Английский язык учебник

COMPREHENTION CHECK

Exercise 1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false, say why.

Exercise 2. Choose from the list A H the sentence which best summarizes each part (1–7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A.A lot of depressed individuals no longer derive gratification from some major interests in life.

B.A depressed person tends to have negative view of himself.

C.We now live in an Age of Melancholy.

D.Depression is one of the most widespread psycho logical disorders.

E.The most insidious set of symptoms in depression are the physical changes.

F.A more recent year of birth confers more and earli er risk for major depressive disorder.

G.Lack of response initiation is “paralysis of the will.”

H.“Normal” depression relates to the most serious de pressive disorders.

Exercise 3. Make up questions to the following an swers.

1.

we become sad and discouraged, apathetic and passive.

2.

when the individual suffers only depressive symptoms without experiencing mania.

3.

by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self esteem.

4.

sad, miserable, hopeless, lonely, unhappy, useless.

5.

a depressed individual does.

6.

because he believes he has failed and he is the cause of his own failure.

7.

Loss of appetite and sleep disturbances are.

8.

Everybody is.

9.

92 per cent of depressed patients.

10.

64 per cent of depressed patients do.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Exercise 1. Match the English word combinations in the left hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right hand column.

Exercise 2.

A.Guess the meaning and give appropriate translation of the following English ter minological word combinations.

B.Convey the meaning of some terms above in your own words.

Exercise 3.

A.Fill in the columns with the proper deriv atives of the following words whenever possible.

B.Put a suitable word from the box above into each gap.

1.The _____ influence of TV is obvious.

2.Your approval gives me much _____.

3.High temperature, fever, a sore throat are _____

of tonsillitis.

4.The emotion _____ experiences depends on how he perceives the situation.

5.She is in the habit of finding _____ to miss her classes.

6.All his efforts ended in _____.

7.His face was _____ with pain.

8.From this report he _____ as an able administra tor.

9.Don’t be so loud. Children are already in beds. You should _____ your voice.

10.We are all ___ the death of our boss.

Exercise 4.

A.Put the words in the box under the follow ing headings connected with depression.

–kinds of depression

–people

–other words

unipolar depression, mania, a therapist, distur bance, somatic, patient, severity, inadequate, spare, psychological disorder, bipolar depression, depressed individuals, psychologist, depressive dis order, incompetent, maniac, motivational symp toms, susceptible

B.Complete these sentences using one of the words from the box above in each space.

1.The existence of two mood disorders has given rise to the name affective disorder to embrace _____,

_____ and _____.

2._____ may experience trouble getting to sleep at night.

3.Sleep _____ and weight loss lead to weakness and fatigue.

4.Depressed individuals may, in fact, be more _____

to physical illness.

5.No group of population is wholly _____.

6.There are emotional symptoms, cognitive symp toms, _____ and _____ ones.

7.The _____ decided to prepare a schedule of activi ties to get the _____ engaged.

Exercise 5. Find words in the text that mean:

Exercise 6. Complete the vocabulary network with the words from the box.

Somatic symptoms, more susceptible to physical illnesses, lack of attractiveness, guilty, lack of interest in sex, sleep disturbance, cognitive symptoms, lack of qualities, inferior, worried, worthless, passivity, lack of response initiation, humiliated

Depression

Emotional

symptoms

SPEAKING AND DISCUSSION

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1.What are the main depressive symptoms in nor mals?

2.What does unipolar depression mean?

3.What is bipolar (or manic ) depression?

4.What are the symptoms of unipolar depression?

5.What are emotional symptoms characterized by?

6.Who views the future with great pessimism and hopelessness?

7.Is a depressive sure that any future action will be ineffective?

8.Difficulty in making decision also seems to be a common symptom of depression, doesn’t it?

9.What is common for depressed persons?

10.Who is the most vulnerable to depression nowa days?

Exercise 2. Discuss the following statements with your group mates making use of the ex pressions below.

I agree strongly …

I agree …

I have no view …

It depends …

I disagree …

I disagree strongly …

1.Today the great majority of individuals, suffering from severe depressions can be helped.

2.Almost everyone reacts to loss with some of the symptoms of depression.

3.The line between a “normal” depressive distur bance and a clinically significant depressive disor der is blurry.

4.For many years all depression was viewed as part of manic depression.

5.Depressed people have low self esteem, but this low self evaluation may not be always a distortion; sometimes it may be merely a sober and accurate assessment of reality.

6.Depression of all kinds produces emotional, cogni tive and somatic deficits.

Exercise 3. Retell the text dwelling on the following points:

–depressed symptoms in normals

–kinds of depression

–four sets of symptoms

–sadness as a most salient symptom

–loss of interest and pleasure

–low self esteem

–self blame for troubles

–pessimism about future

–lack of response initiation

–difficulty in making decisions

–loss of appetite and sleep disturbance

–vulnerability to depression

Exercise 4. Give a description of an occasion when some mournful news or event caused your depression.

Say:

–where you were at the time

–what you were doing

–what the news or event was

–what people’s reactions were

–what you felt at the moment

–what has happened since

Exercise 5. Scan the text and do the tasks below.

FEAR AND ANXIETY

There are four disorders in which fear and anxiety are actually felt by the individual, and these are divid ed into two classes: the fear disorders and the anxiety disorders. Fear is distinguished from anxiety by the presence of a specific, dangerous object. Phobias and post traumatic stress disorders constitute the fear dis orders; in these disorders, a specific object causes the anxiety. In phobic disorders, the individual shows fear of an object (such as cats) which is out of all proportion to the reality of the danger that object presents. In post traumatic stress disorders, the individual experi ences anxiety, depression, numbing, and constant re living of the trauma after experiencing some catastro phe beyond the normal range of human suffering.

Panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are the anxiety disorders. In these two disorders, no specific danger or object threatens the individual, yet

he or she still feels very anxious. In panic disorder, an individual is suddenly overwhelmed with brief attacks of anxiety, apprehension, and then terror. Generalized anxiety disorder, on the other hand, consists of chron ic anxiety that can be more or less continually present for months on end.

All four of these disorders share in common an ex aggerated version of the normal and adaptive fear that each of us has felt on many occasions. When we experi ence danger, we undergo the various somatic and emo tional changes that make up the fear response. There are four elements to the fear response: ( 1 ) cognitive elements – expectations of impending harm; (2) somat ic elements – the body’s emergency reaction to danger, as well as changes in our appearance; (3) emotional ele ments – feelings of dread and terror and panic; and (4) behavioral elements – fleeing and fighting.

The cognitive elements of fear are expectations of specific impending harm, usually in the immediate fu ture. A large doberman growls menacingly at you. You think, “He’s going to bite me.” and you feel a surge of fear. On a dark and lonely street, you sense a sudden movement behind you. You think, “It’s a mugger,” and you freeze. You are unprepared at a recitation, and the teacher calls on you. You break into a cold sweat as you think, “I’m going to be humiliated”. Notice that mental representations evoke the bodily reactions of fear.

Somatic or bodily reactions also occur when we are afraid. There are two classes of bodily changes: exter nal changes and internal changes. Like the octopus, who changes from green to red when afraid, human ap pearance changes, often dramatically, when we are afraid. A keen observer will notice the changes in bodi ly surface: our skin becomes pale, goose bumps may form, beads of sweat appear on our forehead, the palms of our hands become clammy, our lips tremble and shiver, and our muscles tense. But, most salient of all,