praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_05

341

4. Hij_^_ey_lky gZ]jmadZ F(kbeZ ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby), kha^Z\Z_fZy ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf iml_f b ^_ckl\mxsZy gZ ihjr_gv ijb jZ[hq_f oh^_

J_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 33.2

LZ[ebpZ 33.2

342

1

…

5

Ih ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf kljhylky oZjZdl_jbklbdb H=I

((Vi F1 Frl ) b =P ( a F2 Frl ).

Ijbf_jguc \b^ oZjZdl_jbklbd ihdZaZg gZ jbk. 33.2, Z, [.

Jbk. 33.2 Ijbf_ju oZjZdl_jbklbd:

Z) Vi = F(F, \\o); [) = F(F)

J:;HL: 34

BKIUL:GBY =B>JH>BG:FBQ?KDBO I?J?>:Q (=>I)

343

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. HagZdhfe_gb_ k wdki_jbf_glZevguf kl_g^hf ^ey bkiulZgbc ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo i_j_^Zq (fmnl b ljZgknhjfZlhjh\).

2. Ijh\_^_gb_ bkiulZgbc =>I b ihkljh_gb_ bo oZjZdl_jbklbd (\g_rg_c b ijb\_^_gghc).

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

=>I ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc khq_lZgb_ ehiZklguo ]b^jhfZrbg

(p_gljh[_`gh]h gZkhkZ b ]b^jhlmj[bgu), jZ[hqb_ dhe_kZ dhlhjuo ij_^_evgh k[eb`_gu b jZaf_s_gu khhkgh \ h[s_f dhjimk_. <i_j\u_ =>I [ueb kha^Zgu \ =_jfZgbb (1909-1910 ].].) ijhn_kkhjhf Nbllb]_jhf k p_evx bkihevah\Zgby \ km^h\uo mklZgh\dZo ^ey h[_ki_q_gby weZklbqghc k\yab f_`^m ^\b]Zl_e_f b ]j_[guf \Zehf.

=>I jZa^_eyxlky gZ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdb_ fmnlu (=F) b ljZgknhjfZlhju

(=L). IjbgpbibZevgh_ jZaebqb_ f_`^m gbfb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh ijb i_j_^Zq_ fhsghklb =F g_ baf_gy_l \_ebqbgm fhf_glZ, Z =L – m\_ebqb\Z_l _]h, eb[h mf_gvrZ_l (hkms_kl\ey_l ljZgknhjfZpbx fhf_glZ).

IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ =F ihdZaZgZ gZ jbk. 34.1, ]^_ 1 – \_^msbc \Ze, 2 –

\_^hfuc \Ze, 3 – gZkhkgh_ dhe_kh, 4 – lmj[bggh_ dhe_kh. Dhe_kZ 3, 4 h[jZamxl ihehklv, aZiheg_ggmx jZ[hq_c `b^dhklvx. >ey bkdexq_gby \ul_dZgby ihke_^g_c \ dhgkljmdpbb =F bf__lky dh`mo 5, dhlhjuc kh_^bgy_lky k lmj[bgguf dhe_khf 4 (fh`_l kh_^bgylvky b k gZkhkguf dhe_khf) b ho\Zlu\Z_l gZkhkgh_ dhe_kh 3.

344

Jbk. 34.1

Ijb \jZs_gbb gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ, `_kldh k\yaZggh]h k \_^msbf \Zehf,

`b^dhklv i_j_f_sZ_lky hl p_gljZ d i_jbn_jbb b ihklmiZ_l \ lmj[bggh_ dhe_kh. Ijb wlhf ihlhd \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ ehiZldb lmj[bggh]h dhe_kZ b hl^Z_l \_^hfhfm \Zem lm wg_j]bx, dhlhjmx hg ijbh[j_e \ gZkhkghf dheh_k_. <uc^y ba lmj[bggh]h dhe_kZ, `b^dhklv \gh\v ihiZ^Z_l \ gZkhkgh_ dhe_kh b lZdbf h[jZahf \ =F mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky aZfdgmlZy pbjdmeypby ihlhdZ.

< =F f_`^m gZkhkguf b lmj[bgguf dhe_kZfb hlkmlkl\mxl we_f_glu, kihkh[gu_ \ua\Zlv baf_g_gby fhf_glZ dhebq_kl\Z ^\b`_gby \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb. Ihwlhfm, _keb ij_g_[j_qv fhf_glhf lj_gby \jZsZxs_]hky dhjimkZ h \ha^mo, fh`gh kqblZlv, qlh fhf_glu F1 b F2 khhl\_lkl\_ggh gZ \_^ms_f b \_^hfhf \ZeZo jZ\gu f_`^m kh[hc

345

JZ[hlZ =F h[_ki_qb\Z_lky lhevdh \ kemqZ_ h[]hgZ gZkhkguf dhe_khf lmj[bggh]h. Hlghkbl_evgZy jZaghklv qZklhl \jZs_gby gZkhkgh]h N1 b lmj[bggh]h N2 dhe_k gZau\Z_lky kdhev`_gb_f S

Ihkdhevdm =F g_ baf_gy_l fhf_gl, i_j_^Z\Z_fuc k \_^ms_]h gZ \_^hfuc \Ze, lh ^ey jZkq_lZ _z DI> =F kijZ\_^eb\h ke_^mxs__ \ujZ`_gb_

Ijb kdhev`_gbb S, jZ\ghf gmex, ^\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb ih djm]m pbjdmeypbb ij_djZsZ_lky (Q = 0) b fhf_gl F, i_j_^Z\Z_fuc =F, klZgh\blky jZ\guf gmex. Ijb mf_gvr_gbb qZklhlu \jZs_gby \_^hfh]h \ZeZ N2 (ijb N1 = const) jZkoh^ Q \ djm]_ pbjdmeypbb \hajZklZ_l, qlh ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx fhf_glZ, i_j_^Z\Z_fh]h =F.

>ey hp_gdb wdkiemZlZpbhgguo dZq_kl\ =>I gZ ijZdlbd_ bkihevamxl \g_rgxx b ijb\_^_ggmx oZjZdl_jbklbdb. <g_rg_c oZjZdl_jbklbdhc =F (jbk. 34.2) gZau\Zxl aZ\bkbfhklb djmlys_]h fhf_glZ F b DI> =F hl qZklhlu \jZs_gby N2 (beb hl i_j_^Zlhqgh]h hlghr_gby I) ijb ihklhygghf qbke_ h[hjhlh\ (N1 = const) gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ. Ba jZkkfhlj_gby ]jZnbdh\ gZ jbk. 34.2

\b^gh, qlh aZ\bkbfhklv F = F( i ) ijb \hajZklZgbb I bf__l \b^ iZ^Zxs_c djb\hc. < ahg_ H: hkgh\guo wdkiemZlZpbhgguo j_`bfh\ ]jZnbd = F( i ) bf__l ebg_cguc oZjZdl_j. < ahg_ :<, ]^_ N1 : N2 b I:1, i_j_^Z\Z_fuc fhf_gl b DI> j_adh kgb`Zxlky, ijbgbfZy gme_\u_ agZq_gby ijb I = 1.

346

Jbk. 34.2

Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb i_j_^Zqb fhsghklb k baf_g_gb_f djmlys_]h fhf_glZ bkihevamxlky =L. IjbgpbibZevghc hkh[_gghklvx =L y\ey_lky lh, qlh f_`^m gZkhkguf b lmj[bgguf dhe_khf mklZgh\e_g g_ih^\b`guc j_Zdlhj 6 (kf. jbk. 34.1, [), l._. ^hihegbl_evgh_ ehiZklgh_ dhe_kh, `_kldh k\yaZggh_ k dh`mohf 5. Mqblu\Zy gZebqb_ j_ZdlhjZ \ djm]_ pbjdmeypbb, ^ey =L \f_klh jZ\_gkl\Z (34.1) bf__f

347

< \ujZ`_gbb (34.4) \_ebqbgZ F3 [m^_l iheh`bl_evghc ijb mkeh\bb, qlh i_j_^ZqZ fhsghklb \ =L khijh\h`^Z_lky kgb`_gb_f qZklhlu N2 b m\_ebq_gb_f fhf_glZ F2. Ijb jZ[hl_ k h[jZlguf baf_g_gb_f N2 b F2 \_ebqbgZ F3 \ (34.4)

[m^_l hljbpZl_evghc. Lh _klv, \ i_j\hf kemqZ_ j_Zdlhj m\_ebqb\Z_l aZdjmldm ihlhdZ, kha^Zggmx gZkhkguf dhe_khf, qlh \uau\Z_l \hajZklZgb_ fhf_glZ F2 gZ lmj[bgghf dhe_k_. <h \lhjhf kemqZ_, gZh[hjhl, ijhbkoh^bl mf_gvr_gb_ aZdjmldb ihlhdZ, khijh\h`^Z_fh_ kgb`_gb_f \_ebqbgu F2 hlghkbl_evgh F1 .

<g_rgyy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ =L (jbk. 34.3) ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ]jZnbq_kdb_ aZ\bkbfhklb F1 = F( i ), F2 = F( i ) b =L = F( i ) ijb ihklhygghc qZklhl_ N1

\jZs_gby \ZeZ gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ.

Jbk. 34.3

<_ebqbgm DI> =L hij_^_eyxl ba \ujZ`_gby

348

]^_ d – dhwnnbpb_gl ljZgknhjfZpbb fhf_glZ, hij_^_ey_fuc ba hlghr_gby

F1

>Zggu_, g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey ihkljh_gby \g_rg_c oZjZdl_jbklbdb =L, h[uqgh ihemqZxl \ j_amevlZl_ _]h kl_g^h\uo bkiulZgbc. Bkihevamy l_hjbx ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdh]h ih^h[by ^Zggu_ \g_rg_c oZjZdl_jbklbdb fh`gh i_j_kqblZlv k h^ghc dhgkljmdpbb gZ ^jm]mx, ijb mkeh\bb, qlh bo ijhlhqgu_ qZklb y\eyxlky ]_hf_ljbq_kdb ih^h[gufb. Ih j_amevlZlZf i_j_kq_lZ ihemqZxl aZ\bkbfhklb 1 = F( i ), = F( i ), d = F( i ), gZau\Z_fu_ ijb\_^_gghc

(h[h[s_gghc) oZjZdl_jbklbdhc ]b^jhi_j_^Zqb. < wlhc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ 1 – dhwnnbpb_gl fhf_glZ gZ gZkhkghf dhe_k_, hij_^_ey_fuc ba \ujZ`_gby

]^_ ! – iehlghklv `b^dhklb; D1 – gZb[hevrbc ^bZf_lj jZ[hq_c ihehklb gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ.

H[sbc \b^ ijb\_^_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd ^ey =L b =F ij_^klZ\e_g khhl\_lkl\_ggh gZ jbk. 34.4, Z,[.