сегодня. 3. В этом районе можно найти много красивых мест. 4. Первого Мая на улицах Москвы можно увидеть много иностранных гостей. 5. Мы все согласились, что ничего уже нельзя было сделать, чтобы помочь ему. 6. Все дома, которые будут построены на другой стороне улицы, будут учреждениями. 7. Конференция, которая состоится (будет организована) в мае, ставит очень интересные проблемы. 8. Я уверен, что факты, которые будут упомянуты в его докладе, вызовут всеобщий интерес.

Exercise 35 p. 257 Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the passive infinitive.

1. They were to do the work in three steps. 2. They are to discuss the question at the next meeting. 3. We couldn't calm him down. 4. You are not to eat the cake until the whole family have gathered. 5. You mustn't argue about the order. 6. One can't miss a chance like that. 7. You may make all the necessary changes any moment. 8. You must pay for the ticket immediately. 9. You mustn't mark the pages of a book. 10. You are to keep the children quiet.

Exercise 36 p. 257 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Работу надо сделать как следует. 2. Расписание изменилось. Его надо предупредить. 3. Такое поведение нельзя разрешить. 4. Вопрос не подлежал обсуждению. 5. Вечер не может состояться без него. 6. Инструкции необходимо соблюдать. 7. Его тоже нужно пригласить. 8. Мясо необходимо хранить в холодильнике. 9. Обед нельзя заказывать до их приезда.

Complex Object:

Exercise 19 p. 112 Study the following patterns:

1. I saw him get off the bus.

2. Nobody noticed John come in.

3. We watched the train leave the station.

4. He felt somebody push him lightly in the back.

5. Did you hear her sing?

Exercise 20 p. 112 Combine the two sentences into one, using a complex object.

Model 1: He got on the train. We saw it.

We saw him get on the train.

1. He made a mistake. Nobody noticed it. 2. The postman brought a telegram. I saw it with my own eyes. 3. He told a lie. Everybody heard it. 4. She got sad. Everybody noticed it. 5. Somebody called your name. I heard it. 6. He stood in the doorway and watched them. They got into a car and went away. 7. We saw the runner. He passed the finish line. 8. The car suddenly turned to the left. I noticed it.

Model 2: I noticed that he was standing near the door.

I noticed him standing⁷ near the door.

1. The teacher noticed that he was looking through some magazine during the lecture. 2. I hear that somebody is crying. 3. It was pleasant to watch how they were enjoying themselves. 4. Out of the window she watched how her children were playing in the garden. 5. I noticed that she was speaking very coldly to him. 6. The militiaman saw that we were crossing the road in the wrong place. 7. We heard that somebody was laughing in the next room. 8. Because of the noise nobody heard that the telephone was ringing.

Exercise 21 p. 113 Use either the Infinitive or Participle I of the verb in brackets as the second element of the complex object.

1. She watched him —away until she could see him no more (walk). 2. I noticed him — her a quick look (give). 3. When I turned my head I saw him still — in the doorway (stand). 4. As he sat on the bank of the river he felt the wind — colder and colder (get). 5. I heard the child behind the wall (cry). 6. He thought he heard somebody — him (call). 7. She noticed him — something to the man sitting in front of him (pass). 8. Did you hear her — that unpleasant remark (make)?

Exercise 22, p. 113: Ask questions to make sure that you've heard the person right.

Model: I heard him sing Russian songs.

What songs did you hear him sing?

1. She saw the boy looking through some picture book. 2. I heard him telling jokes. 3. We noticed the woman enter the house through the back door. 4. He likes to watch the rain come down. 5. We heard the front door open. 6. I saw them walk along the road. 7. I noticed him give her a hard look. 8. They heard somebody moving behind them. 9. I didn't hear her say this because she spoke in a soft voice.

Exercise 23 p. 113 Paraphrase the following sentences, using a complex object after the verbs given in brackets.

1. Was anybody standing near the door when you came home? (notice) 2. The baby was making the first steps (watch). 3. Somebody opened the door (hear). 4. He lit a cigarette (see). 5. As I came up to the house it was very dark. Suddenly somebody took me by the hand (feel). 6. He made a mistake (not notice). 7. The boys were throwing stones into the river (watch). 8. He was explaining something to the students (hear). 9. He ran and caught a passing bus (see). 10. Somebody pushed me in the back (feel).

Exercise 24 p. 113 Translate the following sentences, using a complex object.

1.Я слышал, как кто-то окликнул меня. 2. Он заметил, как она побледнела. 3. Она видела, как почтальон поднимался вверх по лестнице. 4. Мы наблюдали, как туристы переходили реку. 5. Вы слышали, как он вчера выступал по радио? 6. Я видела, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на станцию. 7. Все слышали, как он обещал, что больше не будет курить. 8. Она заметила, что он что-то искал в портфеле, и подумала, что он, может быть, потерял деньги. 9. Я никогда не слышала, чтобы он говорил неправду. 10. Никто не заметил, как я открыл дверь и вышел.

Exercise 25 p. 114 Translate the following sentences, using a complex object or a subordinate clause according to the sense of the verbs in bold type.¹

1.Я видел, что ему не хочется говорить на эту тему. 2. Я видел, как он пытался завести машину. 3. Она слышала, что профессор болен уже неделю. 4. Она слышала, как кто-то упомянул мое имя. 5. Мы чувствовали, что он еще ничего не решил. 6. После захода солнца мы почувствовали, как температура воздуха начала быстро падать. 7. Вы слышали, что они уже вернулись? 8. Я вижу, вы довольны подарком. 9. Я увидел, что все смотрят вверх, и сейчас же почувствовал, что что-то случилось. 10. Мы чувствовали, что ему не нравится его работа. 11. Когда я садился на поезд, я вдруг почувствовал, как кто-то потянул меня за пальто.

Ехercise 26 p. 114 Study the following patterns:

1. Let me ask you a few questions.

2. Did the doctor let him go out?

3. It took him a long time to make his car start.

4. What makes you think so?

Exercise 27 p. 114 Complete the following sentences, using a complex object (make use of the infinitives).

understand, believe, look back, behave like that, help, shoot, go by, move, laugh

1. I can't make this car —. 2. What made you — his story? 3. Our father never let us — at birds. 4. Let me — you to carry your things. 5. The jokes he told made everybody —. 6. The noise behind me made me —. 7. You mustn't let the child —. 8. Her words made him — that he was mistaken. 9. I let five minutes or so —.

Exercise 28 p. 114 Translate the following sentences into Russian, watch the meaning of the verb 'let'.

1. Let me know when you leave. 2. He didn't let me pay for the taxi. 3. We must let her make her own decision. 4. I let her have my seat. 5. "When did you write to him last?" "I wrote to him — let me see, three weeks ago." 6. Suddenly he let my hand go. 7. Let this be all among friends. 8. Don't let him leave so early. 9. Let's go to the cinema. 10. He is not talkative himself but he likes to let people talk. 11. Let's not think about it.

Exercise 29 p.114 Ask questions about the parts in bold type to make sure that you've heard the person right.

1. She didn't let him smoke in the children's room. 2. She made him sit down and wait for her. 3. They didn't let him tell how it all had happened. 4. I decided to make her keep a promise. 5. You must make her believe you. 6. The conductor didn't let the boy get off the bus while it was still moving.

Exercise 30 p. 115 Translate the following sentences, using a complex object with either 'let’ or 'make'.

1. Он предоставил мне решить этот вопрос. 2. Почему ты думаешь, что она неправа? 3. Дай мне знать, когда ты уезжаешь. 4. Отпустите его. 5. Он всех рассмешил своим рассказом. 6. Пусть он не курит здесь. 7. Я стоял всю дорогу. Я уступил свое место пожилому человеку. 8. Мы заставили его пообещать нам приехать еще раз. 9. Не давайте ей носить тяжелые вещи. 10. Что заставило его сделать этот шаг? 11. Ребенок не отпускал мою руку. 12. Мы не могли понять, что заставило его сказать неправду. 13. Разрешите мне прийти. 14. Мы заставили его приходить вовремя. 15. Дайте мне знать о вашем решении.

Ехercise 31 p. 115 Study the following patterns:¹

1. Everybody expected him to say a few words on the subject.

2. I didn't expect him to come so early.

3. I want you to understand me.

4. Do you want her to leave tomorrow?

5. I believe her to be a good teacher.

6. She knows him to be very gay.

7. They advised us to take the 12 o'clock train.

Exercise 32 p. 115 Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use a complex object after the verbs in brackets.

1. He will come by an early train (expect). 2. She loses so much time in talking (not want). 3. He will be pleased with the results of our sports competition (expect). 4. It's good advice (believe). 5. It's a dangerous kind of sport (know). 6. She must see the doctor (advise). 7. You must promise not to do such things again (want). 8. They were at home (believe). 9. You must teach him a lesson (advise). 10. They will enjoy the film (expect). 11. He won't be back so soon (not expect). 12. It won't happen again (not want). 13. Will he come too? (expect)

Exercise 33 p. 115 Paraphrase the following, using a complex object according to the model.

Model: He wants the book back. Bring it tomorrow.

He wants you to bring the book back tomorrow.

1. Somebody must help him with his English. He expects it. 2. He is an honest man. Everybody knows it. 3. It's a safe way out, I believe. 4. Don't read my letters. I hate this. 5. He will arrive tomorrow. They are expecting him. 6. You must not talk about such things in the presence of the children. I don't like this. 7. Do you think he is about fifty? 8. We believe it is a mistake. 9. I want you for a few minutes. Help me rearrange the furniture in my room. 10. I have always thought my work is very interesting.

Exercise 34 p. 116 Translate the following sentences, using a complex object.

I. Он хочет (хотел), чтобы: 1.она дала обещание приехать. 2. мы решили этот вопрос вместе с ними. 3. кто-нибудь проучил ее. 4. она сказала ему в чем дело. 5. вы объяснили, как пользоваться этой машиной. 6. все помнили, что опасно купаться, когда вода еще такая холодная. 7. мы договорились о встрече.

II. Я не хочу (хотел(а), чтобы: 1. вы говорили ей неправду. 2. они решали этот вопрос без меня. 3. вы летели туда (самолетом). 4. вы забывали свои обещания. 5. она волновалась. 6. она заметила мое волнение. 7. кто-нибудь знал о нашем отъезде. 8. вы давали пустые обещания.

III. Мы ждем (ждали), что: 1. вы скажете что-нибудь по этому вопросу. 2. она объяснит нам, почему она не пришла. 3. вы сделаете все от вас зависящее, чтобы достать билеты. 4. он зайдет к нам на этой неделе. 5. наш концерт понравится им.

IV. Они не ждут (не ожидали), что: 1. она поверит им. 2. он скажет правду. 3. мы закончим работу без их помощи. 4. это случится так скоро. 5. понадобится их помощь. 6. кто-нибудь пойдет их провожать.

V. 1. Я полагаю, что он студент первого курса. 2. Мне не нравится, что вы опаздываете. 3. Она знала, что он хороший спортсмен. 4. Он советует нам устроить вечер в клубе. 5. Они считают, что это единственный выход. 6. Я считаю (полагаю), что его совет правильный.

Exercise 35 p.116 Open the brackets, using a complex object. Translate the sentences into Russian.

I. I can't let (you, lose) time like this. 2. The telephone ringing made (she, sit up) in bed. 3. Did you see (it, happen) with your own eyes? 4. We saw (he, turn) the corner of the street. 5. She wanted (the whole world, know) how happy she was. 6. Did they expect (we, show) them the city? 7. The bad weather made (she, change) her plans. 8. Don't let (the fire, die). It'll be difficult to make another fire in this wet weather.

Exercise 36 p. 116 Paraphrase the following sentences, using a complex object either with Participle 1 or Infinitive according to the sense.

1. Hundreds of cars were moving along the road. They watched them. 2. The aeroplane landed safely. I watched it. 3. He was reading my private letters. I noticed it. 4. He made a mistake yesterday. She noticed it. 5. The rain is coming down my back. I can feel it. 6. A man called out her name. She heard him. 7. They were making a terrible noise. I could hear them. 8. He plays tennis. I have never seen it. 9. I saw them through the window. They were waiting by the door. 10. The house shook. I felt it. 11. She found her dog. It was lying asleep on her doorstep. 12. He speaks with a slight accent. I have never noticed it before.

Exercise 37 pp. 116-117 Answer the following questions, using a complex object; build up a situation, if necessary; make use of the suggestions.

1. What makes you think he is out? (see, leave the house). 2. Does she sing well? (hear, sing, many times). 3. How did he fall down? (let, go, sb's hand). 4. What makes you think he is a good football player? (watch). 5. Why won't he go on the trip with us? (his mother, not want). 6. Why do you want to discuss her discipline? (behave like this, can't let). 7. How did they enjoy the concert of this famous comedian? (make, laugh). 8. How do you know that he can speak English? (hear). 9. Why are you so sure that he will do this work? (make). 10. Why does he spend so much time (on) gardening? (make, feel happy).