Клиническая психиатрия_Каплан_Седок

^he`gu ijbfbjblvky k wlbf IZju dhlhju_ ijbfbjbebkv k l_f qlh j_[_gdZ g_ [m^_l bgh]^Z \gh\v h[j_lZxl ex[h\v ij_^Zgghklv b mdj_ieyxl k\hc khxa >jm]bf fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky ihfhsv \ e_q_gbb kmijm]Z ^hghjkdhf hieh^hl\hj_gbb eZ[hjZlhjghc bfieZglZpbb beb mkugh\e_gbb

KL?JBEBA:PBY

Kl_jbebaZpby² ijhp_^mjZ dhlhjZy ^_eZ_l fm`qbgm beb `_gsbgm g_kihkh[gufb ^Z\Zlv ihlhfkl\h M `_gsbgu wlh h[uqgh [u\Z_l ijhp_^mjZ kZevibg]hwdlhfbb beb i_j_\yadb nZeehib_\uo ljm[ WlZ hi_jZpby ijhba\h^blky \ [hevgbp_ hgZ g_ hq_gv [he_ag_ggZ b j_^dh \uau\Z_l e_lZevguc bkoh^ Kl_jbebaZpby fm`qbgu h[uqgh \dexqZ_l \Zawdlhfbx i_j_\yadm k_fy\ughkys_]h ijhlhdZ Wlh [he__ ijhklZy ijhp_^mjZ q_f kZevibg]hwdlhfby b \uihegy_lky Zf[meZlhjgh \jZqhf

M g_[hevrhc qZklb [hevguo ihke_ kl_jbebaZpbb gZ[ex^Z_lky g_\jhlbq_kdbc ihklkl_jbebaZpbhgguc kbg^jhf Hg fh`_l ijhy\eylvky q_j_a bihohg^jbx [hev ^_ij_kkbx mljZlm eb[b^h kgb`_gb_ k_dkmZevguo j_Zdpbc b hah[hq_gghklv k\h_c `_gkl\_gghklvx beb fm`_kl\_gghklvx ?keb hg ihy\ey_lky h[uqgh m^Z_lky \uy\blv ij_fhj[b^gh_ ikbohiZlheh]bq_kdh_ khklhygb_

Kl_jbebaZpbx ijboh^blky ^_eZlv qlh[u g_ [ueh ^_l_c m ebp dhlhju_ fh]ml i_j_^Zlv ih gZke_^kl\m g_dhlhju_ ]_g_lbq_kdb_ aZ[he_\Zgby Bf__lky jZaj_r_gb_ ijhba\h^blv kl_jbebaZpbx ijhlb\ \heb gZke_^kl\_gguf ij_klmigbdZf ebpZf k k_dkmZevgufb ba\jZs_gbyfb kbnbeblbdZf mfkl\_ggh hlklZeuf b [hevguf wibe_ikb_c K_cqZk g_dhlhju_ ba wlbo khklhygbc jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd ijhlb\hj_qZsb_ dhgklblmpbb

=eZ\Z

KHG B G:JMR?GBY KG:

GHJF:EVGUC KHG

Khg fh`gh hij_^_eblv dZd j_]meyjgh ih\lhjyxs__ky e_]dh h[jZlbfh_ khklhygb_ hj]ZgbafZ dhlhjh_ oZjZdl_jbam_lky hlghkbl_evguf ihdh_f Z lZd`_ agZqbl_evguf ih\ur_gb_f ihjh]Z j_Zdpbc gZ \g_rgb_ klbfmeu ih kjZ\g_gbx k khklhygb_f [h^jkl\h\Zgby @Zeh[u gZ jZkkljhckl\h kgZ khklZ\eyxl hkgh\gmx qZklv \k_o `Zeh[ Dhgljhev aZ khklhygb_f kgZ b]jZ_l \Z`gmx jhev \ debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbd_ ihkdhevdm gZjmr_gby kgZ y\eyxlky jZggbf ijbagZdhf gZqbgZxs_]hky ikbobq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby G_^Z\gh ijh\_^_ggu_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ h[eZklb kgZ ihdZaZeb qlh g_dhlhju_ ikbobq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z k\yaZgu k oZjZdl_jgufb baf_g_gbyfb nbabheh]bb kgZ Wlb baf_g_gby iha\heyxl ihgylv ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb e_`Zsb_ \ hkgh\_ ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ Z lZd`_ ihklZ\blv ^bZ]gha gZ hkgh\Zgbb dhfie_dkZ debgbq_kdbo ijhy\e_gbc

I:LL?JGU GHJF:EVGH=H KG:

Ijb aZkuiZgbb k fha]h\ufb \hegZfb ijhbkoh^yl hij_^_e_ggu_ baf_g_gby dhlhju_ deZkkbnbpbjmxlky dZd klZ^bb b jbk WW= \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby oZjZdl_jbam_lky D \hegZfb k qZklhlhc hl ^h dhe_[Zgbc \ k b gbadhZfieblm^ghc Zdlb\ghklvx kf_rZgghc qZklhlu Dh]^Z [hevghc aZkuiZ_l D Zdlb\ghklv gZqbgZ_l bkq_aZlv KlZ^by kqblZxsZyky klZ^b_c gZb[he__ ih\_joghklgh]h kgZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky gZebqb_f gbadhZfieblm^ghc j_]meyjghc Zdlb\ghklb k qZklhlhc

² dhe_[Zgbc \ k Q_j_a g_kdhevdh k_dmg^ beb fbgml wlZ klZ^by kf_gy_lky klZ^b_c \ l_q_gb_ dhlhjhc gZ[ex^Zxlky \_j_l_ghh[jZagu_ \hegu k qZklhlhc ² dhe_[Zgbc \k khggu_ \_j_l_gZ b f_^e_gguf lj_onZaguf \hegh\uf dhfie_dkhf gZau\Z_fuf D dhfie_dkhf <kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h ihy\eyxlky G \hegu \ukhdhZfieblm^gZy Zdlb\ghklv k qZklhlhc ² dhe_[Zgbc \ k aZgbfZxsb_ f_g__ djb\hc klZ^by < dhgp_ dhgph\ gZ klZ^bb G \hegZ khklZ\eyxl [he__ djb\hc H[uqgh x b x klZ^bb kqblZxl ^_evlZ kghf beb nZahc f_^e_ggh]h kgZ NFK \ k\yab k bo oZjZdl_jgufb WW= hkh[_gghklyfb

>:GGU? IHEBKHFGH=J:FFU N;K

GN;K ijhoh^bl hl c ^h c klZ^bc Ih kjZ\g_gbx k khklhygb_f [h^jkl\h\Zgby [hevrbgkl\h nbabheh]bq_kdbo nmgdpbc agZqbl_evgh kgb`_gu \ l_q_gb_ GN;K NZaZ [ukljh]h kgZ N;K y\ey_lky dZq_kl\_ggh ^jm]bf \b^hf kgZ oZjZdl_jbamxsbfky \ukhdhc Zdlb\ghklvx fha]Z b \ukhdbf mjh\g_f nbabheh]bq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb [ebadbf d [h^jkl\h\Zgbx Ijbf_jgh \ l_q_gb_ fbg ihke_ gZqZeZ kgZ GN;K khklZ\ey_l i_j\uc wibah^ N;K ghqgh]h kgZ I_jbh^ \ fbg y\ey_lky khklZ\eyxs_c©eZl_glghklv NK;ªb ij_^klZ\ey_l mklhcqb\mx \_ebqbgm ^ey \ajhkeuo ex^_c \ ghjf_ Mf_gvr_gb_ eZl_glghklb N;K qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky ijb lZdbo aZ[he_\Zgbyo dZd ^_ij_kkby b gZjdhe_ikby GZ WW= aZibku\Zxlky [uklju_ dhgtx]Zlgu_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa dhlhju_ hij_^_ebeb wlm klZ^bx kgZ \h \j_fy g__ [uklju_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa ihqlb hlkmlkl\mxl iZll_jg WW= khklhbl ba gbadhZfieblm^ghc kemqZcghc Zdlb\ghklb k \hegZfb \ \b^_ am[v_\ ibeu we_dljhfbh]jZn WF= \uy\ey_l \ujZ`_ggmx j_^mdpbx fur_qgh]h lhgmkZM ghjfZevguo ex^_c GN;K ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc [he__ \ujZ`_ggh_ khklhygb_ ihdhy q_f [h^jkl\h\Zgb_ Imevk h[uqgh aZf_^e_g gZ ² m^Zjh\ gb`_ lh]h mjh\gy dhlhjuc bf__l f_klh \ khklhygbb ihdhy ijb [h^jkl\h\Zgbb b hq_gv j_]meyjguc IZll_jg ^uoZgby ZgZeh]bq_g >Z\e_gb_ djh\b h[uqgh [u\Z_l kgb`_gguf k g_dhlhjufb i_j_iZ^Zfb \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo fbgml Fur_qguc ihl_gpbZe ihdhy fmkdmeZlmju l_eZ gb`_ \ l_q_gb_ N;K q_f \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby <h \j_fy GN;K gZ[ex^Zxlky wibah^bq_kdb_ g_ijhba\hevgu_ ^\b`_gby l_eZ Bgh]^Z \hagbdZxl [uklju_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa ;>= \ g_[hevrhf dhebq_kl\_ beb hgb \hh[s_ hlkmlkl\mxl b baj_^dZ hlf_qZ_lky wj_dpby i_gbkZ Ihlhd djh\b ijhoh^ysbc q_j_a [hevrbgkl\h ldZg_c \dexqZy p_j_[jZevguc djh\hlhd ke_]dZ mf_gvr_g

GZb[he__ ]em[hdb_ khklZ\eyxsb_ GN;K²klZ^bb b ² bgh]^Z k\yaZgu k g_h[uqgufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb j_Zdpbb Zdlb\Zpbb ?keb q_eh\_dZ jZa[m^blv q_j_a iheqZkZ beb qZk ihke_ gZqZeZ kgZ²h[uqgh \ klZ^bb NFK²m g_]h hlf_qZxlky ^_ahjb_glZpby b ^_ahj]ZgbaZpby fure_gby Dhjhldb_ i_jbh^u Zdlb\Zpbb ba NFK lZd`_ khijh\h`^Zxlky Zfg_ab_c gZ kh[ulby f_klh \h \j_fy Zdlb\Zpbb M g_dhlhjuo ebp ^_ahj]ZgbaZpby gZ[ex^ZxsZyky \h \j_fy Zdlb\Zpbb ijb i_j_oh^_ hl klZ^bb d klZ^bb \uau\Z_l hij_^_e_ggu_ gZjmr_gby gZijbf_j wgmj_a Z gZ klZ^bb²ghqgu_ dhrfZju b m`Zku

Ijb iheb]jZnbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo \h \j_fy N;K h[gZjm`b\Zxlky g_j_]meyjgu_ iZll_jgu bgh]^Z [ebadb_ d iZll_jgZf Zdlb\Zpbb gZ[ex^Zxsbfky \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby >_ckl\bl_evgh _keb g_ agZlv \ dZdhf khklhygbb gZoh^blky km[t_dl b aZibkZlv jy^ nbabheh]bq_kdbo ihdZaZl_e_c fh`gh [_a khfg_gby aZdexqblv qlh wlhl km[t_dl beb ^Zggh_ `b\hlgh_ gZoh^ylky \ khklhygbb Zdlb\gh]h [h^jkl\h\Zgby Bf_ggh ihwlhfm N;K gZau\Z_lky lZd`_ ©iZjZ^hdkZevguf kghfª QZklhlZ ^uoZgby b Zjl_jbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ m ex^_c \k_]^Z \ukhdb \h \j_fy N;K²fgh]h \ur_ q_f \h

\j_fy GN;K b qZklh \ur_ q_f \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby ?s_ [he__ m^b\bl_evghc y\ey_lky \ZjbZ[_evghklv qZklhlu imevkZ hl fbgmlu d fbgml_ Ihlj_[e_gb_ fha]hf dbkehjh^Z \hajZklZ_l \h \j_fy N;K J_Zdpby gZkus_gby djh\b dbkehjh^hf ijb ih\ur_gbb mjh\gy KH ih^Z\e_gZ \h \j_fy N;K lZd qlh m\_ebq_gb_ h[t_fZ ijblhdZ dbkehjh^Z ih f_j_ ih\ur_gby JKH hlkmlkl\m_l L_jfhj_]meypby \h \j_fy N;K gZjmr_gZ < ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv ]hf_hl_jfbq_kdbf mkeh\byf j_]meypbb l_fi_jZlmju dhlhjh_ hlf_qZ_lky \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby beb \h \j_fy GN;K kgZ ijb N;K gZ[ex^Z_lky ihcdbehl_jfbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ khklhygb_ ijb dhlhjhf l_fi_jZlmjZ `b\uo kms_kl\ f_gy_lky ijb baf_g_gbb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u < j_amevlZl_ ihcdbehl_jfbb dhlhjZy oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey j_ilbebc hgb g_ kihkh[gu hl\_qZlv gZ baf_g_gby hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u ^jh`Zgb_f beb ihl_gb_f _keb dZdhc eb[h ba wlbo n_ghf_gh\ lj_[m_lky ^ey ih^^_j`Zgby l_fi_jZlmju l_eZ Ihqlb dZ`^uc i_jbh^ N;K khijh\h`^Z_lky qZklbqghc beb iheghc wj_dpb_c i_gbkZ Wlhl nZdl hdZaZeky hq_gv \Z`guf k debgbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby ^ey mklZgh\e_gby ijbqbgu bfihl_gpbb Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ghdlmjZevguo baf_g_gbc i_gbkZ y\ey_lky h^gbf ba gZb[he__ qZkluo eZ[hjZlhjguo f_lh^h\ >jm]Zy nbabheh]bq_kdZy hkh[_gghklv dhlhjZy gZ[ex^Z_lky \h \j_fy N;K [ebadZ d h[s_fm iZjZebqm kd_e_lghc ihklmjZevghc fmkdmeZlmju >\b`_gby l_eZ \h \j_fy N;K hlkmlkl\mxl Ex^b jZa[m`_ggu_ \h \j_fy N;K qZklh \ ² kemqZ_\ ]h\hjyl qlh hgb \b^_eb kgu

Pbdebq_kdbc oZjZdl_j kgZ hq_gv j_]meyj_g b mklhcqb\ i_jbh^ N;K aZgbfZ_l hl^h fbg ghqgh]h \j_f_gb jbk I_j\uc i_jbh^ N;K [u\Z_l kZfuf dhjhldbf h[uqgh ^eblky f_g__ fbg [he__ iha^gbc i_jbh^ N;K ihy\ey_lky \ ihke_^gxx

ghqb lh]^Z dZd [hevrZy qZklv c klZ^bb gZ[ex^Z_lky \ i_j\mx ghqb

GN;K fh`_l [ulv q_ldh hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ih ]em[bg_ H[ wlhf fh`gh km^blv ih ihdZaZl_eyf ihjh]Z Zdlb\Zpbb b WW= Zdlb\ghklb klZ^by y\ey_lky gZb[he__ e_]dhc klZ^b_c Z klZ^by ²gZb[he__ ]em[hdhc N;K h^gZdh g_ mdeZ^u\Z_lky \ wlhl dhglbgmmf Ihjh] Zdlb\Zpbb ^ey N;K koh^_g k ihjh]hf ^ey c klZ^bb kgZ

IZll_jgu kgZ jZaebqgu \ jZagu_ i_jbh^u `bagb < i_jbh^ gh\hjh`^_gghklb N;K khklZ\ey_l [he__ q_f \k_]h \j_f_gb kgZ < \hajZkl_ f_k iZll_jg kgZ f_gy_lky lZdbf h[jZahf qlh ijhp_gl kgb`_gby N;K \ p_ehf mf_gvrZ_lky ^h agZq_gbc f_g__ q_f

b \ gZqZe_ kgZ gZ[ex^Z_lky bgbpbZevguc i_jbh^ M fheh^uo \ajhkeuo jZkij_^_e_gb_ kgZ lZdh\h

Wlh jZkij_^_e_gb_ hklZ_lky hlghkbl_evgh ihklhygguf b \ ih`behf \hajZkl_ ohly j_^mdpby gZ[ex^Z_lky dZd \ hlghr_gbb NFK lZd b \ hlghr_gbb N;K

J?=MEYPBY KG:

< gZklhys__ \j_fy kqblZxl qlh ijhklh]h p_gljZ dhgljhebjmxs_]h khg g_l Z bf__lky g_[hevrh_ qbkeh \aZbfhk\yaZgguo kbkl_f beb p_gljh\ dhlhju_ \ hkgh\ghf ehdZebah\Zgu \ kl\he_ fha]Z b hdZau\Zxl ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z \aZbfgh_ \ebygb_ Zdlb\bjmy beb lhjfhay ^jm] ^jm]Z Fgh]b_ bkke_^h\Zgby mdZau\Zxl gZ jhev k_jhlhgbgZ \ j_]meypbb kgZ Ij_^mij_`^_gb_ kbgl_aZ k_jhlhgbgZ beb jZajmr_gb_ y^jZ ^hjkZevgh]h r\Z fha]Z dhlhjuc kh^_j`bl de_lhqgh_ l_eh ihqlb \k_o k_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdbo g_cjhgh\ fha]Z kgb`Z_l khg gZ agZqbl_evguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb GZ kbgl_a b \uk\h[h`^_gb_ k_jhlhgbgZ k_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdbfb g_cjhgZfb hdZau\Z_l \ebygb_ gZebqb_ ij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\ lZdbo dZd / zèqilhnZg <\_^_gb_ [hevrh]h dhebq_kl\Z / zèqwzv{jtjhl ^h ] \uau\Z_l kgb`_gb_ eZl_glghklb kgZ b ghqguo ijh[m`^_gbc GZijhlb\ ^_nbpbl / zèqwzv{jtj k\yaZg k mdhjhq_gb_f i_jbh^Z N;K LZdbf h[jZahf ih\ur_gb_

k_jhlhgbg_j]bq_kdhc g_cjhljZgkfbkkbb fh`_l ku]jZlv iheh`bl_evgmx jhev \ e_q_gbb jZkkljhckl\ kgZ

M gh\hjh`^_ggh]h ^h[Z\e_gb_ / zèqwzv{jtj d nhjfme_ mkdhjy_l gZqZeh dZd N;K lZd b GN;K

GhjZ^j_gZebgkh^_j`Zsb_ g_cjhgu k de_lhqgufb l_eZfb ehdZebah\Zggufb \ ORFXV FHUXOHXV kbg_f iylg_ b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev \ j_]meypbb ghjfZevgh]h kgZ <_s_kl\Z b \ha^_ckl\by dhlhju_ m\_ebqb\Zxl jZajy^u wlbo ghjZ^j_g_j]bq_kdbo g_cjhgh\ \uau\Zxl aZf_lgmx j_^mdpbx N;K ©5(0 RIIª g_cjhgu b ih\ur_gb_ [h^jkl\h\Zgby We_dljbq_kdZy klbfmeypby kbg_]h iylgZ m q_eh\_dZ k ojhgbq_kdb \`b\e_ggufb we_dljh^Zfb ^ey mijZ\e_gby km^hjh]Zfb iheghklvx gZjmrZ_l \k_ iZjZf_lju kgZ

:p_lbeohebg fha]Z lZd`_ mqZkl\m_l \ ijhp_kk_ kgZ hkh[_ggh \ \hagbdgh\_gbb N;K < bkke_^h\Zgbyo gZ `b\hlguo \\_^_gb_ oh ebg_j]bq_kdbo fmkdZjbgh\uo Z]hgbklh\ \ g_cjhgu j_lbdmeyjghc nhjfZpbb kl\heZ ©5(0 RIIª g_cjhgu \uau\Zeh baf_g_gb_ khklhygby hl [h^jkl\h\Zgby ^h N;K GZjmr_gby \ p_gljZevghc ohebg_j]bq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb k\yaZgu k baf_g_gbyfb kgZ gZ[ex^Zxsbfbky ijb ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkbb Ih kjZ\g_gbx kh a^hjh\ufb b dhgljhevgufb km[t_dlZfb g_ kljZ^Zxsbfb ^_ij_kkb_c m [hevguo ^_ij_kkb_c hlf_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgh_ gZjmr_gb_ iZll_jgh\ N;K D gbf hlghkylky mdhjhq_gb_ eZl_glghklb N;K gZ fbg iha`_ [hevrbc ijhp_gl N;K k^\b] jZkij_^_e_gby N;K k ihke_^g_c iheh\bgu ghqb gZ i_j\mx <\_^_gb_ fmkdZjbgh\uo Z]hgbklh\ gZijbf_j Zj_dhebgZ ^_ij_kkb\guf [hevguf \h \j_fy i_j\h]h beb \lhjh]h GN;K i_jbh^h\ \uau\Z_l [ukljh_ gZqZeh N;K K^_eZgh aZdexq_gb_ qlh ^_ij_kkby k\yaZgZ k ]bi_jqm\kl\bl_evghklvx d Zp_lbeohebgm >jm]bf bgl_j_kguf gZ[ex^_gb_f y\ey_lky hij_^_e_gb_ a\_gZ f_`^m Zp_lbeohebghf b ^_ij_kkb_c E_dZjkl\Z dhlhju_ kgb`Zxl N;K gZijbf_j Zglb^_ij_kkZglu ^Zxl ohjhrbc wnn_dl ijb ^_ij_kkbb >_ckl\bl_evgh hdheh iheh\bgu [hevguo k ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkb_c bkiulu\Zxl \j_f_ggh_ h[e_]q_gb_ ijb ebr_gbb beb h]jZgbq_gbb kgZ GZijhlb\ j_a_jibg dhlhjuc y\ey_lky h^gbf ba g_fgh]bo e_dZjkl\ dhlhju_ ih\urZxl N;K \uau\Z_l ^_ij_kkbx GZjdhe_ikby oZjZdl_jbamxsZyky iZlheh]bq_kdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb N;K mkbeb\Z_lky \_s_kl\Zfb dhlhju_ mkbeb\Zxl beb ^_ckl\mxl ih^h[gh ohebg_j]bq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb

;hevgu_ [he_agvx :evp]_cf_jZ h[gZjm`b\Zxl jZkkljhckl\Z oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky kgb`_gguf N;K b NFK :ljhnby ohebg_j]bq_kdbo g_cjhgh\ \ EDVDO IRUHEUDLQ kqblZ_lky ijbqbghc wlbo baf_g_gbc K_dj_pby f_eZlhgbgZ ba rbrdh\b^ghc `_e_au lhjfhablky yjdbf k\_lhf lZd qlh gZb[he__ gbadZy dhgp_gljZpby f_eZlhgbgZ \ ku\hjhld_ gZ[ex^Z_lky ^g_f KmijZobZafZevgh_ y^jh ]bihlZeZfmkZ kqblZ_lky ZgZlhfbq_kdhc ehdZebaZpb_c ©pbjdZ^gh]h i_ckf_d_jZª dhlhjuc j_]mebjm_l k_dj_pbx f_eZlhgbgZ Z lZd`_ gZkljhcdm fha]Z gZ qZkh\hc pbde©khg ²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª

NZdlu mdZau\Zxl qlh ^hnZfbg hdZau\Z_l Zdlb\bjmxs__ \ebygb_ <_s_kl\Z dhlhju_ m\_ebqb\Zxl dhebq_kl\h ^hnZfbgZ

\uau\Zxl Zdlb\Zpbx b [h^jkl\h\Zgb_ GZijhlb\ [ehdZlhju ^hnZfbgZ gZijbf_j ibfhab^ b n_ghfbZabgu h[gZjm`b\Zxl l_g^_gpbx d m\_ebq_gbx \j_f_gb kgZ

NMGDPBB KG:

Nmgdpbb kgZ bkke_^mxlky jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb [hevrbgkl\h bkke_^h\Zl_e_c kqblZxl qlh khg j_]mebjm_l \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ nmgdpbb

>_ijb\Zpby kgZ

>ebl_evgu_ i_jbh^u ^_ijb\Zpbb bgh]^Z ijb\h^yl d ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb ©w]hª ]ZeexpbgZpbyf b [j_^m ;hevgu_ ebr_ggu_ N;K h[uqgh bkiulu\Zxl jZa^jZ`bl_evghklv b khgeb\hklv

Ihlj_[ghklv \ kg_

>ey g_dhlhjuo km[t_dlh\ _`_^g_\guc djZldh\j_f_gguc khg f_g__ q y\ey_lky ghjfZevguf b gbdZdb_ nmgdpbb m gbo g_ gZjmr_gu Km[t_dlZf dhlhju_ kiyl ^he]h ^ey ghjfZevghc `bag_^_yl_evghklb lj_[m_lky [hevr_ q \ kmldb M lZdbo ebp [hevr_ i_jbh^h\ N;K b [he__ qZklu_ ^\b`_gby ]eZa \ l_q_gb_ dZ`^h]h i_jbh^Z iehlghklv N;K q_f m ebp dhlhju_ kiyl fZeh Wlb ^\b`_gby bgh]^Z jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd ihdZaZl_eb bgl_gkb\ghklb N;K b k\yaZgu k yjdhklvx kgh\b^_gbc EbpZ oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky djZldh\j_f_gguf kghf h[uqgh ^_yl_evgu q_klhex[b\u khpbZevgh Z^Zilbjh\Zgu b ^h\hevgu `bagvx L_ dlh ^he]h kibl h[uqgh ke_]dZ ^_ij_kkb\gu lj_\h`gu b aZfdgmlu Ih\ur_ggZy ihlj_[ghklv \ kg_ ihy\ey_lky ijb nbabq_kdhc jZ[hl_ aZgylbyo kihjlhf [he_agyo [_j_f_gghklb h[s_f mfkl\_gghf klj_kk_ beb ih\ur_gghc ikbobq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb I_jbh^u N;K m\_ebqb\Zxlky ihke_ kbevguo ikboheh]bq_kdbo \ha^_ckl\bc gZijbf_j ljm^ghklb \ mq_[_ klj_kk b ihke_ mihlj_[e_gby obfbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ beb ij_iZjZlh\ dhlhju_ kgb`Zxl mjh\_gv dZl_oheZfbgh\ fha]Z

PBDE KHG ² ;H>JKL<H<:GB?

GZ khg hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ [bheh]bq_kdb_ jblfu < l_q_gb_ q \ajhkeu_ ex^b kiyl h^bg jZa bgh]^Z ^\Z K wlbf jblfhf ex^b g_ jh`^Zxlky gh hg jZa\b\Z_lky \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo ^\mo e_l `bagb

M g_dhlhjuo `_gsbg iZll_jgu kgZ f_gyxlky \h \j_fy jZaguo nZa f_gkljmZevgh]h pbdeZ ;ueh lZd`_ ihdZaZgh qlh dhjhldb_ i_jbh^u ^g_\gh]h kgZ \ jZagh_ \j_fy kbevgh jZaebqZxlky ih kh^_j`Zgbx N;K b GN;K ?keb q_eh\_d kibl ghqvx \ h[uqgh_ \j_fy i_jbh^ ^g_\gh]h kgZ mljhf beb \ ihe^_gv kh^_j`bl [hevrh_ qbkeh N;K lh]^Z dZd ihke_ ihem^gy beb \ gZqZe_ \_q_jZ ^g_\ghc khg kh^_j`bl bo agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_ Y\gh \ujZ`_gZ l_g^_gpby pbjdZ^gh]h jblfZ hdZau\Zlv \ebygb_ gZ N;K

IZll_jgu kgZ nbabheh]bq_kdb hlebqZxlky \ kblmZpbyo dh]^Z q_eh\_d kibl ^g_f beb \ i_jbh^ \j_f_gb dh]^Z km[t_dl ijb\ud gZoh^blvky \ khklhygbb [h^jkl\h\Zgby ikboheh]bq_kdb_ b ih\_^_gq_kdb_ wnn_dlu kgZ lZd`_ jZaebqgu < fbj_ ijhfure_gghklb b dhffmgbdZpbc ]^_ ^_yl_evghklv qZklh ijh^he`Z_lky \ l_q_gb_ \k_oq wlb hkh[_gghklb ijbh[j_lZxl hkh[mx agZqbfhklv

>Z`_ m l_o ebp dhlhju_ g_ jZ[hlZxl ih ghqZf bgl_jn_j_gpby f_`^m jZaebqgufb jblfZfb fh`_l \ua\Zlv hkeh`g_gby GZb[he__ ba\_klguf ijbf_jhf y\ey_lky ihe_l gZ kZfhe_l_ dh]^Z ihke_ i_j_e_lZ k \hklhdZ gZ aZiZ^ q_eh\_d iulZ_lky m[_^blv k\h_ l_eh aZkgmlv \ lh \j_fy dh]^Z hgh g_ kh\iZ^Z_l k ijb\uqghc _fm nZahc kgZ < [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ hj]Zgbaf Z^Zilbjm_lky \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo ^g_c gh bgh]^Z lj_[m_lky b [hevr_ \j_f_gb Wlb kblmZpbb lj_[mxl k_jv_agh]h \gbfZgby b hq_\b^gh \dexqZxl ^he]h\j_f_gguc jZajmrbl_evguc b bgl_jn_jbjmxsbc pbde

J:KKLJHCKL<: KG:

JZkkljhckl\Z kgZ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc h^gh ba gZb[he__ qZklh \klj_qZxsboky \

ikbobZljbq_kdhc debgbd_ gZjmr_gbc GZijbf_j \ l_q_gb_ ]h^Z ^h gZk_e_gby kljZ^Zxl [_kkhggbp_c b bsml ihfhsb hl g__ Ijb fgh]bo gZjmr_gbyo kgZ lsZl_evgh_ ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ h[ke_^h\Zgb_ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv h[gZjm`blv ki_pbnbq_kdmx ijbqbgm [_kkhggbpu b ijbf_gblv p_e_gZijZ\e_ggmx l_jZibx

< '60 ,,, 5 ghaheh]by jZkkljhckl\ kgZ qZklbqgh \u\h^blky ba ghaheh]bb :kkhpbZlb\gh]h p_gljZ jZkkljhckl\ kgZ :PJK < '60 ,,, 5 bf__lky ^\_ hkgh\guo dZl_]hjbb jZkkljhckl\ kgZ ^bkkhfgbb b iZjZkhfgbb D ^bkkhfgbb hlghkylky [_kkhggbpZ aZljm^g_ggh_

aZkuiZgb_ ]bi_jkhfgby ² ba[ulhqguc khg beb `Zeh[u gZ kbevgmx khgeb\hklv ^g_f jZkkljhckl\Z pbdeZ khg ² [h^jkl\h\Zgb_ IZjZkhfgby y\ey_lky ]_l_jh]_gghc ]jmiihc i_jbh^bq_kdbo ghqguo n_ghf_gh\ dhlhju_ ihy\eyxlky \h \j_fy kgZ beb \ khklhygbb ijhf_`mlhqghf f_`^m [h^jkl\h\Zgb_f b kghf

< wlhf jZa^_e_ ijb\h^blky deZkkbnbdZpby '60 ,,, 5 gh qblZl_ev ^he`_g ihfgblv qlh bf__lky [he__ ih^jh[gZy deZkkbnbdZpby :PJK dhlhjmx ij_^ihqblZxl [hevrbgkl\h bkke_^h\Zl_e_c aZgbfZxsboky kghf Gb`_ ijb\h^blky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdZy deZkkbnbdZpby jZkkljhckl\ kgZ b j_Zdpbb Zdlb\Zpbb

: JAIK JZkkljhckl\Z aZkuiZgby b ih^^_j`Zgby kgZ [_kkhggbpZIkbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_

Z djZldh\j_f_ggu_ b kblmZpbhggu_ [ mklhcqb\u_

K\yaZggu_ k ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb Z kbfilhf b jZkkljhckl\h ebqghklb

[ Znn_dlb\gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z \ ^jm]b_ nmgdpbhgZevgu_ ikbohauK\yaZggu_ k ijbf_g_gb_f e_dZjkl\ b Zedh]hey

Z lhe_jZglghklv beb Z[klbg_gpby ijb hlf_g_ \_s_kl\ ih^Z\eyxsbo PGK [ j_]meyjgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ klbfmeylhjh\ PGK \ j_]meyjgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ beb Z[klbg_gpby ijb hlf_g_ ^jm]bo ij_iZjZlh\ ] ojhgbq_kdbc Zedh]hebaf

K\yaZggu_ k ^uoZl_evgufb gZjmr_gbyfb \hagbdZxsbfb \h kg_ Z Zighw hklZgh\dZ ^uoZgby \h kg_ ijb kbg^jhf_ JAIK [ Zev\_heyjgZy ]bih\_glbeypby ijb kbg^jhf_ JAIK

K\yaZggu_ k ihy\eyxsbfbky \h kg_ ghqguf ghdlmjZevguf fbhdehgmkhf b ©[_kihdhckl\hf gh]ª Z ihy\eyxsbcky \h kg_ ghdlmjZevguc fbhdehgmk kbg^jhfZ JAIK [©[_kihdhckl\h gh]ªijb kbg^jhf_ JAIK

K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb nbabq_kdbfb lhdkbq_kdbfb b ih\_^_gq_kdbfb khklhygbyfb

Kbg^jhf JAIK gZqbgZxsbcky \ ^_lkl\_

K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb khklhygbyfb h[mkeh\e_ggufb kbg^jhfhf JAIK Z j_]meyjgu_ gZjmr_gby N;K [ Zlbibqgu_ ihebkhfgh]jZnbq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb <gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l >GKHlkmlkl\b_ jZkkljhckl\ lbiZ kbg^jhfZ JAIK Z djZldh\j_f_gguc khg [ km[t_dlb\gu_ `Zeh[u gZ ijhy\e_gby oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey kbg^jhfZ JAIK [_a h[t_dlb\gh]h ih^l\_j`^_gby \ gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l >GH; J<IK JZkkljhckl\Z \ \b^_ ih\ur_gghc khgeb\hklb

Ikbohnbabheh]bq_kdb_ Z djZldh\j_f_ggu_ b kblmZpbhggu_ [ mklhcqb\u_

K\yaZggu_ k ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb Z Znn_dlb\gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z [ ^jm]b_ nmgdpbhgZevgu_ jZkkljhckl\Z

K\yaZggu_ k ijbf_g_gb_f e_dZjkl\ b Zedh]hey Z lhe_jZglghklv beb Z[klbg_gpby ihke_ hlf_gu klbfmeylhjh\ PGK [ j_]meyjgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ \_s_kl\ m]g_lZxsbo PGK

K\yaZggu_ k ^uoZl_evgufb gZjmr_gbyfb \hagbdZxsbfb \h kg_ Z Zighw \h \j_fy kgZ ijb J<IK [ Zev\_heyjgZy ]bih\_glbeypby ijb J<IK

K\yaZggu_ k ihy\eyxsbfky \h kg_ ghdlmjZevguf fbhdehgmkhf b ©[_kihdhckl\hf gh]ª Z k\yaZgguc kh kghf ghdlmjZevguc fbhdehgmk ijb J<IK [©[_kihdhckl\h gh]ªijb J<IK

GZjdhe_ikby

B^bhiZlbq_kdZy ]bi_jkhfghe_glghklv PGK

K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb nbabq_kdbfb b lhdkbq_kdbfb khklhygbyfb Z lZd`_ khklhygbyfb h[mkeh\e_ggufb \ebygbyfb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u

K\yaZggu_ k ^jm]bfb J<IK >jm]b_ khklhygby gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky ijb J<IK Z i_jbh^bq_kdb gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky J<IK

kbg^jhf Deygc_²E_\bgZ

kbg^jhf k\yaZgguc k f_gkljmZpbyfb [ g_^hklZlhqguc khg \ khggh_ hivyg_gb_

] gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

Hlkmlkl\b_ J<IK Z ^ebl_evguc khg [ km[t_dlb\gu_ `Zeh[u gZ J<IK [_a h[t_dlb\guo ijbagZdh\

\ gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

< JZkkljhckl\Z pbdeZ khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ DjZldh\j_f_ggu_ Z kbg^jhf [ukljh]h baf_g_gby \j_f_gb©ihe_l gZ kZfhe_l_ª [©jZ[hqbc k^\b]ª ² baf_g_gb_ \ ijb\uqghf pbde_ khg [h^jkl\h\Zgb_

Mklhcqb\u_ Z qZklZy kf_gZ pbdeZ khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ [ kbg^jhf aZ^_j`Zgghc nZau kgZ \ kbg^jhf mkdhj_gghc nZau kgZ ] kbg^jhf g_ qZkh\h]h pbdeZ©khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª ^ g_j_]meyjghklv iZll_jgZ©khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_ª _ gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fh_ jZkkljhckl\h ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l >GH

= >bknmgdpbb k\yaZggu_ kh kghf klZ^byfb kgZ beb qZklbqgufb j_Zdpbyfb Zdlb\Zpbb iZjZkhfgbb

Kghoh`^_gb_ khfgZf[mebaf

Ghqgu_ m`Zku 3DYRU 1RFWXUQXV LQFXEXV

Wgmj_a \h \j_fy ghqgh]h kgZ>jm]b_ ^bknmgdpbb

Z ijbklmiu lj_\h`ghklb \h kg_ ghqgu_ dhrfZju [ wibe_ilbq_kdb_ ijbiZ^db gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky \h kg_ \ [jmdkbaf gZ[ex^Zxsbcky \h kg_ ] dZqZgb_ ]heh\u \h kg_ ^ gZke_^kl\_ggh h[mkeh\e_gguc iZjZebq \h \j_fy kgZ _ gZjmr_gb_ j_Zdpbb himoZgby iheh\h]h qe_gZ \h \j_fy kgZ ` [he_ag_ggu_ wj_dpbb iheh\h]h qe_gZ \h \j_fy kgZ

a k\yaZggu_ kh kghf mihjgu_ ]heh\gu_ [heb b ojhgbq_kdZy iZjhdkbafZevgZy ]_fbdjZgby

b gZjmr_gby ]ehlZgby \h kg_ d ZklfZ \h \j_fy kgZ

e k\yaZggu_ kh kghf k_j^_qgh khkm^bklu_ kbfilhfu f ijhy\eyxsbcky \h \j_fy kgZ ]ZkljhwahnZjbg]_Zevguc j_nexdk g ]_fheba \h \j_fy kgZ iZjhdkbafZevgZy ghdlmjZevgZy ]_fh]eh[bgmjby h ZkbfilhfZlbq_kdb_ ihebkhfgh]jZnbq_kdb_ y\e_gby

i gb]^_ [he__ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z ^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_ hlkmlkl\m_l

>GH

>BKKHFGBB

;_kkhggbpZ

;_kkhggbpZ y\ey_lky jZkkljhckl\hf \ \b^_ gZjmr_gby aZkuiZgby beb ih^^_j`Zgby kgZ JAIK HgZ fh`_l [ulv djZldh\j_f_gghc beb mklhcqb\hc < ihke_^g_f kemqZ_ kh]eZkgh '60 ,,, 5jZkkljhckl\h ihy\ey_lky ih f_gvr_c f_j_ jZaZ \ g_^_ex b ^eblky ih f_gvr_c f_j_ f_k \ j_amevlZl_ _]h hlf_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgZy mklZehklv \ l_q_gb_ ^gy beb gZjmr_gb_ nmgdpbhgZevghc beb ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ^_yl_evghklb >bZ]ghklbq_kdbfb djbl_jbyfb [_kkhggbpu y\eyxlky

: Hkgh\ghc `Zeh[hc y\ey_lky aZljm^g_ggh_ aZkuiZgb_ beb ljm^ghklv ih^^_j`Zgby kgZ Z lZd`_ hlkmlkl\b_ \hkklZgh\e_gby kbe ihke_ kgZ khg dhlhjuc ijh^he`Z_lky ^hklZlhqgh_ \j_fy gh g_ \uau\Z_l m q_eh\_dZ hsms_gby qlh hg hl^hogme

; GZjmr_gb_ \ : ihy\ey_lky ih f_gvr_c f_j_ jZaZ \ g_^_ex gZ i_jbh^ g_ f_gvr_ f_k b y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqgh ly`_euf lZd qlh \ j_amevlZl_ _]h m km[t_dlZ eb[h hlf_qZ_lky kbevgZy mlhfey_fhklv \ ^g_\gh_ \j_fy eb[h ^jm]b_ aZf_qZxl m g_]h dZdb_ eb[h ijbagZdb dhlhju_ fh`gh hlg_klb aZ kq_l gZjmr_gbc kgZ gZijbf_j jZa^jZ`bl_evghklv beb kgb`_gb_ kihkh[ghklb d \uiheg_gbx dZdbo lh ^_ckl\bc

< Ihy\e_gb_ ^Zggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z beb iZjZkhfgbb g_ lhevdh \ l_q_gb_ pbdeZ khg²[h^jkl\h\Zgb_

DjZldh\j_f_ggZy [_kkhggbpZ gZb[he__ qZklh k\yaZgZ k lj_\h`ghklvx eb[h dZd k ihke_^kl\b_f lj_\h`guo i_j_`b\Zgbc eb[h dZd k ij_^\b^_gb_f lj_\h`guo kh[ulbcgZijbf_j ij_^klhys__ h[ke_^h\Zgb_ beb ijb[eb`Zxs__ky \uklmie_gb_ gZ jZ[hl_ M g_dhlhjuo ebp djZldh\j_f_ggZy [_kkhggbpZ lZdh]h lbiZ fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgZ k ]hj_f j_Zdpb_c gZ ihl_jx beb ihqlb gZ dZ`^mx i_j_f_gm \ `bagb Wlh gZjmr_gb_ g_ y\ey_lky ly`_euf ohly gZ^h ihfgblv qlh ikbohlbq_kdbc wibah^ beb ly`_eZy ^_ij_kkby fh]ml bgh]^Z gZqbgZlvky k hkljhc [_kkhggbpu < kemqZyo dh]^Z j_dhf_g^m_lky e_q_gb_

kghl\hjgufb ij_iZjZlZfb dZd \jZq lZd b [hevghc ^he`gu agZlv qlh dmjk [m^_l g_ijh^he`bl_evguf b dh]^Z hg aZdhgqblky fh`gh [m^_l h`b^Zlv \hah[gh\e_gby [_kkhggbpu

Mklhcqb\Zy [_kkhggbpZ y\ey_lky ^h\hevgh lbibqguf kbfilhfhf wlZ dZl_]hjby \k_ _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh ykgZ HgZ hlghkblky d ]jmii_ khklhygbc ijb dhlhjuo gZb[he__ ljm^guf y\ey_lky aZkuiZgb_ Z g_ ih^^_j`Zgb_ khklhygby kgZ b \dexqZ_l ^\_ bgh]^Z jZa^_ebfu_ gh qZklh k^\h_ggu_ ijh[e_fu khfZlbq_kdh_ gZijy`_gb_ b lj_\h]Z Z lZd`_ mkeh\gu_ ZkkhpbZlb\gu_ hl\_lu M [hevguo qZklh hlkmlkl\mxl dZdb_ eb[h `Zeh[u djhf_ [_kkhggbpu QZklh hgb g_ bkiulu\Zxl lj_\h]b dZd lZdh\hc gh hgZ ijhy\ey_lky m gbo q_j_a nbabheh]bq_kdb_ dZgZeu Hgb qZklh `Zemxlky gZ iehob_ ij_^qm\kl\by beb gZ lh qlh ghqgu_ jZa^mfvy g_ ^Zxl bf kiZlv DZd ijZ\beh hgb g_ hlghkylky d l_f [hevguf dhlhju_ bkiulu\Zxl ki_pbnbq_kdbc kljZo beb m`Zk \ fhf_gl aZkuiZgby Bgh]^Z gh g_ \k_]^Z [hevghc hlf_qZ_l mom^r_gb_ ijb gZebqbb klj_kkZ gZ jZ[hl_ beb ^hfZ b memqr_gb_ \h \j_fy hlimkdZ

E_q_gb_ wlh]h khklhygby y\ey_lky gZb[he__ keh`ghc ijh[e_fhc ih kjZ\g_gbx k e_q_gb_f ^jm]bo jZkkljhckl\ kgZ < qbkluo kemqZyo ]^_ hlq_leb\h \uklmiZ_l mkeh\guc dhfihg_gl fh`_l hdZaZlvky ihe_aghc f_lh^bdZ ^_ah[mkeh\eb\Zgby ;hevguf ij_^eZ]Zxl bkihevah\Zlv djh\Zlv lhevdh ^ey kgZ ?keb hgb g_ aZkuiZxl \ l_q_gb_ fbg \ djh\Zlb bo ijhkyl \klZlv b ijhklh aZgylvky q_f gb[m^v ^jm]bf Bgh]^Z kf_gZ djh\Zlb beb kiZevgb fh`_l hdZaZlvky ihe_aghc < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo dh]^Z hlf_qZ_lky nbabq_kdh_ beb fur_qgh_ gZijy`_gb_ j_dhf_g^m_lky ijbf_gylv jZkkeZ[eyxs__ ihklmdb\Zgb_ ljZgkp_^_glZevgmx f_^blZpbx beb \ua\Zlv j_Zdpbx j_eZdkZpbb b [bhih^dj_ie_gb_ Ikbohl_jZiby hdZau\Z_l g_ hq_gv ohjhr__ \ebygb_ gZ wlhl \b^ [_kkhggbpu

;_kkhggbpZ k\yaZggZy k ^jm]bfb ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfbg_hj]Zgbq_kdbfb

Kx^Z hlghkblky [_kkhggbpZ dhlhjZy hlq_leb\h k\yaZgZ k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb b ih\_^_gq_kdbfb kbfilhfZfb ohjhrh ba\_klguo ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ Gb`_ ijb\h^ylky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb [_kkhggbpu k\yaZgghc k ^jm]bfb ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb g_hj]Zgbq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Z \ \b^_ [_kkhggbpu hij_^_e_ggu_ djbl_jbyfb : ; < kf >bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb jZkkljhckl\ \ \b^_ [_kkhggbpu dhlhju_ k\yaZgu k ^jm]bfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb Hkb , beb Hkb ,, ^ey ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ gZijbf_j ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkb_c jZkkljhckl\hf \ \b^_ ]_g_jZebah\Zgghc lj_\h`ghklb gZjmr_gb_f Z^ZilZpbb k lj_\h`guf gZkljh_gb_f beb h[k_kkb\gh dhfimevkb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ebqghklb WlZ dZl_]hjby g_ ijbf_gy_lky _keb jZkkljhckl\h \ \b^_ [_kkhggbpu k\yaZgh k jZkkljhckl\hf Hkb \dexqZxsbf ba\_klguc hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj lZdhc dZd aehmihlj_[e_gb_ ikbohZdlb\gufb \_s_kl\Zfb gZijbf_j aZ\bkbfhklv d n_gZfbgm

LZdbf h[jZahf wlZ dZl_]hjby khklhbl ba ]_l_jh]_gghc ]jmiiu khklhygbc < wlbo kemqZyo ijh[e_fZ kgZ h[uqgh gh g_ \k_]^Z aZdexqZ_lky \ ljm^ghf aZkuiZgbb b y\ey_lky \lhjbqghc ih hlghr_gbx d lj_\h]_ gZ[ex^Zxs_cky ijb ex[hf ba\_klghf ikbobq_kdhf aZ[he_\Zgbb b khklhygbb G_hj]Zgbq_kdZy [_kkhggbpZ qZs_ gZ[ex^Z_lky m `_gsbg q_f m fm`qbg < ykguo kemqZyo ]^_ lj_\h]Z bf__l ikboheh]bq_kdb_ dhjgb ikbobZljbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ ijbqbgu lj_\h]b gZijbf_j bg^b\b^mZevgZy ikbohl_jZiby ]jmiih\Zy ikbohl_jZiby beb k_f_cgZy ikbohl_jZiby qZklh h[e_]qZ_l [_kkhggbpm

K\yaZggZy k ^_ij_kkb_c [_kkhggbpZ ohjhrh ba\_klgZ ikbobZljZf GZb[he__

qZklhc y\ey_lky ly`_eZy mgbiheyjgZy ^_ij_kkby ijb dhlhjhc bf__l f_klh ihqlb ghjfZevgh_ gZqZeh kgZ gh ih\lhjgu_ ijh[m`^_gby \h \j_fy \lhjhc iheh\bgu ghqb b hq_gv jZgg__ ijhkuiZgb_ ih mljZf h[uqgh khijh\h`^Zxs__ky hq_gv iehobf gZkljh_gb_f mljhf Mljh²kZfh_ om^r__ \j_fy ^ey wlbo [hevguo Ihebkhfgh]jZnby h[gZjm`b\Z_l j_^mpbjh\Zgb_ klZ^bb b kgZ qZklh mdhjhq_ggmx eZl_glghklv N;K b ^ebl_evguc i_j\uc i_jbh^ N;K

;biheyjgZy ^_ij_kkby lZd `_ dZd ly`_eZy ^_ij_kkby fh`_l \dexqZlv g_dhlhju_ ba ijhy\e_gbc [_kkhggbpu²aZljm^g_gb_ \ ih^^_j`Zgbb kgZ gh ijb g_c qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky lZd`_ ]bi_jkhfgby >_ij_kkby \lhjbqgZy ih hlghr_gbx d ^jm]bf aZ[he_\Zgbyf qZklh khijh\h`^Z_lky [_kkhggbp_c \ \b^_ gZjmr_gby kihkh[ghklb ih^^_j`b\Zlv khg [hevghc ijhkuiZ_lky \ l_q_gb_ ghqb gh g_ h[gZjm`b\Z_l mdhjhq_gby eZl_glghklb N;K FZgbZdZevgu_ b ]bihfZgbZdZevgu_ [hevgu_ hlghkylky d fZehkiysbf km[t_dlZf k djZcg_c kl_i_gvx \ujZ`_gghklb wlhc hkh[_gghklb Bgh]^Z m gbo gZ[ex^Zxlky ljm^ghklb aZkuiZgby gh ihqlb \k_]^Z m gbo hlkmlkl\mxl `Zeh[u gZ jZkkljhckl\Z kgZ Hgb ijhkuiZxlky [h^jufb ihke_ ²qZkh\h]h kgZ m gbo hlf_qZ_lky bklbggh_ kgb`_gb_ ihlj_[ghklb \ kg_ gZ ijhly`_gbb fZgbZdZevgh]h ijbklmiZ

E_q_gbx ih^e_`Zl fZgby b ^_ij_kkby Z g_ kZfb ih k_[_ jZkkljhckl\Z kgZ ?keb \hafh`gh wlbf [hevguf g_ ke_^m_l gZagZqZlv kghl\hjguo ^hihegbl_evgh d Zglb^_ij_kkZglZf :glb^_ij_kkZgl gZijbf_j lZdhc dZd Zfbljbilbebg _keb _]h ijbgbfZlv gZ ghqv qZklh \uau\Z_l memqr_gb_ kgZ ^Z`_ jZgvr_ q_f ihy\eyxlky ijbagZdb kgb`_gby ^_ij_kkbb

;_kkhggbpZ k\yaZggZy k ba\_klguf hj]Zgbq_kdbf nZdlhjhf

Kms_kl\_gghc hkh[_gghklvx wlhc ijb\h^bfhc gb`_ deZkkbnbdZpbb y\ey_lky lh qlh [_kkhggbpZ k\yaZgZ k ba\_klguf nbabq_kdbf khklhygb_f \ha^_ckl\b_f e_dZjkl\Z beb dZdh]h eb[h \_s_kl\Z

JZkkljhckl\Z \ \b^_ [_kkhggbpu hij_^_e_ggu_ djbl_jbyfb : ; b < kf >bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb ^ey jZkkljhckl\ \ \b^_ [_kkhggbpu k\yaZggu_ k ba\_klguf hj]Zgbq_kdbf nZdlhjhf lZdbf dZd nbabq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h gZijbf_j Zighw kgZ aZ\bkbfhklv d n_gZfbgm beb f_^bdZf_glhagh_ e_q_gb_ gZijbf_j ^ebl_evgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ kj_^kl\ ijhlb\ aZklhy djh\b

Ba\_klguc hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj ^he`_g [ulv hlf_q_g ih Hkb,,, _keb nbabq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h beb ijbf_g_gb_ e_dZjkl\Z g_ hl\_qZ_l djbl_jbyf jZkkljhckl\ k\yaZgguo k mihlj_[e_gb_f ikbohZdlb\guo \_s_kl\ beb ih Hkb , _keb bf__l f_klh jZkkljhckl\h k\yaZggh_ k mihlj_[e_gb_f ikbohZdlb\guo \_s_kl\

Nbabq_kdh_ khklhygb_ Ihqlb ex[h_ nbabq_kdh_ khklhygb_ k\yaZggh_ k [hevx b ^bkdhfnhjlhf gZijbf_j Zjljbl Zg]bgZ fh]ml \uau\Zlv [_kkhggbpm Jy^ khklhygbc PGK k\yaZg k [_kkhggbp_c ^Z`_ _keb [hev b ^bkdhfnhjl hlkmlkl\mxl Wlh [u\Z_l ijb himoheyo khkm^bkluo ih\j_`^_gbyo bgn_dpbyo b ^_]_g_jZlb\guo b ljZ\fZlbq_kdbo khklhygbyo Koh^gh jy^ ^jm]bo khklhygbc hkh[_ggh ijb wg^hdjbgguo b f_lZ[hebq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgby qZklh \dexqZ_l gZjmr_gb_ kgZ

?keb \jZq ihfgbl h \hafh`ghklb lZdbo khklhygbc b ohjhrh bamqZ_l bklhjbx [he_agb wlh bgh]^Z ihfh]Z_l ihklZgh\d_ ijZ\bevgh]h ^bZ]ghaZ e_q_gb_ _keb lhevdh \hafh`gh ^he`gh [ulv gZijZ\e_gh gZ hkgh\gh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_

E_q_gb_ ;_kkhggbpZ k\yaZgZ k lhe_jZglghklvx beb k j_Zdpb_c hlf_gu \_s_kl\ ih^Z\eyxsbo PGK ^_ij_kkZglh\ Ijb ihklhygghf mihlj_[e_gbb wlbo \_s_kl\ dhlhju_ h[uqgh bkihevamxlky ^ey e_q_gby [_kkhggbpu h[mkeh\e_gghc jZaebqgufb ijbqbgZfb lhe_jZglghklv ih\urZ_lky b ^_ij_kkZglu l_jyxl k\h_ \ebygb_ dZd \_s_kl\