20 Points

Points to Think of

1 Say whether the linking word used in each of the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction or a coordinating conjunction.

… conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses. … conjunctions link clauses, phrases or words of the same grammatical type.

1. We froze and stood rooted to the spot.

2. She looked as if she was going to faint.

3. We decided to go ahead even though she was against it.

4. Are we going direct to the hotel or will we get the chance to see the town?

5. He was clearing up while we were chatting.

6. They were young but relatively experienced.

7. It was raining cats and dogs, so we stayed at home.

8. She could not remember where she had left her wallet.

9. She seemed calm yet sad.

10. Here is my phone number in case they want to contact me directly.

2 What kind of relationship do the conjunctions express in the following sentences?

TIME RESULT CONCESSION PLACE MANNER CONDITION PURPOSE REASON ADDITION ALTERNATIVE

1. She does exercise after exercise so as to perfect her English.

2. I turned up at the dentist’s in spite of having the flu.

3. He did the work very carefully so that he’d be sure of getting it right.

4. Either he or his brother will be able to help you with your puzzle.

5. You can use my car so long as you drive carefully.

6. We’ve been working really hard since our boss returned.

7. There was too much noise where we were sitting.

8. Since you are busy, I’ll go for a walk alone.

9. In the interview, I tried to speak just as I do normally.

10. Both Sarah and Chris are fond of good music and fast cars.

Golden Rules

	Coordinating conjunctions	Subordinating conjunctions
Positive addition	and, both…and, not only…(but also/as well), as well as, moreover, besides
Negative addition	nor, neither, neither…nor
Contrast	but, not…but, while (тогда как), whereas, (and) yet, still
Concession	but, nevertheless, yet	although, (even) though, whereas
Alternative	or, either…or
Cause/Reason	so, for	as, because, since, seeing
Manner		as, how
Condition		if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), unless, as/so long as, whether…or (alternative condition), only if, even if,
Purpose		so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that),
Result/Effect	such/so…that, therefore, hence, so
Comparison		as, (twice/half) as…as, not so…as, (more/less)…than, as if, as though
Time		when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since, as soon as, .
Place		where, wherever
Exception		but (for), except (that)

Grammar in Focus