jazuk_prom_reg

кислоты и азотсодержащие вещества в виде комплексов с различными соединениями.

Результаты исследований закладываются в банки данных инфор- мационно-поисковых систем, с помощью которых можно быстро устанавливать типы изучаемых нефтей (по физико-химческим характеристикам и сравнению с аналогами), оценивать выходы и свойства любых заданных (по темепературам кипениям) фракций и др.

Применение

Нефть занимает ведущее место в мировом топливноэнергетическом балансе: доля ее в общем потреблении энергоресурсов составляет 48 %. В перспективе эта доля будет уменьшаться вследствие возрастания применения атомной и иных видов энергии, а также увеличения стоимости добычи.

В связи с быстрым развитием в мире химической и нефтехимической промышленности потребность в нефти увеличивается не только с целью повышения выработки топлив и масел, но и как источника ценного сырья для производства синтетических каучуков и волокон, пластмасс, ПАВ, моющих средств, пластификаторов, присадок, красителей и др. (более 8 % от объема мировой добычи). Среди получаемых из нефти исходных веществ для этих производств наибольшее применение нашли: парафиновые углеводороды – метан, этан, пропан, бутаны, пентаны, гексаны, а также высокомолекулярные (10–20 атомов углерода в молекуле); нафтеновые – циклогексан; ароматические углеводороды – бензол, толуол, ксилолы, этилбензол; олефиновые и диолефиновые – этилен, пропилен, бутадиен; ацетилен. Истощение ресурсов нефти, рост цен на нее и др. причины вызвали интенсивный поиск заменителей жидких топлив.

6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.

Core Conductivity Core plug Density logging

Formation evaluation Gamma ray logging Log

Logging Logging run Mud logging Neutron logging Openhole Resistivity

Resistivity logging Sidewall core

31

Sonde

Barrel Crude oil Density Development Exploration Fluid Formation Hydrocarbon Permeability Petroleum

Petroleum engineer Pipeline

Porosity

Pump

Rate of production Reservoir

Rock Saturation Sediment Source rock To drill Viscosity Well

Well bore Wellhead Withdrawal

7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).

VARIANT 9

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In 1928, the Schlumberger brothers in France developed the workhorse of all formation evaluation tools: the electric log. Electric logs have been improved to a high degree of precision and sophistication since that time, but the basic principle has not changed. Most underground formations contain water, often salt water, in their pores. The resistance to electric current of the total formation – rock and fluids – around the borehole is the sum of the volumetric proportions of mineral grains and conductive water-filled pore space. If the pores are partially filled with gas or oil, which are resistant to the passage of electrical current, the formation resistance is higher than for water filled pores. For the sake of a convenient comparison from measurement to measurement, the electrical logging tools measure the resistance of a cubic meter of formation. This measurement is called resistivity.

32

Modern electric logs fall into several families of tools, with varying names, depending on the company providing the logging services. Conceptually, they can be divided into two groups: resistivity logs and induction logs.

The first group includes tools that have electrodes on a long rubber covered sonde, 20' to 50' long. This is lowered to the bottom of the well on a steel cable. As the sonde is pulled back up the well, measurements are made by producing an electric voltage on the positive and negative electrodes of the sonde. This voltage causes a current to flow away from the negative electrode, through the mud, out into the formation and back to the positive electrode. Most tools use the amount of voltage needed to maintain a constant current as the measure of resistivity. This is presented as a line on a stripchart. The stripchart or electric log, shows resistivity versus depth. These instruments work well in fresh water muds.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Crude oil, natural gas and water are the substances that are of chief concern to petroleum engineers. Although these substances sometimes occur as solids or semisolids, they occur mainly as fluids, either in the vapor (gaseous) or in the liquid phase, or quite commonly, both. The division of the well and reservoir fluids between the liquid and vapor phases depends mainly on the temperature and pressure.

The state or phase of a fluid in the reservoir usually changes with pressure, the temperature remaining substantially constant. In many cases the state or phase in the reservoir is quite unrelated to the state of the fluid when it is produced at the surface. The precise knowledge of the behavior of crude oil, natural gas, and water, singly or in combination, under static conditions or in motion in the reservoir rock and in pipes and under changing temperature and pressure, is the main concern of petroleum engineers.

Under initial reservoir conditions, the hydrocarbon fluids are in either a single-phase or a two-phase state. The single phase may be liquid phase in which all the gas present is dissolved in the oil. There are dissolved natural gas reserves as well as crude oil reserves to be estimated. On the other hand, the single phase may be a gas phase. If there are hydrocarbons vaporized in this gas phase that are recoverable as natural gas liquids on the surface, the reservoir is called gas-condensate. In this case, there are associated liquid reserves as well as the gas reserves to be estimated. Where the accumulation is in a two-phase state, the vapor phase is called the gas cap and the underlying liquid phase, the oil zone. In this case, there will be four types of reserves

33

to be estimated: the free gas or associated gas, the dissolved gas, the oil in the oil zone, and the recoverable natural gas liquid from the gas cap. The amount of reserves is calculated from available engineering and geologic data. The estimate is updated over the producing life of the reservoir as more data become available.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into English.

Развитие учения о нефти и нефтепереработке в России

Основы учения о нефти были заложены русскими и продолжены далее советскими учеными. Так, Д.И. Менделеев впервые обратил внимание на то, что нефть является важнейшим источником химического сырья, а не только топливом; он посвятил ряд работ происхождению и рациональной переработке нефти. Ему принадлежит известное высказывание: «Сжигать нефть – все равно, что топить ассигнациями». Большое значение имели работы В.В. Марковникова (80-е гг. 19 в.), посвященные изучению состава нефти; им был открыт в нефти новый класс углеводородов, названный им нафтенами, и изучено строение многих углеводородов. Л.Г. Гурвич на основании своих исследований разработал физико-химическую основу очистки нефти и нефтепродуктов и значительно усовершенствовал методы ее переработки. Продолжая работы Марковникова, Н.Д. Зелинский разработал в 1918 каталитический способ получения бензина из тяжелых остатков нефти. Многие годы в области химии нефти работал С.С. Намёткин; им разработаны методы определения содержания в нефти углеводородов разных классов (определение группового состава) и указаны способы повышения выхода нефтепродуктов. В.Г. Шухов изобрел первую в мире промышленную установку термического крекинга нефти, был автором проекта и главным инженером строительства первого нефтепровода, построенного в России (1878), и заложил основы конструирования нефтепроводов, нефтехранилищ и оборудования нефтепереработки.

6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.

Injection profile Injection well Net pay thickness Oil in place

Oil recovery Oil-water contact Oil-wet

Phase

Pressure maintenance

34

Pressure transient analysis Primary production Production profile Production well

PVT

Recovery mechanism Reserves

Reservoir conditions Reservoir energy Reservoir engineering Reservoir pressure Residual oil Secondary recovery Solution gas drive Standard conditions Water drive Waterflooding Water-wet

Well testing Wettability 3D model Gas coning Grid Gridblock

History matching Material balance To match Prediction

Reservoir simulation Sensitivity Simulation run Simulator

Time step Unswept oil

Water breakthrough

7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).

VARIANT 10

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Geology is an important way of understanding the world around us, and it enables scientists to predict how our planet will behave. Scientists and others use geology to understand how geological events and earth's geological history affect people, for example, in terms of living with natural disasters and using the earth's natural resources. As the human population grows, more

35

and more people live in areas exposed to natural geologic hazards, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides. Some geologists use their knowledge to try to understand these natural hazards and forecast potential geologic events, such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. They study the history of these events as recorded in rocks and try to determine when the next eruption or earthquake will occur. They also study the geologic record of climate change in order to help predict future changes. As human population grows, geologists' ability to locate fossil and mineral resources, such as oil, coal, iron, and aluminum, becomes more important.

One of the guiding principles of geology is the principle of recycling materials, or using materials many times. All processes in geology can be viewed as a series of mostly closed cycles. The energy that drives geologic recycling comes from two sources: the sun and the earth's interior. Rock cycle is one of the examples of a geologic cycle.

The rock cycle begins as rocks are uplifted, or pushed up by tectonic forces. The exposed rocks erode as a result of surface processes, such as rain and wind. The eroded particles, or sediment, travel by wind or moving water until they are deposited, and the deposited material settles into layers. Additional sediment may compact the layers into sedimentary rocks.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Electric logs have been improved to a high degree of precision and so- phistication since that time, but the basic principle has not changed. Most underground formations contain water, often salt water, in their pores. The resistance to electric current of the total formation – rock and fluids – around the borehole is the sum of the volumetric proportions of mineral grains and conductive water-filled pore space. If the pores are partially filled with gas or oil, which are resistant to the passage of electrical current, the formation resistance is higher than for water filled pores. For the sake of a convenient comparison from measurement to measurement, the electrical logging tools measure the resistance of a cubic meter of formation. This measurement is called resistivity.

Modern electric logs fall into several families of tools, with varying names, depending on the company providing the logging services. Conceptually, they can be divided into two groups: resistivity logs and induction logs.

The first group includes tools that have electrodes on a long rubber covered sonde, 20' to 50' long. This is lowered to the bottom of the well on a steel cable. As the sonde is pulled back up the well, measurements are made by producing an electric voltage on the positive and negative electrodes of

36

the sonde. This voltage causes a current to flow away from the negative electrode, through the mud, out into the formation and back to the positive electrode. Most tools use the amount of voltage needed to maintain a constant current as the measure of resistivity. This is presented as a line on a strip- chart. The stripchart or electric log, shows resistivity versus depth. These instruments work well in fresh water muds.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into English.

Методы исследований нефти

Для оценки качества нефти с целью правильного выбора наиболее рациональной схемы ее переработки применяют комплекс методов (физических, химических, физико-химических и специальных).

К общим характеристикам нефти, определяемым по стандартным методикам, относят плотность, вязкость, температуру застывания и иные физико-химические показатели, состав растворенных газов и количеств, содержание смол, смолисто-асфальтеновых веществ и твердых парафинов. Основные принцип последовательного исследования нефти сводится к комбинированию методов ее разделения на компоненты с постепенным упрощением состава отдельных фракций, которые затем анализируют разнообразными физико-химическим методами. Наиболее распространенные методы определения первичного фракционного состава нефти – различные виды дистилляции (перегонки) и ректификации. По результатам отбора узких (выкипают в пределах 10–20 °С) и широких (50–100 °С) фракций строят так называемые кривые истинных температур кипения (ИТК) нефти, устанавливают потенциал содержания в них отдельных фракций, нефтепродуктов или их компонентов (бензиновых, керосино-газойлевых, дизельных, масляных дистиллятов, а также мазутов и гудронов), углеводородный состав, др. физикохимические и товарные характеристики. Дистилляцию проводят (до 450 °C и выше) на стандартных перегонных аппаратах, снабженных ректификационными колонками (погоноразделительная способность соответствует 20–22 теоретическим тарелкам). Отбор фракций, выкипающих до 200 °C, осуществляется при атмосферном давлении, до 320 °C – при 1,33 кПа, выше 320 °C – при 0,133 кПа. Остаток перегоняют в колбе с цилиндрическим кубом при давлении около 0,03 кПа, что позволяет отбирать фракции, выкипающие до 540–580 °С. Выделенные в результате дистилляции фракции подвергают дальнейшему разделению на компоненты, после чего различными методами устанавливают их содержание и определяют свойства.

37

6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.

Conductivity Core plug Density logging

Formation evaluation Gamma ray logging Log

Logging Logging run Mud logging Neutron logging Openhole Resistivity

Resistivity logging Sidewall core Sonde

SP logging Whole sore Wireline logging Aquifer

Bubble-point pressure Dew point pressure Dissolved gas Formation volume factor Gas cap

Gas cap drive Gas condensate Injection profile Injection well Net pay thickness Oil in place

Oil recovery Oil-water contact Oil-wet

7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).

3.3. Варианты заданий контрольной работы № 2 (10 семестр) VARIANT 1

1. Translate the given sentences into Russian/English.

• Last year the average milk yield on the Company's farm was about 4,000 liters of milk per cow, which is also about the average level of milk production in Tomsk Oblast in general.

38

•Существует три основных разновидности злаково-бобового силоса, в соответствии с уровнем влажности: 1) высоковлажный, свежесрезанный силос с влажностью более 70 %; 2) подвяленный силос с влажностью 60–70 %; 3) низковлажный силос с влажностью 40–60 %.

•Аукцион на строительно-монтажные работы по третьему пусковому комплексу ЖТЭЦ был перенесен по согласованию с «Росатомом», и сроки проведения конкурса будут опубликованы в официальной печати.

•Diseases and infections have always been a major concern to the poultry industry – especially in the hatchery.

•The volunteer provided valuable recommendations and some of them in the area of feed production, feeding and general upkeep of animals are already been implemented. For example the host is rolling and crushing the grain mix fed to the cows instead of grinding it as recommended by the volunteer.

2. Translate the following words and combinations:

11.start-up

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The changing face of forest industry

Our basic assumptions about forest industry – what it is, what it does, where its future lies – are being profoundly transformed. This transformation will affect its image, its goals, its products, the nature of its investments, even its structure.

No longer will it be accurate to speak only of "wood products": we must talk instead of "forest products" or "forest-based products". In many developing countries today, so-called "non-wood products", if properly accounted for, could have a greater economic importance than traditional wood products. Similarly, we need to think and plan systematically for a range of "for- est-based industries", many of which do not involve wood at all, rather than "wood-based industries".

39

This transformation involves the new concept of "appropriate" forest industries, one that embraces a full range of large, medium and small forest enterprises, depending upon the particular social and economic circumstances in a given country at a given time and place.

Such a transformation will also have a profound effect upon forest management. No longer can forest management afford to be centred so much upon species selection and rotation periods – upon the products that can be obtained from the forest only at rather long intervals, often decades. Considerable emphasis must now fall upon the continuous production of goods and services, including such things as wildlife, tourism, oils, resins, medicines, numerous edible products and many others.

Just as foresters are learning to think beyond the traditional productive and protective functions of the forest, so must forest industries learn to become more aware of their broader socio-economic role – and to make plans and investments accordingly.

The recently concluded Eighth Session of the Committee on Forestry (COFO), held in Rome from 21 to 25 April 1986, responded positively to the changing role of forest industries. In providing guidelines for FAO's future work, COFO recognized the important role of forest industries and trade in local and national socio-economic development. It endorsed the concept of a holistic approach in establishing and operating forest industries. It considered that numerous small enterprises may constitute a major force in forest industries in developing countries. It requested FAO to work to strengthen the domestic and export marketing capabilities in developing countries. It recommended that FAO study and disseminate information on lesser-used timber species and non-wood forest products. Finally, it underlined the importance of the private sector at all levels of forest industry.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of 10 words or combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

5.Enumerate all branches of agriculture, describe one of them.

6.Prepare a separate list abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 2

1. Translate the given sentences into Russian/English.

•The farm has nearly 6,000 hectares of plough land and over 600 hectares of pasture. Last year they sowed about 4,600 hectares: 2,300 – under small grains and the rest under various grasses, timothy, clover, rape and others.

•Основные отрасли промышленности: топливная, электроэнергетика, цветная металлургия, химическая и нефтехимическая, машино-

40