Английский язык учебник

5.disorder, n – 1. беспорядок, путаница; 2. расстройство, нарушение, болезнь affective ~ аффективное расстройство disorder, v – 1. приводить в беспорядок; 2. расстраивать disordered, a – 1. приведенный в беспорядок, спутанный;

2.расстроенный, нарушенный

6.discouragement, n – 1. расхолаживание; 2. обескуражен ность, уныние; 3. препятствие, противодействие discourage, v – 1. обескураживать, приводить в уныние;

2.отбивать охоту, отговаривать; 3. мешать, препятствовать discouraged, a – 1. обескураженный; 2. унылый discouraging, a – 1. расхолаживающий; 2. обескураживаю щий

discouragingly, adv – расхолаживающе, обескураживающе

7.doom, n – рок, судьба

doom, v – 1. обрекать; 2. осуждать; 3. предназначать doomed, a – обреченный, осужденный

8.downhearted, a – упавший духом, впавший в уныние, уны лый

9.elation, n – приподнятое настроение, душевный подъем, восторг

elate, v – поднимать настроение, приводить в восторг elated, a – в приподнятом настроении, в восторге, ликующий

10.elicit, v – извлекать, выявлять; ~ from делать вывод

11.embrace, n – объятие

embrace, v – 1. обнимать; 2. использовать, воспользоваться;

3.включать, охватывать

12.erosion, n – эрозия, разъедание, размывание erode, v – разъедать, разрушать (постепенно) eroded, a – размытый, эрозированный erodent, a – разъедающий, едкий

13.excruciation, n – мучение, терзание excruciate, v – мучить, терзать excruciating, a – мучительный

14.flight, n – 1. полет; 2. быстрое течение; topical ~ поток идей (мыслей); 3. возбуждение, порыв; 4. побег, бегство ~ into illness бегство (уход) в болезнь

flight, v – 1. лететь; 2. обращать в бегство

flighty, a – 1. капризный, непостоянный, ветреный, легко мысленный; 2. помешанный, полоумный

15.irritability, n – 1. раздражительность; 2. чувствительность, возбудимость

irritable, a – 1. раздражительный; ~ temper раздражитель ный характер; 2. болезненно чувствительный, легко возбу димый

16.insidious, a – 1. вероломный, коварный; 2. незаметно подкрадывающийся, подстерегающий; ~ disease незаметно подкрадывающаяся болезнь

17.insuperable, a – непреодолимый

18.mourning, n – 1. печаль, горе; 2. плач, рыдание; 3. траур mourn, v – 1. печалиться, горевать; 2. оплакивать, скор беть; 3. носить траур

mournful, a – печальный, скорбный

19.numb, v – 1. вызывать онемение, окоченение; 2. ошеломить, заставить оцепенеть

numb, a – 1. онемелый, оцепенелый; 2. окоченевший

20.overwhelm, v – 1. преодолеть, подавить; 2. овладевать, пере полнять (о чувстве); 3. потрясать, ошеломлять, поражать overwhelming, a – 1. несметный, огромный; 2. подавляю щий

21.precipitation, n – 1. стремительное падение, спуск; 2. по спешность, неосмотрительность

precipitate, v – 1. низвергать; 2. ускорять, торопить precipitate, a – 1. стремительный; 2. внезапный, неожидан ный; 3. опрометчивый, безрассудный

22.prevalence, n – распространение, распространенность prevalent, a – 1. распространенный; 2. преобладающий, гос подствующий

23.prod, n – тычок

prod, v – 1. тыкать, колоть; 2. подстрекать, возбуждать

24.queasiness, n – 1. тошнота; 2. недомогание; 3. привередли вость, разборчивость

queasy, a – 1. тошнотворный; 2. испытывающий тошноту; 3. привередливый, прихотливый

25.retardation, n – 1. замедление, отставание; psychomotor ~ психомоторная задержка; 2. замедленная умственная дея тельность

retard, v – замедлять, задерживать, тормозить

retarded, a – замедленный, отсталый ~ child умственно отсталый ребенок

26.robustness, n – 1. здоровье, сила; 2. здравомыслие; 3. труд ность

robust, a – 1. здоровый, крепкий; 2. здравый, ясный;

3. трудный, требующий усилия

27.sample, n – образец, проба; up to ~ хорошего качества sample, v – отбирать образцы, пробы

28.self esteem, n – самоуважение, чувство собственного до стоинства

29.severity, n – 1. строгость, суровость; 2. серьезность, опасность (болезни)

severe, a – 1. строгий, суровый; 2. тяжелый, серьезный (о болезни), сильный (о простуде)

30.spare, n – запасная часть

spare, v – 1. беречь, сберегать; 2. жалеть, щадить; 3. изба влять (кого либо от чего либо ~ smb. smth.); spare me your complaints избавь меня от твоих жалоб

spare, a – 1. запасной, резервный; 2. лишний, свободный

31.susceptibility, n – 1. восприимчивость; 2. впечатлитель ность; 3. чувствительность, обидчивость

susceptible, a – 1. восприимчивый; 2. впечатлительный; 3. чувствительный, обидчивый

32.undermine, v – 1. подкапывать, делать подкоп; 2. подры вать, разрушать

33.undertaking, n – 1. предприятие, дело; 2. обязательство undertake, v – 1. предпринимать; 2. ручаться, гарантиро вать (to ~ for)

34.zest, n – 1. пикантность, «изюминка»; 2. жар, пыл

DEVELOPING VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Translate the following word combina tions into Russian paying attention to your active vocabulary.

To bear up against affliction, to be afflicted with lameness, to be comforted in one’s affliction; to re spond to an appeal, to appeal to reason, to appeal to the eye, appealing glance, to make an appeal to smb.’s feel ings; war cripples; mental disorder, to disorder the health, disordered mind, to be in disorder; to diffuse learning, to diffuse kindness, diffused opinion; to be doomed to failure, to be doomed to death, doomed to destruction; to elicit a fact, to elicit a principle from data, to elicit the truth by discussion; an embrace of iron, em brace reflex, embrace different kinds of depression, to embrace an opportunity; flight of ambition, flight of imagination, wild flight, to seek safety in flight, flighty conduct; insuperable difficulties, insuperable height; to

wear mourning, to be in full mourning, mournful song, with a mournful air, to find cause to mourn.

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combina tions into English paying attention to your active vocabulary.

Оцепенеть от ужаса, ошеломленный горем, пальцы, не сгибающиеся от холода; несметное богат ство, огромное несчастье, безграничная радость, быть охваченным горем; стремительное движение, ускорить кризис, опрометчивый поступок; распро страненный обычай, общепринятая практика, нали чие слухов; ткнуть в ребро, подгонять ленивого уча щегося, заставить чью либо совесть заговорить; замед ленная реакция, задержка умственного развития, за держать кого либо; прекрасный образчик, выбран ный наугад; альбом образцов; дюжий, крепкий ма лый, крепкое здоровье, крепкие нервы, ясный ум, силь ное растение; придавать вкус, пикантность чему либо; сделать что либо с жаром; вкус к жизни; суровый вид, строгое наказание, резкая критика, тяжелая болезнь.

READING

DEPRESSION

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Depression is the most widespread psychological disorder. And it has been strongly on the rise recently. If you were born after 1960, you are ten times more likely to become depressed than were your grand parents. Depression is the common cause of mental ill ness. Almost everyone has felt depression, at least in its mild forms. Feeling blue, low, sad, downhearted, discouraged, and unhappy are all common depressive experiences. But familiarity does not produce under standing; for it is only in the last two decades that ma jor advances have been made. Today the great majority of individuals suffering from severe depressions can be helped. We also now know a great deal about its causes.

NORMAL VERSUS CLINICAL DEPRESSION

Loss and pain are inevitable parts of growing up and growing older. Sometimes people we care for reject us, we write bad papers, our stocks go down, we fail to get the job we want, people we love die. When these losses

occur we go into mourning, and then emerge, our lives poorer, but with hope for the future. Almost everyone reacts to loss with some of the symptoms of depression. We become sad and discouraged, apathetic and passive, the future looks bleak, some of the zest goes out of living. Such a reaction is normal–and we have repeatedly found that at any given moment 25 to 30 percent of college undergraduates will have such symptoms, at least to some extent.

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How does such “normal” depression relate to the more serious depressive disorders? There are two kinds of depressive disorders, unipolar depression in which the individual suffers only depressive symptoms without ever experiencing mania, and bipolar depression (or manic depression) in which both depression and mania occur. Mania is defined by excessive elation, expansiveness, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self esteem, and flight of ideas. The existence of two mood disorders, which go in apparently opposite directions, has given rise to the name affective disorders to embrace unipolar depression, bipolar depression and mania. Normal depression differs in degree from unipolar depression; both have the same kinds of symptoms, but the unipolar depression has more symptoms, more severely, more frequently, and for a longer time. The line between a “normal” depressive disturbance and a clinically significant depressive disorder is blurry.

Bipolar depressions, on the other hand, are clearly distinguishable from normal and unipolar depressions. They involve swings between episodes of mania and episodes of depression, and as we shall see, they probably have a genetic component. Bipolar depression develops at a younger age, and is often more crippling to the individual. Fortunately, a specific drug, lithium carbonate, seems to help considerably.

For many years, all depression was viewed as part of manic depression. In the last decade, it has become clear that the large majority of depressions are unipolar and unrelated to manic depression. Depression usually occurs in people who have never had mania, and mania may occur in people who have never been depressed. For this reason, we shall first discuss unipolar depression and its symptoms.

SYMPTOMS OF UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION

Depression is widely regarded as a disorder of mood, but this is an oversimplification. There are actu ally four sets of symptoms in depression. In addition to mood or emotional symptoms, there are thought or cognitive symptoms, motivational symptoms, and physical or somatic symptoms. An individual does not have to have all these symptoms to be correctly diag nosed as “depressed,” but the more symptoms he or she has and the more intense is each set, the more confi dent we can be that the individual is suffering from de pression.

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Emotional symptoms

When a depressed patient is asked how she feels, the most common adjectives she uses are: “sad, blue, miserable, helpless, hopeless, lonely, unhappy, down hearted, worthless, humiliated, ashamed, worried, useless, guilty.”

Sadness is the most salient and widespread emo tional symptom in depression. This melancholic mood varies with time of day. Most commonly, depressed people feel worse in the morning, and the mood seems to lighten a bit as the day goes on. Along with feelings of sadness, feelings of anxiety are very often present in depression.

Almost as pervasive as sadness in depression is loss of gratification, the numbing of the joy of living. Activities that used to bring satisfaction feel dull and flat. Loss of interest usually starts in only a few activi ties, such as work. But as depression increases in se verity, it spreads through practically everything the individual does. Finally, even biological functions, such as eating and sex, lose their appeal. Ninety two percent of depressed patients no longer derive gratifi cation from some major interests in their life, and 64 percent of depressed patients lose their feeling for other people.

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Cognitive symptoms

A depressed person thinks of himself in a very ne gative light. He has low self esteem and views the fu ture as being hopeless. He believes he has failed and that he is the cause of his own failures. He believes he is inferior, inadequate, and incompetent. He believes that he lacks the qualities necessary to succeed in those areas of his life that are important to him, be they in telligence, attractiveness, wealth, health, or talent. These views of failure and incompetence are often dis tortions.

Depressed people not only have low self esteem, but they blame themselves and feel guilty for the troubles that afflict them. When failure оccurs depressed indi viduals tend to take the responsibility on themselves. In addition to negative beliefs and guilt about the self, the depressed individual almost always views the fu ture with great pessimism and hopelessness. A de pressed individual believes that his actions, even if he could undertake them, are doomed. The depressed indi vidual is equipped with a host of reasons for future failure, and no reasons at all for why success might oc cur.

Small obstacles in the path of a depressive seem in superable barriers.

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Motivational symptoms

People vary as to how motivated they are. De pressed individuals have great trouble getting started. This passivity or lack of response initiation under mines working and loving. An advertising executive loses his initiative in planning a major sales campaign; a college professor cannot bring herself to prepare her lectures; a student loses the desire to study.

In extreme form, lack of response initiation is “pa ralysis of the will.” Such a patient cannot bring him self to do even those things that are necessary to life. He has to be pushed and prodded out of bed, clothed, and fed. In severe depression, there may be psychomo tor retardation in which movements slow down and the patient walks and talks excruciatingly slowly. Diffi culty in making a decision also seems to be a common symptom of depression. For a depressed individual, making a decision may be overwhelming and frighten ing. Every decision seems momentous, of make or break significance, and the fear of the wrong decision can be paralyzing.

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Somatic symptoms

Perhaps the most insidious set of symptoms in de pression are the physical changes. As depression wors ens, every biological and psychological joy that makes life worth living is eroded.

Loss of appetite and weight are common. Weight loss occurs in moderate and severe depression, al though in mild depression weight gain sometimes oc curs. Sleep disturbance occurs as well. Depressed indi

viduals may experience trouble getting to sleep at night, or they may experience early morning awaken ing, with great difficulty getting back to sleep for the rest of the night. Sleep disturbance and weight loss both lead to weakness and fatigue. A depressed indi vidual also may lose interest in sex.

A depressed individual is often self absorbed and focused on the present. His body absorbs his attention, and increased worry about aches and pains can occur. In addition to more worrying about health, depressed individuals may, in fact, be more susceptible to physi cal illness, since depression, as it becomes severe, may erode basic biological drives. For example, when a flu swept through an Army base, those individuals who had been depressed took significantly longer to recover. Who among the present population, is vulnerable to depres sion? Everyone. No group is wholly spared. While de pression is found among all segments of mankind, some groups, however, are more susceptible than others.

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There is growing evidence that we now live in an Age of Melancholy. Three lines of evidence point this way: (1) epidemiological studies of large groups of peo ple, randomly sampled, showing that people born earli er in this century have experienced less depression in their lifetimes than people born later; (2) diagnostic studies of relatives of people who have clinically severe depression, with older relatives less susceptible than younger relatives; (3) a study of a pre modern culture, showing that people living in completely isolated, dis tant areas have a rate of unipolar depression much low er than ours.

David L.Rosenham Stanford University, Martin E.P. Se ligman University of Pennsilvania “Abnormal Psycholo gy” Second Edition, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, London 1989, ch. 11, pp. 307–317