Английский язык учебник

Memory test

Elements of Fear

WRITING

Exercise 1. Develop the following topics in written form. Make use of the active vocabulary given in brackets.

1.Distinguishing fear from anxiety (the presence of a specific object, to cause the anxiety, in/out pro portion to the reality of danger, depression, numb ing, reliving of the trauma, to threaten, panic dis order, apprehension, chronic anxiety, an exagger ated version).

2.The fear response (to undergo changes, cognitive elements, somatic elements, emergency reaction, dread, fleeing).

3.Kinds of phobias (neurosis, fear of, places of as sembly, open spaces, inanimate object phobia, heights, closed spaces, injury, death).

4.Animal phobias (puberty, to outgrow, adulthood, crippling phobia, to be apt to, a precipitating trau ma, clear incident, robust).

Exercise 2. Render the following text into English.

В настоящее время резко возросло количество катастроф и «горячих точек» в различных реги онах планеты. Мир буквально захлестывает эпи демия тяжких преступлений, наносящих урон личности. Эти ситуации характеризуются сверх экстремальным воздействием на психику чело века, вызывая у него травматический стресс, пси хологические последствия которого в крайнем сво ем проявлении выражаются в посттравматическом стрессовом расстройстве (ПТСР), возникающем как затяжная или отсроченная реакция на ситуа ции, сопряженные с серьезной угрозой жизни или здоровью.

ПТСР – это одно из возможных психологических последствий переживания травматического стресса; данные многочисленных исследований говорят о том, что ПТСР возникает приблизительно у 1/5 части лиц, переживших ситуации травматического стресса (при отсутствии физической травмы, ранения). Именно эта часть и является объектом изучения специалистов в области травматического стресса. Больные ПТСР могут попасть в поле зрения врачей различного профиля, поскольку его проявления, обычно, сопровождаются как другими психическими расстройствами (депрессия, алкоголизм, нарко мания и др.), так и психосоматическими нарушени ями. Общие закономерности возникновения и раз вития ПТСР не зависят от того, какие конкретные травматические события послужили причиной пси хологических и психосоматических нарушений, хо тя в психологической картине ПТСР специфика травматического стрессора (военные действия или насилие и т.д.) несомненно находит отражение. Од нако главным является то, что эти события носили экстремальный характер, выходили за пределы обычных человеческих переживаний и вызывали интенсивный страх за свою жизнь, ужас и ощущение беспомощности.

Тарабанина Н.В. Практикум по психологии посттрав матического стресса. СПб.: Питер, 2001, c. 12–13

GRAMMAR REVISION

Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are used to talk about situa tions (either real or unreal) and the probable results or consequences of these situations.

They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, in case, provided, unless, suppose, if only, but for and auxiliary should.

Exercise 1. Match the two halves of these sentences.

Exercise 2. Choose the right conjunction out of those given in brackets and insert them into one of the sentences given below.

provided, in case, unless, should, suppose, but for…, if only

1._____ you deliberately plan to be less than you are capable of being, you’ll be deeply unhappy for the rest of your life.

2._____ of conflict between groups that challenge each other’s collective narcisism, this very chal lenge arouses intense hostility in each of them.

3.The mental world of newborn infants is not a blooming, buzzing confusion and, _____they have a physical defect, they are neither blind nor deaf.

4.Conflict itself is a sign of relative health _____ you have ever met really apathetic, hopeless people who have given up hoping, striving and coping.

5._____ this is an unconscious effect, what are we apt to respond with?

6._____ his sudden departure, she wouldn’t experi ence such severe panic.

7._____ that a child is told that John is taller than Paul, and that Paul is taller than James, the child will correctly conclude that John is taller than James.

Exercise 3. Practice the following according to the model.

Model: She argues with her chief and he doesn’t understand her, so she gets mad.

If I argued with the chief and he didn’t un derstand me, I would get mad too.

1.A person is driven into the corner and no possibili ty is left, so his behavior becomes aggressive.

2.He lacks some very significant personal character istics, so he doesn’t take on the role of a leader.

3.He feels embarrassed in unfamiliar situations, so he avoids social occasions.

4.She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas, so she never speaks in public.

5.A person is actively engaged in the process of learning, so he makes fast progress.

6.He lives in an unloving and conflicting atmo sphere, so he feels lonely and depressed.

7.Children watch violent cartoons, so they become more aggressive in their interactions with peers.

Exercise 4. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.

Model: If I were you, I (not to eat) heavily before going to bed.

If I were you, I would not eat heavily be fore going to bed

If I had known that he had given up smok ing, I (not to present) him with a new pipe. If I had known that he had given up smok ing, I wouldn’t have presented him with a new pipe.

1.If we had more experience behind us, we (recog nize) from all the partial expressions of the indi vidual the degree of his ability to cooperate.

2.If these distractors were to intrude into the sub ject’s attention, his or her response to the target (to be slower).

3.If I had known that she was so quarrelsome, I never (to invite) her.

4.The accident (not to happen) if you had been more attentive.

5.An emotion (to be considered) to be related to de pression if it had a score of 19 and more.

6.If I had to decide such matters, I (to leave) the point unconsidered.

7.If he had been there, we (to demonstrate) our ex periment on him.

8.You (to do) as you please, even if I gave you advice.

9.If they (to ban) the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less violence.

10.You (not to get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Don’t forget that there exist mixed types of conditionals.

Model: I can hardly keep my eyes open. If I (go) to bed earlier last night, I (not be) so tired now. If I had gone to bed earlier last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now.

1.Such bizarre, emotionally arousing events (be) very memorable if we (have) witnessed them in a waking state.

2.If he (suffer) in a car crash last month, he (have) amnesia, or partial loss of memory now.

3.If you (be) unfortunate enough to have suffered child abuse, you may (be able) to break the vicious circle.

4.You (be) well today if you (take) your medicine yes terday.

5.If you (take) my advice, you (be) in a different posi tion now.

6.If I (realize) that you were really serious in what you said, I (not be) at such a loss now.

Exercise 6. Compose sentences according to the model.

Use but for + noun/pronoun.

Model: I want to tell you this, I promised not to tell anybody.

But for my promise not to tell anybody, I would tell you this.

He didn’t die. The operation saved him.

But for the operation, he would have died.