jazuk_prom_reg
.pdf
sands and silts that settle to the bottom in quiet sea basins. Such deposits, which are rich in organic materials, become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone; carbonate precipitates and skeletal shells harden into limestone; and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas.
2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.
With the petroleum industry’s desire to produce oil and gas more efficiently, a field of specialization has developed called Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. This new science which can be traced back the mid 1930's has been built up on scientific and practical experience from field and laboratory. The reservoir engineer in the multi-disciplinary perspective of modem oil and gas field management is located at the heart of many of the activities. The reservoir engineers fulfills a central coordinating role in which data are received from others, processed and the interpreted results communicated to interested parties. Structural and other maps are obtained from the geophysicists and geologists, and formation properties – net pay thicknesses, porosities and fluid saturations – from the petrophysicists. The reservoir engineers assimilate these with their own data (core permeability distributions, PVT (pressure/volume/temperature) fluid properties and interpreted well testing results) to construct some form of model, simple or complex, dependent on the quantity and quality of the data available. It is used to predict the likely performance of the field under a variety of possible development scenarios.
There is a close contact with the production people. They are responsible for ensuring that the fluids reach the surface and pass through the production facilities in the most efficient manner. At the end of the day, the initial development study results (in terms of production profiles of oil, gas and water and injection profiles for water and/or gas) are presented to the managers.
4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
5.Translate the given abstract into English.
11
Методы исследований нефти
Для оценки качества нефти с целью правильного выбора наиболее рациональной схемы ее переработки применяют комплекс методов (физических, химических, физико-химических и специальных).
К общим характеристикам нефти, определяемым по стандартным методикам, относят плотность, вязкость, температуру застывания и иные фи- зико-химические показатели, состав растворенных газов и количеств, содержание смол, смолисто-асфальтеновых веществ и твердых парафинов. Основной принцип последовательного исследования нефти сводится к комбинированию методов ее разделения на компоненты с постепенным упрощением состава отдельных фракций, которые затем анализируют разнообразными физико-химическим методами. Наиболее распространенные методы определения первичного фракционного состава нефти – различные виды дистилляции (перегонки) и ректификации. По результатам отбора узких (выкипают в пределах 10–20 °С) и широких (50–100 °С) фракций строят так называемые кривые истинных температур кипения (ИТК) нефти, устанавливают потенциал содержания в них отдельных фракций, нефтепродуктов или их компонентов (бензиновых, керосино-газойлевых, дизельных, масляных дистиллятов, а также мазутов и гудронов), углеводородный состав, др. физико-химические и товарные характеристики. Дистилляцию проводят (до 450 °C и выше) на стандартных перегонных аппаратах, снабженных ректификационными колонками (погоноразделительная способность соответствует 20–22 теоретическим тарелкам). Отбор фракций, выкипающих до 200 °C, осуществляется при атмосферном давлении, до 320 °C – при 1,33 кПа, выше 320 °C – при 0,133 кПа. Остаток перегоняют в колбе с цилиндрическим кубом при давлении около 0,03 кПа, что позволяет отбирать фракции, выкипающие до 540–580 °С. Выделенные в результате дистилляции фракции подвергают дальнейшему разделению на компоненты, после чего различными методами устанавливают их содержание и определяют свойства.
6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.
Barrel Crude oil Density Development Exploration Fluid Formation Hydrocarbon Permeability Petroleum
12
Petroleum engineer Pipeline
Porosity
Pump
Rate of production Reservoir
Rock Saturation Sediment Source rock To drill Viscosity Well
Well bore Wellhead Withdrawal Casing Casing string Christmas tree Collar Cuttings Derrick
Deviated drilling Drill bit Drilling mud Drilling rig Joint
Kick Perforation
7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).
VARIANT 3
1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.
Regardless of the type of reservoir, all may experience formation or "skin'' damage during drilling or production process. Formation damage is the restricting of fluid flow as a result of an altering of the natural permeability in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore. The concept of formation damage and its prevention is discussed below.
All reservoirs have an original or natural condition of permeability as a result of subsequent faulting, etc. Regardless, the natural permeability around a wellbore is continually altered by drilling, well completion, well killing, workover and well stimulation operations conducted during the producing life of the well.
13
Any alteration of the natural permeability that restricts the flow of formation fluids near the wellbore is called formation or "skin" damage. As indicated, formation damage restricts the flow of fluids into the wellbore, reducing current production, as well as restricting or preventing the effective depletion of the reservoir.
Formation damage can occur: 1) along the sand face 2) along the interface of a natural channel or perforation, and 3) within the formation itself.
The major causes are: 1) contact with a foreign fluid, such as drilling, completion, workover or stimulation fluids, and 2) plugging by solids, such as fluid additives, paraffin, wellbore debris and even such things as excessively applied pipe dope.
During the drilling of a well, and then later while producing it, the major objective is to minimize, reduce, or eliminate any damage to the formation. When formation damage does occur, surfactant stimulation and acidizing techniques are used to restore fluid flow into the wellbore.
2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.
With the petroleum industry’s desire to produce oil and gas more efficiently, a field of specialization has developed called Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. This new science which can be traced back the mid 1930's has been built up on scientific and practical experience from field and laboratory.
The reservoir engineer in the multi-disciplinary perspective of modem oil and gas field management is located at the heart of many of the activities. The reservoir engineers fulfills a central coordinating role in which data are received from others, processed and the interpreted results communicated to interested parties. Structural and other maps are obtained from the geophysicists and geologists, and formation properties – net pay thicknesses, porosities and fluid saturations – from the petrophysicists. The reservoir engineers assimilate these with their own data (core permeability distributions, PVT (pressure/volume/temperature) fluid properties and interpreted well testing results) to construct some form of model, simple or complex, dependent on the quantity and quality of the data available. It is used to predict the likely performance of the field under a variety of possible development scenarios.
There is a close contact with the production people. They are responsible for ensuring that the fluids reach the surface and pass through the production facilities in the most efficient manner. At the end of the day, the initial development study results (in terms of production profiles of oil, gas and water and injection profiles for water and/or gas) are presented to the managers.
14
4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
5.Translate the given abstract into English.
Транспорт нефти. Магистральные нефтепроводы
В настоящее время география нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности не всегда совпадает с районами ее переработки. Поэтому задачи транспортировки нефти привели к созданию большой сети нефтепроводов. По размеру грузооборота нефтепроводный транспорт в 2,5 раза превзошел железнодорожный в части перевозок нефти и нефтепродуктов. Транспортировка нефти по нефтепроводам стоит в настоящее время дороже, чем перевозка по воде, но значительно дешевле, чем перевозка по железной дороге.
На железной дороге основной поток нефти образуется в Западной Сибири и Поволжье. Из Западной Сибири нефть по железной дороге транспортируется на Дальний Восток, Южный Урал и страны центральной Азии. Из Урала нефть везут на Запад, Северный Кавказ и Новороссийск.
Транспортировка нефти водным путем обходится дешевле и экономичней других видов транспортировки, однако из-за географических особенностей нашей страны используется мало, в основном, при перевозке нефти на экспорт, а также по внутренним бассейнам страны (Ленский, Амурский) и северному морскому пути.
Трубопроводы – наиболее эффективное средство транспортировки нефти (исключая морские перевозки танкерами). Пропускная способность нефтепровода диаметром 1200 мм составляет 80–90 млн. т в год при скорости движения потока нефти 10–12 км/ч.
6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.
Annular space Blowout preventer Casing
Casing string Christmas tree Collar Cuttings Derrick
Deviated drilling Drill bit Drilling mud Drilling rig Joint
Kick Perforation
15
Pit Slurry String
To complete To kill Tubing
Acoustic (sonic) logging Core
Conductivity Core plug Density logging
Formation evaluation Gamma ray logging Log
Logging Logging run Mud logging Neutron logging Openhole Resistivity
Resistivity logging Sidewall core Sonde
SP logging Whole sore Wireline logging
7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).
VARIANT 4
1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.
Geology is an important way of understanding the world around us, and it enables scientists to predict how our planet will behave. Scientists and others use geology to understand how geological events and earth’s geological history affect people, for example, in terms of living with natural disasters and using the earth's natural resources. As the human population grows, more and more people live in areas exposed to natural geologic hazards, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides. Some geologists use their knowledge to try to understand these natural hazards and forecast potential geologic events, such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. They study the history of these events as recorded in rocks and try to determine when the next eruption or earthquake will occur. They also study the geologic record of climate change in order to help predict future changes.
16
As human population grows, geologists' ability to locate fossil and mineral resources, such as oil, coal, iron, and aluminum, becomes more important.
One of the guiding principles of geology is the principle of recycling materials, or using materials many times. All processes in geology can be viewed as a series of mostly closed cycles. The energy that drives geologic recycling comes from two sources: the sun and the earth's interior. Rock cycle is one of the examples of a geologic cycle.
The rock cycle begins as rocks are uplifted, or pushed up by tectonic forces. The exposed rocks erode as a result of surface processes, such as rain and wind. The eroded particles, or sediment, travel by wind or moving water until they are deposited, and the deposited material settles into layers. Additional sediment may compact the layers into sedimentary rocks.
2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.
Petroleum is formed under Earth's surface by the decomposition of marine organisms. The remains of tiny organisms that live in the sea – and, to a lesser extent, those of land organisms that are carried down to the sea in rivers and of plants that grow on the ocean bottoms – are buried in the fine sands and silts that settle to the bottom in quiet sea basins. Such deposits, which are rich in organic materials, become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone; carbonate precipitates and skeletal shells harden into limestone; and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas.
4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
5.Translate the given abstract into English.
Транспорт нефти. Магистральные нефтепроводы
В настоящее время география нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности не всегда совпадает с районами ее переработки. Поэтому задачи транспортировки нефти привели к созданию большой сети нефтепроводов. По размеру грузооборота нефтепроводный транспорт в 2,5 раза превзошел железнодорожный в части перевозок нефти и нефтепродуктов. Транспортировка нефти по нефтепроводам стоит в настоящее
17
время дороже, чем перевозка по воде, но значительно дешевле, чем перевозка по железной дороге.
На железной дороге основной поток нефти образуется в Западной Сибири и Поволжье. Из Западной Сибири нефть по железной дороге транспортируется на Дальний Восток, Южный Урал и страны центральной Азии. ИзУрала нефтьвезутнаЗапад, СеверныйКавказиНовороссийск.
Транспортировка нефти водным путем обходится дешевле и экономичней других видов транспортировки, однако из-за географических особенностей нашей страны используется мало, в основном, при перевозке нефти на экспорт, а также по внутренним бассейнам страны (Ленский, Амурский) и северному морскому пути.
Трубопроводы – наиболее эффективное средство транспортировки нефти (исключая морские перевозки танкерами). Пропускная способность нефтепровода диаметром 1200 мм составляет 80–90 млн. т в год при скорости движения потока нефти 10–12 км/ч.
Трубопроводный транспорт является важной подотраслью нефтяной промышленности. На сегодняшний день сформировалась развитая сеть магистральных нефтепроводов, которая обеспечивает поставку более 95 % всей добываемой нефти при средней дальности перекачки 2300 км.
В целом вся сеть нефтепроводов представлена двумя неравными по значимости и условиям управления группами объектов: внутререгиональными, межобластными и системой дальних транзитных нефтепроводов. Первые обеспечивают индивидуальные связи промыслов и заводов, вторые – интегрируют потоки нефти, обезличивая ее конкретного владельца. Связывая очень большое число нефтедобывающих предприятий одновременно со многими нефтеперерабатывающими заводами и экспортными терминалами, нефтепроводы этой группы образуют технологически связную сеть – единый объект экономического и режимного управления, которая получила название системы дальних транзитных нефтепроводов и в которую входят такие трубопроводы, как Нижневартовск – Курган – Самара; Усть-Балык – Курган – Уфа Альметьевск; Сургут – Полоцк; Холмогоры – Клин; Самара – Тихорецкая; система нефтепроводов «Дружба» и другие трубопроводы, включая выходы к экспортным терминалам.
6. Translate the following words and combinations into Russian.
3D model Gas coning Grid Gridblock
History matching Material balance To match
18
Prediction Reservoir simulation Sensitivity Simulation run Simulator
Time step Unswept oil
Water breakthrough Acid fracturing Acidizing
Bridging Consolidation Emulsion Formation damage Fracturing pressure Gravel pack Hydraulic fracturing Liner
Proppant Sand control Sand face Skin Surfactant
Well stimulation Workover
7. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work (no less than 100 words and expressions).
VARIANT 5
1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.
Regardless of the type of reservoir, all may experience formation or "skin" damage during drilling or production process. Formation damage is the restricting of fluid flow as a result of an altering of the natural permeability in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore. The concept of formation damage and its prevention is discussed below.
All reservoirs have an original or natural condition of permeability as a result of subsequent faulting, etc. Regardless, the natural permeability around a wellbore is continually altered by drilling, well completion, well killing, workover and well stimulation operations conducted during the producing life of the well.
Any alteration of the natural permeability that restricts the flow of formation fluids near the wellbore is called formation or "skin" damage. As indicated, formation damage restricts the flow of fluids into the wellbore, reduc-
19
ing current production, as well as restricting or preventing the effective depletion of the reservoir.
Formation damage can occur: 1) along the sand face, 2) along the interface of a natural channel or perforation, and 3) within the formation itself.
The major causes are: 1) contact with a foreign fluid, such as drilling, completion, workover or stimulation fluids, and 2) plugging by solids, such as fluid additives, paraffin, wellbore debris and even such things as excessively applied pipe dope.
During the drilling of a well, and then later while producing it, the major objective is to minimize, reduce, or eliminate any damage to the formation. When formation damage does occur, surfactant stimulation and acidizing techniques are used to restore fluid flow into the wellbore.
2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.
3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.
Geology is an important way of understanding the world around us, and it enables scientists to predict how our planet will behave. Scientists and others use geology to understand how geological events and earth's geological history affect people, for example, in terms of living with natural disasters and using the earth's natural resources. As the human population grows, more and more people live in areas exposed to natural geologic hazards, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides. Some geologists use their knowledge to try to understand these natural hazards and forecast potential geologic events, such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. They study the history of these events as recorded in rocks and try to determine when the next eruption or earthquake will occur. They also study the geologic record of climate change in order to help predict future changes. As human population grows, geologists' ability to locate fossil and mineral resources, such as oil, coal, iron, and aluminum, becomes more important.
One of the guiding principles of geology is the principle of recycling materials, or using materials many times. All processes in geology can be viewed as a series of mostly closed cycles. The energy that drives geologic recycling comes from two sources: the sun and the earth's interior. Rock cycle is one of the examples of a geologic cycle.
The rock cycle begins as rocks are uplifted, or pushed up by tectonic forces. The exposed rocks erode as a result of surface processes, such as rain and wind. The eroded particles, or sediment, travel by wind or moving water until they are deposited, and the deposited material settles into layers. Additional sediment may compact the layers into sedimentary rocks.
20