praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_05

331

3. Baf_jblv oZjZdl_jgu_ jZaf_ju gZkhkZ, g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey \uqbke_gby _]h jZ[hq_]h h[t_fZ.

4. Kh[jZlv gZkhk k aZdj_ie_gb_f hl^_evguo _]h we_f_glh\.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

Ih ^Zgguf baf_j_gbc hl^_evguo we_f_glh\ gZkhkZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl _]h dhgkljmdpbb gZ hkgh\Zgbb ijb\_^_gguo \ur_ nhjfme \uqbkey_lky jZ[hqbc h[t_f gZkhkZ.

J:;HL: 32

I:J:F?LJBQ?KDB? BKIUL:GBY R?KL?J?GGH=H G:KHK:

P_ev jZ[hlu: Bamq_gb_ kl_g^Z ^ey bkiulZgbc r_kl_j_ggh]h gZkhkZ b ihkljh_gby oZjZdl_jbklbdb r_kl_j_ggh]h gZkhkZ k ij_^hojZgbl_evguf deZiZghf (Q = F(p), 0 = F(p)) ijb ihklhygghc qZklhl_ \jZs_gby.

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZkhkZ – ]jZnbq_kdZy aZ\bkbfhklv hkgh\guo l_ogbq_kdbo ihdZaZl_e_c hl ^Z\e_gby ijb ihklhygguo agZq_gbyo qZklhlu \jZs_gby jZ[hqbo hj]Zgh\, \yadhklb b iehlghklb `b^dhklb gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk. OZjZdl_jbklbdm gZkhkZ, bf_xs_]h ij_^hojZgbl_evguc deZiZg, ihemqZxl \ j_amevlZl_ bkiulZgbc gZkhkZ, ^h\h^y ^Z\e_gb_ gZ]g_lZgby ^h \_ebqbgu, ijb dhlhjhc \ky nZdlbq_kdZy ih^ZqZ ijhoh^bl q_j_a ij_^hojZgbl_evguc deZiZg.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

We_dljh]b^jZ\ebq_kdZy ko_fZ hiulghc mklZgh\db ihdZaZ gZ jbkmgd_. 32.1

332

Jbk. 32.1

=b^jZ\ebq_kdZy ko_fZ khklhbl ba r_kl_j_ggh]h gZkhkZ 1, ihke_^h\Zl_evgh kh_^bg_ggh]h k ^jhkk_e_f 2, ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_e_f 3 b jZkoh^hf_jZ 4. G_ihkj_^kl\_ggh d gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb gZkhkZ ih^kh_^bg_gu fZghf_lj 5 b ij_^hojZgbl_evguc deZiZg 6.

We_dljbq_kdZy ko_fZ khklhbl ba ^\mo dhglmjh\. I_j\uc dhglmj, iblZ_fuc hl we_dljhk_lb, bf__l \udexqZl_ev 7, we_dljhk_dmg^hf_j 8, j_e_ 9 b kh_^bg_g k we_dljhfZ]gblhf 10 ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ey 3.

<lhjhc dhglmj bf__l ^Zlqbd bfimevkh\ 11 gZkhkZ 1, kq_lqbd bfimevkh\

12 b kh_^bg_g k j_e_ 9.

JZ[hlZ_l mklZgh\dZ ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf.

GZkhk ih^Z_l jZ[hqmx `b^dhklv \ gZ]g_lZl_evgmx ebgbx. >Z\e_gb_ gZ \uoh^_ ba gZkhkZ j_]mebjm_lky k ihfhsvx ^jhkk_ey 2 b baf_jy_lky fZghf_ljhf 5. Ijb jZahfdgmluo dhglmjZo \udexqZl_ey 7 jZ[hqZy `b^dhklv ba jZkij_^_ebl_ey 3 ihklmiZ_l gZ keb\. Ijb aZfudZgbb dhglZdlh\ \udexqZl_ey 7

333

\dexqZ_lky we_dljhk_dmg^hf_j 8, kjZ[Zlu\Z_l we_dljhfZ]gbl 10,

]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ev i_j_dexqZ_l ihlhd jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb kh keb\Z gZ jZkoh^hf_j 4. H^gh\j_f_ggh j_e_ 9 aZfudZ_l dhglZdlu \lhjh]h dhglmjZ,

\dexqZy kq_lqbd bfimevkh\ 12.

Ijb jZafudZgbb dhglZdlh\ \dexqZl_ey 7 hklZgZ\eb\Z_lky we_dljhk_dmg^hf_j 8, ahehlgbd 3 i_j_dexqZ_l ihlhd k jZkoh^hf_jZ 4 gZ keb\, j_e_ 9 \udexqZ_l kq_lqbd bfimevkh\ 12.

IHJY>HD IJH<?>?GBY J:;HLU

1.>jhkk_ev mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky gZ fbgbfZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_.

2.<dexqZ_lky gZkhk.

3.MklZgZ\eb\Z_lky gZ «0» klj_edb ijb[hjh\: k_dmg^hf_jZ, jZkoh^hf_jZ,

kq_lqbdZ bfimevkh\.

4. <udexqZl_e_f 7 \dexqZ_lky kbkl_fZ baf_jbl_evguo ijb[hjh\: jZkoh^hf_j, we_dljhk_dmg^hf_j, kq_lqbd bfimevkh\. Ih bkl_q_gbb g_ f_g__ 30 k_dmg^ ijb[hju hldexqZxlky.

5. IhdZaZgby aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm, Z aZl_f klj_edb bo mklZg\eb\Zxl gZ

«0».

6. :gZeh]bqgh ijh\h^ylky 4-5 hiulh\ ijb jZaebqguo ^Z\e_gbyo gZ \uoh^_ ba gZkhkZ, ijb wlhf 2-3 aZf_jZ ijh\h^ylky k jZ[hlZxsbf ij_^hojZgbl_evguf deZiZghf.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. >ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ ih^kqblu\Zxlky:

Z) ih^ZqZ gZkhkgh]h Z]j_]ZlZ

334

Q W , (32.1)

g.Z.

T

]^_ W – h[t_f `b^dhklb, ijhr_^r_c q_j_a jZkoh^hf_j aZ \j_fy T;

[) qZklhlZ \jZs_gby \ZeZ we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey

]^_ Nï - qbkeh h[hjhlh\ \ZeZ we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey aZ hiul (\ l_q_gb_ \j_f_gb T).

2. Ih ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_ \ kljh]h \u^_j`Zgghf fZkrlZ[_ kljhblky ]jZnbd N = F(j). F_lh^hf ljZgkiheypbb, l._. ijh^he`_gb_f ebgbb N ^h i_j_k_q_gby k hkvx hj^bgZl gZoh^ylky agZq_gby N0 ijb j = 0.

3. >ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ ih^kqblu\Zxlky:

Z) ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ

[) h[t_fguc d.i.^. gZkhkZ, jZ[hlZxs_]h kh\f_klgh k ij_^hojZgbl_evguf deZiZghf

V0 – jZ[hqbc h[t_f gZkhkZ. >ey r_kl_j_ggh]h gZkhkZ GR-32, bkihevam_fh]h \ jZ[hl_ V0 = 32˜10-6 f3.

335

Ihemq_ggu_ j_amevlZlu aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 32.1.

4. Ih j_amevlZlZf h[jZ[hldb ihemq_gguo ^Zgguo ijhba\h^blky ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdh\ Q = F(p) b 0 = F(p).

LZ[ebpZ 32.1

J:;HL: 33

BKIUL:GBY H;T?FGH=H =B>JHIJB<H>: IHKLMI:L?EVGH=H ><B@?GBY K >JHKK?EVGUF KIHKH;HF J?=MEBJH<:GBY KDHJHKLB <UOH>GH=H A<?G:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. HagZdhfe_gb_ k hiulghc mklZgh\dhc ^ey bkiulZgby h[t_fgh]h ]b^jhijb\h^Z k ^jhkk_evguf kihkh[hf j_]mebjh\Zgby kdhjhklb \uoh^gh]h a\_gZ.

2. Ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdh\ Vi = F(F) (gZ]jmahqgZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ H=I) b =

F(F) (wg_j]_lbq_kdZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ]b^jhpbebg^jZ (=P)) .

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Ih^ ]b^jhijb\h^hf (=I) ihgbfZxl kh\hdmighklv mkljhckl\ – ]b^jhfZrbg b ]b^jhZiiZjZlh\, ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey i_j_^Zqb f_oZgbq_kdhc wg_j]bb gZ jZkklhygb_ ihkj_^kl\hf `b^dhklb. =I, kh^_j`Zsbc h[t_fgu_ ]b^jhfZrbgu (gZkhku, ^\b]Zl_eb) gZau\Z_lky h[t_fguf. JZ[hlZ h[t_fgh]h ]b^jhijb\h^Z (H=I) ihklmiZl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby hkgh\ZgZ gZ bkihevah\Zgbb ]b^jhpbebg^jh\ (=P) k ZgZeh]bqguf oZjZdl_jhf ^\b`_gby \uoh^gh]h a\_gZ.

336

Ijhp_kk baf_g_gby gZijZ\e_gby b kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby ihjrgy, Z lZd`_ \_ebqbg mkbeby b fhsghklb gZau\Z_lky j_]mebjh\Zgb_f H=I.

J_]mebjh\Zgb_ jZ[hlu H=I ijhba\h^blky iml_f baf_g_gby iZjZf_ljh\ ihlhdZ jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb (kdhjhklb jZkoh^Z b ^Z\e_gby). Kihkh[ j_]mebjh\Zgby, ijb dhlhjhf iZjZf_lju ihlhdZ baf_gyxlky k ihfhsvx j_]mebjmxs_c ]b^jhZiiZjZlmju, gZijbf_j, ]b^jh^jhkk_ey, gZau\Z_lky ^jhkk_evguf. Ijb ^jhkk_evghf kihkh[_ j_]mebjh\Zgby qZklv `b^dhklb, ih^Z\Z_fhc gZkhkhf, hl\h^blky \ keb\gmx fZ]bkljZev, g_ kh\_jrZy ihe_aghc jZ[hlu. >jhkk_ev ih hlghr_gbx d =P fh`_l \dexqZlvky dZd ihke_^h\Zl_evgh, lZd b iZjZee_evgh. Ijbq_f ihke_^h\Zl_evgh_ \dexq_gb_ ^jhkk_ey fh`_l [ulv j_Zebah\Zgh eb[h gZ \oh^_, eb[h gZ \uoh^_ ba =P. < ^Zgghc jZ[hl_, gZjy^m k hagZdhfe_gb_f, ijh\h^ylky bkiulZgby H=I b =P (ko_fZ k ^jhkk_e_f gZ \oh^_ \ =P), bf_xsb_ p_evx ihkljh_gb_ ^ey ihke_^gbo khhl\_lkl\_ggh gZ]jmahqghc

Vi = F(F) b wg_j]_lbq_kdhc = F(F) oZjZdl_jbklbd.

HIBK:GB? WDKI?JBF?GL:EVGHC MKL:GH<DB

Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk. 33.1) ^ey ijh\_^_gby bkiulZgbc \dexqZ_l ieZklbgqZluc gZkhk ^\modjZlgh]h ^_ckl\by 1 k we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_f 2, lj_oihabpbhgguc q_luj_oebg_cguc ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ev 3, j_]mebjm_fu_ ^jhkk_eb 4, 5 k h[jZlgufb deZiZgZfb 6, 7, =P 8 kh rlhdhf 9 b ihjrg_f 10.

=P8 hkgZs_g bg^mdpbhggufb dhgp_\ufb i_j_dexqZl_eyfb 11, 12. AZf_j ^Z\e_gbc \ ihjrg_\hc : b rlhdh\hc < ihehklyo =P8 ijhba\h^blky k ihfhsvx fZghf_ljh\ 13, 14. >ey keb\Z jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb \ ]b^jh[Zd 15 ijb ijh\_^_gbb bkiulZgbc iZjZee_evgh gZkhkm 1 kfhglbjh\Zg i_j_eb\ghc deZiZg 16. >ey hqbkldb jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb bkihevamxlky nbevlju 17, 18. I_j_dexq_gb_ ahehlgbdZ \ jZkij_^_ebl_e_ 3 ba h^ghc jZ[hq_c ihabpbb \ ^jm]mx hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx we_dljhfZ]gblh\ 19, 20.

337

JZ[hlZ gZ wdki_jbf_glZevghc mklZgh\d_ hkms_kl\ey_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf. Ijb gZ`Zlbb gZ dghidm «Imkd» \dexqZ_lky we_dljh^\b]Zl_ev 2 b ijb\h^bl \ ^_ckl\b_ gZkhk 1, dhlhjuc ih^Z_l jZ[hqmx `b^dhklv \ gZ]g_lZl_evgmx ebgbx. @b^dhklv ijb h[_klhq_gguo we_dljhfZ]gblZo 19, 20 ijhoh^bl q_j_a jZkij_^_ebl_ev (dhgkljmdpby ihke_^g_]h \uiheg_gZ k hldjuluf p_gljhf), b \gh\v \ha\jZsZ_lky \ [Zd 15. We_dljbq_kdb_ kb]gZeu, mijZ\eyxsb_ jZ[hlhc we_dljhfZ]gblh\ 19, 20, nhjfbjmxlky ijb kjZ[Zlu\Zgbb bg^mdpbhgguo i_j_dexqZl_e_c 11, 12. < k\hx hq_j_^v nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kb]gZeh\ mijZ\e_gby ihke_^gbfb ijhbkoh^bl ijb gZoh`^_gbb rlhdZ 9 \ h^ghf ba djZcgbo iheh`_gbc (eb[h e_\hf, eb[h ijZ\hf). Ih^\_^_gb_ rlhdZ 9 \ ex[h_ ba mdZaZgguo iheh`_gbc hkms_kl\ey_lky \jmqgmx k ihfhsvx dghihd «<ijZ\h»

Jbk. 33.1

beb «<e_\h», kfhglbjh\Zgguo gZ imevl_ mijZ\e_gby. Ijb gZoh`^_gbb rlhdZ 9

\ h^ghf ba djZcgbo iheh`_gbc kjZ[Zlu\Z_l Z\lhfZlbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ mijZ\e_gby jZkij_^_ebl_e_f 3 hl i_j_dexqZl_e_c 11, 12, \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h

338 rlhd k ihjrg_f 10 ijb\h^blky \ \ha\jZlgh-ihklmiZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \ =P.

Kdhjhklv ihjrgy 10 \ =P j_]mebjm_lky k ihfhsvx ^jhkk_ey 4, mklZgh\e_ggh]h gZ \oh^_ =P. >ey wlh]h ih\hjZqb\Zxl ebf[ ^jhkk_ey 4, qlh ijb\h^bl d mklZgh\e_gbx jZaebqghc \_ebqbgu dhwnnbpb_glZ <O, dhlhjuc oZjZdl_jbam_l

khhl\_lkl\_ggh bkoh^gZy b fZdkbfZevgZy iehsZ^b ijhoh^gh]h k_q_gby ^jhkk_ey gZ \oh^_ \ =P). Ijb wlhf aZ kq_l ih\ur_gby ^Z\e_gby \ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb qZklv ih^Zqb gZkhkZ q_j_a i_j_eb\ghc deZiZg keb\Z_lky h[jZlgh \ [Zd. Ijb jZ[hq_f oh^_ (kijZ\Z – gZe_\h) ihjr_gv kh\_jrZ_l jZ[hlm, ij_h^he_\Zy gZ]jmadm F, \_ebqbgZ dhlhjhc \ hkgh\ghf [m^_l aZ\bk_lv hl ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby jrl `b^dhklb \ rlhdh\hc ihehklb =P. < ^Zgghc ko_f_ g_h[oh^bfZy \_ebqbgZ ijhlb\h^Z\e_gby jrl kha^Z_lky k ihfhsvx ^jhkk_ey 5 (ih^dexq_g gZ \uoh^_ ba =P) iml_f baf_g_gby kl_i_gb hldjulby _]h ijhoh^gh]h k_q_gby, oZjZdl_jbam_fhc dhwnnbpb_glhf <UO. >ey ^jhkk_ey 5 ih ZgZeh]bb k ^jhkk_e_f 4 \_ebqbgZ <UO lZd`_ hij_^_ey_lky ba hlghr_gby

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.<dexqZ_lky h[sbc jm[bevgbd b gZ`bfZ_lky dghidZ «Imkd gZkhkZ».

2.GZ imevl_ mijZ\e_gby kl_g^Z gZ`bfZ_lky h^gh ba dghihd «<ijZ\h»,

«<e_\h», qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l ih^\_^_gb_ rlhdZ =P \ h^gh ba djZcgbo iheh`_gbc.

Ijb ^hklb`_gbb rlhdhf =P djZcg_]h iheh`_gby kjZ[Zlu\Z_l kbkl_fZ Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h mijZ\e_gby ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_e_f. K wlh]h fhf_glZ kl_g^ i_j_oh^bl gZ Z\lhfZlbq_kdbc j_`bf jZ[hlu, qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l g_ij_ju\gh_ \ha\jZlgh-ihklmiZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ rlhdZ k ihjrg_f \ =P.

339

3.Kimkly 5-6 fbg ihke_ \uoh^Z gZ Z\lhfZlbq_kdbc j_`bf ^ey \oh^gh]h ^jhkk_ey 4 mklZgZ\eb\Zxl k ihfhsvx ebf[Z i_j\h_ agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ<O,1, gZijbf_j, <O,1 = 0,9.

4.Ijb ^Zgghf agZq_gbb <O,1 mklZgZ\eb\Zxl \ rlhdh\hc ihehklb < =P g_kdhevdh \hajZklZxsbo agZq_gbc (5-7) ^Z\e_gby jrl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 FIZ) k ihfhsvx \uoh^gh]h ^jhkk_ey 5. H[_ki_qb\Z_lky wlh aZ kq_l i_j_djulby iehsZ^b ijhoh^gh]h k_q_gby ihlhdZ, khijh\h`^Z_fh]h kgb`_gb_f dhwnnbpb_glZ <UO, gZijbf_j, hl 0,9 ^h 0,1.

5.>ey dZ`^h]h agZq_gby <UO , k ihfhsvx fZghf_ljh\ 13,14, baf_jyxl

^Z\e_gby ji b jrl khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ ihjrg_\hc : b rlhdh\hc < ihehklyo =P.

H^gh\j_f_ggh k gZqZehf ^\b`_gby ihjrgy \dexqZ_lky k_dmg^hf_j b aZf_jy_lky \j_fy jZ[hq_]h oh^Z Tj ijb ijhoh`^_gbb rlhdhf [Zah\h]h jZkklhygby Li f_`^m dhgp_\ufb \udexqZl_eyfb 11, 12.

6.MklZgZ\eb\Zxlky k ihfhsvx \oh^gh]h ^jhkk_ey 4 m[u\Zxsb_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ <o (0,8, 0,7, 0,6, 0,5, 0,4, 0,3, 0,2) b ih\lhjyxl hiulu

\ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb, mdZaZgghc \ i. 3-4. J_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc ^ey dZ`^h]h ba mdZaZgguo agZq_gbc <O, aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm. Ijbf_j aZibkb ^Zgguo ^ey dhwnnbpb_glZ <O = 0,1 ijb\h^blky \ lZ[ebp_ 33.1.

7.Ihke_ \uiheg_gby \k_o hiulh\ gZ`bfZ_lky dghidZ «Klhi gZkhkZ» b hldexqZ_lky h[sbc jm[bevgbd.

LZ[ebpZ hiulguo ^Zgguo ^ey <O,1 = 0,1

LZ[ebpZ 33.1

Ijbf_qZgb_: >bZf_lj ihjrgy Di = 110 ff;

>bZf_lj rlhdZ Drl = 85 ff;

Oh^ ihjrgy Li = 300 ff.

JZ[hqbc oh^ hkms_kl\ey_lky ijb ^\b`_gbb ihjrgy \ =P kijZ\Z gZe_\h.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Hij_^_eyxlky wnn_dlb\gu_ iehsZ^b ihjrg_\hc Si b rlhdh\hc Srl ihehkl_c =P:

3. IjbgbfZy ^ey =P k j_abgh\ufb miehlg_gbyfb \_ebqbgm h[t_fgh]h DI> 0 = 1, hij_^_ey_lky jZkoh^ `b^dhklb Qi \ ihjrg_\hc ihehklb