Клиническая психиатрия_Каплан_Седок

ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h jZkkljhckl\Z \ [m^ms_f Ijb iha^g_f gZqZe_ i_j\bqghc ^bklbfbb lbi gZqZeZ ijh]gha b l_q_gb_ fh]ml agZqbl_evgh \Zjvbjh\Zlvky

Kmbpb^u Kmbpb^u \hafh`gu ijb [hevrbgkl\_ ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ h^gZdh [ebahklv ^bklbfbb d ^_ij_kkbb \uau\Z_l hkh[mx gZklhjh`_gghklv G_h[oh^bfh lsZl_evgh kh[bjZlv ZgZfg_a \ hlghr_gbb ij_^u^msbo kmbpb^Zevguo ihiulhd gZebqby kmbpb^h\ \ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_ Z lZd`_ kmbpb^Zevguo fuke_c m [hevgh]h qlh[u hp_gblv _]h kmbpb^Zevguc ihl_gpbZe Ijb e_q_gbb wlbo [hevguo ikbohnZjfZdheh]bq_kdbfb ij_iZjZlZfb gZ^h ihfgblv qlh gZebqb_ [hevrbo ^ha wlbo ij_iZjZlh\ m [hevgh]h fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zgh k p_evx kmbpb^Z

>bZ]gha b ih^lbiu

>bZ]gha ^bklbfbb klZ\blky gZ hkgh\_ gZebqby ki_pbnbq_kdbo djbl_jb_\ ijb\_^_gguo \ '60 ,,, 5 kf >bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb ^ey ^bklbfbb Kbfilhfu \dexq_ggu_ \ djbl_jbc : ^he`gu gZ[ex^Zlvky \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo ihke_^gbo e_l ]h^Z ^ey ^_l_c b ih^jhkldh\ i_jbh^ hlkmlkl\by kbfilhfZlbdb g_ ^he`_g ij_\urZlv f_k Ohly \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo ^\mo e_l dh]^Z gZ[ex^Zxlky kbfilhfu ^bklbfbb ly`_eh_ ^_ij_kkb\gh_ jZkkljhckl\h fh`_l hlkmlkl\h\Zlv ^bZ]gha ^bklbfbb klZ\blky ebrv \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z ihke_ i_j\bqgh]h ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h ijbklmiZ \ l_q_gb_ f_k ^h jZa\blby kbfilhfh\ ^bklbfbb bf_eZ f_klh ihegZy j_fbkkby ?keb ly`_euc ^_ij_kkb\guc ijbklmi gZ[ex^Z_lky kimkly ]h^Z beb [hevr_ ihke_ ihy\e_gby kbfilhfh\ ^bklbfbb [hevghfm klZ\yl h[Z ^bZ]ghaZ GZebqb_ kbfilhfh\ ^bklbfbb b ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h jZkkljhckl\Z g_dhlhju_ \jZqb gZau\Zxl ©^\hcghc ^_ij_kkb_cª M lZdbo [hevguo h[uqgh gZ[ex^Zxl [he__ qZklu_ b ly`_eu_ ^_ij_kkb\gu_ ijbklmiu q_f m [hevguo [_a ^bklbfbb Djbl_jbyfb dhlhju_ g_ khhl\_lkl\mxl ^bZ]gham ^bklbfbb y\eyxlky gZebqb_ \ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_ ]bihfZgbZdZevgh]h ijbklmiZ ikbohlbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ beb j_ab^mZevghc rbahnj_gbb ?keb m [hevgh]h k kbfilhfZfb ^bklbfbb h[gZjm`_g ki_pbnbq_kdbc hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj dhlhjuc fh`_l h[mkeh\blv wlb kbfilhfu beb hgb fh]ml [ulv \ua\Zgu mihlj_[e_gb_f hij_^_e_ggh]h ij_iZjZlZ lh ^bZ]gha ^bklbfbb bkdexqZ_lky DZd mdZau\Zehkv \ur_ \u^_eyxl lZd`_ i_j\bqgu_ beb \lhjbqgu_ ih^lbiu b jZgg__ beb iha^g__ gZqZeh

'60 ,,, 5 j_dhf_g^m_l _keb wlh lj_[m_lky klZ\blv g_kdhevdh ^bZ]ghah\ <lhjbqgmx ^bklbfbx fh`gh ^bZ]ghklbjh\Zlv lZd `_ dZd b ^jm]b_ jZkkljhckl\Z Hkb , beb Hkb ,,, l _ khfZlbq_kdb_ aZ[he_\Zgby I_j\bqgZy ^bklbfby ^bZ]ghklbjm_lky ih Hkb ,, ebqghklguo jZkkljhckl\ dh]^Z ^bklbfby y\ey_lky \lhjbqghc ih hlghr_gbx d e_`Zs_fm \ __ hkgh\_ jZkkljhckl\m ebqghklb

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc ^bZ]gha

Kbfilhfu ih^h[gu_ l_f dhlhju_ gZ[ex^Zxlky ijb ^bklbfbb fh]ml bf_lv f_klh ijb g_dhlhjuo hj]Zgbq_kdbo b b^bhiZlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\Zo ?keb m [hevgh]h \uy\eyxl kbfilhfu ^bklbfbb hkh[_ggh _keb wlb kbfilhfu gZ[ex^Zxl \ l_q_gb_ i_jbh^Z \j_f_gb f_g__ e_l ke_^m_l jZkkfhlj_lv \k_ i_j_qbke_ggu_ gb`_ ^bnn_j_gpbZevgu_ ^bZ]ghau aZ[he_\Zgby hj]Zgbq_kdhc wlbheh]bb ² khfZlbq_kdh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_ jZd [he_agv k_j^pZ mihlj_[e_gb_ dZdh]h eb[h ij_iZjZlZ kbg^jhf aZ\bkbfhklb hl dZdh]h eb[h \_s_kl\Z ly`_eh_ ^_ij_kkb\gh_ jZkkljhckl\h [biheyjgh_ jZkkljhckl\h ^_ij_kkb\guc beb kf_rZgguc lbi pbdehlbfby jZkkljhckl\h gZkljh_gby ]_g_jZebah\Zggh]h oZjZdl_jZ g_j\gZy Zghj_dkby [mebfby h[k_kkb\gh dhfimevkb\gh_

jZkkljhckl\h

w]h ^bklhgbq_kdZy ]hfhk_dkmZevghklv jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb ²ih]jZgbqgu_ khklhygby aZ\bkbfuc lbi kdehgghklv d jZau]ju\Zgbx ij_^klZ\e_gbc khfZlh]_ggu_ jZkkljhckl\Z

E_q_gb_

;hevguf k ^bklbfb_c ]hkiblZebaZpby h[uqgh g_ ihdZaZgZ h^gZdh ijb gZebqbb ly`_euo debgbq_kdbo ijhy\e_gbc \ujZ`_gguo khpbZevguo b ijhn_kkbhgZevguo gZjmr_gbc Z lZd`_ kmbpb^Zevguo fuke_c [hevguo ke_^m_l ]hkiblZebabjh\Zlv Ohly fgh]b_ debgbpbklu kqblZxl qlh ^bklbfby iehoh ih^^Z_lky e_q_gbx ikbohnZjfZdheh]bq_kdbfb ij_iZjZlZfb d g_c ke_^m_l ijb[_]gmlv _keb e_q_gb_ lhevdh k ihfhsvx ikbohl_jZibb hdZ`_lky g_wnn_dlb\guf Z lZd`_ ijb gZebqbb ly`_euo kbfilhfh\ b jZkkljhckl\ gZkljh_gby \ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_ ihgb`_gbb eZl_glghklb N;K gZ WW= kgZ b hldehg_gby ihdZaZl_e_c g_cjhwg^hdjbgguo l_klh\ KgZqZeZ h[uqgh ijbf_gyxl ]_l_jhpbdebq_kdb_ Zglb^_ij_kkZglu fh`gh k ^h[Z\e_gb_f eblby beb L

Fh`gh gZqZlv k bg]b[blhjh\ fhghZfbghdkb^Zau _keb kj_^b iZlheh]bq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ ij_h[eZ^Zxl [_kkhggbpZ ]bi_jnZ]by \ujZ`_ggZy lj_\h`ghklv b fgh`_kl\_gghklv khfZlbq_kdbo `Zeh[ ²kbg^jhf dhlhjuc bgh]^Z gZau\Z_lky Zlbibqghc ^_ij_kkb_c beb bkl_jbq_kdhc ^bknhjb_c ?keb ]_l_jhpbdebq_kdb_ Zglb^_ij_kkZglu b bg]b[blhju fhghZfbghdkb^Zau hdZ`mlky g_wnn_dlb\gufb fh`gh j_dhf_g^h\Zlv e_q_gb_ h^gbf eblb_f Ijbf_g_gb_ kbfiZlhfbf_lbdh\ gZijbf_j n_gZfbgZ ² f] kml lZd`_ fh`_l hdZaZlv ohjhr__ ^_ckl\b_ _keb kh[ex^Zlv hklhjh`ghklv ijb gZagZq_gbb wlbo ij_iZjZlh\ qlh[u g_ \ua\Zlv ijb\udZgby

< dZq_kl\_ ikbohl_jZibb gZb[he__ ih^oh^ys_c kqblZ_lky bg^b\b^mZevgh hjb_glbjh\ZggZy ikbohl_jZiby bf__lky fgh`_kl\h ^Zgguo h lhf qlh hgZ hdZau\Z_l gZb[he__ \ujZ`_gguc wnn_dl ijb ^bklbfbb h^gZdh wlhl \b^ l_jZibb bgh]^Z ke_^m_l khq_lZlv k nZjfZdhl_jZib_c Wlhl ikbohl_jZi_\lbq_kdbc ih^oh^ hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ihiuldZo k\yaZlv jZa\blb_ b mklhcqb\hklv ^_ij_kkb\guo kbfilhfh\ k hkh[_gghklyfb gZjmr_gby Z^ZilZpbb ebqghklb d g_jZaj_rb\rbfky dhgnebdlZf jZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z K ihfhsvx e_q_gby fh`gh ^h[blvky djblbdb d gZebqbx wd\b\Ze_glh\ ^_ij_kkbb lZdbo dZd ijb\udZgb_ d hij_^_e_gguf \_s_kl\Zf beb d ^_lkdbf jZahqZjh\Zgbyf dZd ij_^r_kl\_ggbdZf \ajhkehc ^_ij_kkbb Bkke_^mxl Zf[b\Ze_glgu_ hlghr_gby iZpb_glZ k jh^bl_eyfb \ ^Zgguc fhf_gl Z lZd`_ k ^jmavyfb b k ^jm]bfb ebpZfb hdjm`Zxsbfb _]h \ gZklhys__ \j_fy Hq_gv \Z`gh ijb wlhc l_jZibb hjb_glbjh\Zgghc gZ \ujZ[hldm djblbdb d k\h_fm khklhygbx agZlv dZd [hevghc iulZ_lky m^h\e_l\hjblv qj_af_jgmx ihlj_[ghklv \ h^h[j_gbb kh klhjhgu hdjm`Zxsbo b kijZ\blvky k gbadhc kZfhhp_gdhc b ijh[e_fZfb kmi_jw]h >jm]bfb \b^Zfb ikbohl_jZibb ijbf_gy_fufb ijb ^bklbfbyo y\eyxlky f_`ebqghklgZy dh]gblb\gZy b ih\_^_gq_kdZy l_jZiby

F_`ebqghklgZy l_jZiby ^_ij_kkbb FEL Bkke_^mxl f_`ebqghklgu_ hlghr_gby [hevgh]h \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy b kihkh[u k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo hg kijZ\ey_lky kh klj_kkhf k p_evx kgb`_gby ^_ij_kkb\guo kbfilhfh\ b ih\ur_gby kZfhhp_gdb FIL ijh\h^yl dmjkhf ijbf_jgh \ l_q_gb_ g_^ b __ fh`gh khq_lZlv k l_jZib_c Zglb^_ij_kkZglZfb

Ih\_^_gq_kdZy l_jZiby Ih\_^_gq_kdZy l_jZiby ^_ij_kkbb hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ l_hjbb qlh ^_ij_kkby h[mkeh\e_gZ ihl_j_c ihablb\gh]h ih^dj_ie_gby \ j_amevlZl_ jZaemdb kf_jlb beb \g_aZigh]h baf_g_gby hdjm`Zxs_c h[klZgh\db JZaebqgu_ f_lh^u e_q_gby gZijZ\e_gu gZ ^hklb`_gb_ ke_^mxsbo p_e_c ih\ur_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb b

kihkh[kl\h\Zgb_ \hagbdgh\_gbx ijbylguo hsms_gbc h[mq_gb_ [hevgh]h j_eZdkZpbb KqblZ_lky qlh gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf kihkh[hf [hjv[u k ^_ij_kkb\gufb fukeyfb b hsms_gbyfb y\ey_lky baf_g_gb_ fZg_ju ih\_^_gby k\yaZgghc k wlbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb m [hevguo ^_ij_kkb_c Ih\_^_gq_kdZy l_jZiby qZklh bkihevam_l lh qlh gZau\Z_lky ©\umq_gghc [_kihfhsghklvxªm g_dhlhjuo ba wlbo [hevguo dhlhju_ ]hlh\u \klj_lblv ex[mx `bl_ckdmx ljm^ghklv k qm\kl\hf [_kkbeby JZaebqgu_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ ih^oh^u agZqbl_evgh i_j_dju\Zxl ^jm] ^jm]Z

Dh]gblb\gZy l_jZiby Dh]gblb\gZy l_jZiby ² wlh f_lh^ k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h [hevgh]h h[mqZxl ^mfZlv b \_klb k_[y lZd qlh[u mkljZgblv [he_ag_ggh_ g_]Zlb\gh_ hlghr_gb_ d kZfhfm k_[_ d fbjm b d [m^ms_c `bagb Wlh djZldh\j_f_ggZy l_jZiby hjb_glbjh\ZggZy gZ l_dmsb_ ijh[e_fu b bo jZaj_r_gb_ Kf jZa^_e \ dhlhjhf wlhl ih^oh^ h[km`^Z_lky ^_lZevgh

K_f_cgZy l_jZiby fh`_l ihfhqv dZd [hevghfm lZd b _]h k_fv_ \ [hjv[_ k wlbf jZkkljhckl\hf hkh[_ggh \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z bf__lky [bheh]bq_kdb h[mkeh\e_gguc km[Znn_dlb\guc kbg^jhf =jmiih\Zy l_jZiby fh`_l ihfhqv [hevghfm ij_h^he_lv f_`ebqghklgu_ ijh[e_fu \ khpbZevghc `bagb

PBDEHLBFBY

Pbdehlbfby h[uqgh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd f_g__ ly`_eZy nhjfZ [biheyjgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z Dhgp_ipby kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc pbdehlbfby jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd k\yaZggh_ k [bheh]bq_kdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb \jh`^_ggh_ jZkkljhckl\h l_fi_jZf_glZ dZ`_lky [he__ \_jhylghc q_f khhl\_lkl\mxsZy lhqdZ aj_gby gZ ^bklbfbx G_dhlhju_ ikbobZlju ijb^_j`b\Zxlky lhqdb aj_gby qlh pbdehlbfby i_j\bqgh h[mkeh\e_gZ oZhlbq_kdbfb h[t_dlb\gufb hlghr_gbyfb \ jZgg_f i_jbh^_ `bagb

< bklhjbq_kdhf Zki_dl_ kms_kl\_gguc \deZ^ \ jZa\blb_ \a]ey^h\ gZ pbdehlbfbx \g_keb Dj_i_ebg Z iha^g__ Rg_c^_j dhlhju_ mklZgh\beb qlh [hevguo k jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZkljh_gby

kljZ^Z_l b jZkkljhckl\Zfb ebqghklb Dj_i_ebg \u^_ebe q_luj_ lbiZ ebqghklguo jZkkljhckl\ ^_ij_kkb\guc fjZqguc fZgbZdZevguc \_k_euc g_aZlhjfh`_gguc jZa^jZ`bl_evguc eZ[bevguc beb wdkiehab\guc b pbdehlbfbq_kdbc Km[t_dl k jZa^jZ`bl_evguf lbihf ebqghklb kh]eZkgh Dj_i_ebgm oZjZdl_jbam_lky l_f lh m g_]h h^gh\j_f_ggh gZ[ex^Zxlky q_jlu dZd ^_ij_kkb\ghklb lZd b fZgbZdZevghklb Z pbdehlbfbq_kdhc ebqghklb k\hckl\_ggu q_j_^h\Zgby oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey fZgbZdZevgh]h b ^_ij_kkb\gh]h lbih\ ebqghklb

Wib^_fbheh]by

JZkijhkljZg_gghklv pbdehlbfbb dZd kqblZxl khklZ\ey_l f_g__ WlZ pbnjZ h^gZdh aZgb`_gZ ba aZ ^bZ]ghklbq_kdbo djbl_jb_\ Z lZd`_ ba aZ lh]h qlh [hevgu_ pbdehlbfb_c ba[_]Zxl h[jZs_gby d \jZqm Ih ^jm]bf ^Zgguf gZ ^hex pbdehlbfbb ijboh^blky ² \k_o ikbobq_kdb [hevguo gZoh^ysboky gZ Zf[meZlhjghf e_q_gbb \dexqZy fgh`_kl\h iZpb_glh\ h[jZsZxsboky ih ih\h^m gZjmr_gby f_`ebqghklguo beb kmijm`_kdbo hlghr_gbc Khhlghr_gb_ f_`^m aZ[he_\Z_fhklvx m `_gsbg b fm`qbg khklZ\ey_l gZqZeh aZ[he_\Zgby m ² [hevguo gZ[ex^Z_lky \ \hajZkl_

² e_l

Wlbheh]by

;bheh]bq_kdbc nZdlhj Bf_xlky fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ^Zggu_ ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_

]bihl_am h lhf qlh pbdehlbfby y\ey_lky km[Znn_dlb\guf jZkkljhckl\hf k\yaZgguf k [biheyjguf jZkkljhckl\hf Ijb[ebabl_evgh m [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c \ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_ hlf_q_gu kemqZb [biheyjguo jZkkljhckl\ wlZ pbnjZ khhl\_lkl\m_l lhc dhlhjZy gZ[ex^Z_lky m [hevguo k [biheyjgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ;he__ lh]h \ jh^hkeh\ghc k_f_c [hevguo k [biheyjgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb qZklh bf__lky ihlhfkl\h [hevguo k [biheyjgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ©k\yaZggh_ª k ihdhe_gb_f [hevguo k pbdehlbfb_c GZijhlb\ kemqZb pbdehlbfbb m jh^kl\_ggbdh\ [hevguo k [biheyjgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb \klj_qZxlky agZqbl_evgh [he__ qZklh q_f kemqZb pbdehlbfbb eb[h m jh^kl\_ggbdh\ [hevguo k ^jm]bfb ikbobq_kdbfb aZ[he_\Zgbyfb eb[h m ikbobq_kdb a^hjh\uo ebp NZdlu k\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_ h lhf qlh ijb[ebabl_evgh m [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c \ihke_^kl\bb gZ[ex^Zxlky ly`_eu_ jZkkljhckl\Z gZkljh_gby qlh m gbo e_]dh \hagbdZ_l \ua\ZggZy Zglb^_ij_kkZglZfb ]bihfZgby b qlh ijb[ebabl_evgh ba gbo iheh`bl_evgh j_Z]bjmxl gZ eblbc ih^l\_j`^Zxl ]bihl_am kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc pbdehlbfby _klv e_]dZy beb hkeZ[e_ggZy nhjfZ [biheyjgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z

M g_dhlhjuo [hevguo bf__l f_klh ]bi_jZdlb\ghklv ]b^jhdhjlbahgZ gZ qlh mdZau\Z_l hlkmlkl\b_ ih^Z\e_gby \ l_kl_ gZ ih^Z\e_gb_ ^_dkZf_lZahgZ Ijbqbgu ih dhlhjuf nhjfbjm_lky f_g__ ly`_eZy nhjfZ pbdehlbfbb fh]ml \dexqZlv f_gvrmx ijhgbpZ_fhklv iZlheh]bq_kdbo ]_gh\ gZebqb_ dhfi_gkbjmxsbo ]_gh\ beb [he__ [eZ]hijbylgu_ wib]_g_lbq_kdb_ nZdlhju

IkbohkhpbZevgu_ nZdlhju Ikboh^bgZfbq_kdb_ l_hjbb ihklmebjmxl \Z`ghklv jZggbo ^_lkdbo i_j_`b\Zgbc ijb wlhf qZklh \uy\eyxl ljZ\fm beb nbdkZpbx \h \j_fy jZgg_c hjZevghc nZau beb nZau feZ^_gq_kdh]h jZa\blby Nj_c^ kqblZe qlh khklhygb_ pbdehlbfbb _klv ihiuldZ w]h ij_h^he_lv `_klhdh_ b dZjZxs__ kmi_jw]h =bihfZgby gZ[ex^Z_lky dh]^Z ^_ij_kkb\gZy ebqghklv k[jZku\Z_l hdh\u \g_rg_]h `_klhdh]h kmi_jw]h kZfhdjblbdZ hlkmlkl\m_l b bkq_aZ_l lhjfh`_gb_ Ijb ]bihfZgbZdZevguo ijbklmiZo hkgh\guf aZsblguf f_oZgbafhf y\ey_lky hljbpZgb_²[hevghc g_ hkhagZ_l \g_rgxx j_Zevghklv b ba[_]Z_l e_`Zsbo \ hkgh\_ wlh]h hkhagZgby ^_ij_kkb\guo hsms_gbc

Debgbq_kdb_ ijbagZdb b kbfilhfu

M [hevguo k pbdehlbfb_c fh]ml bf_lv f_klh \k_ kbfilhfu [biheyjguo jZkkljhckl\ ^_ij_kkb\gu_ fZgbZdZevgu_ b kf_rZggu_ khklhygby Gb`_ ijb\h^ylky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb ^ey pbdehlbfbb

: GZebqb_ ih f_gvr_c f_j_ \ l_q_gb_ e_l ]h^ ^ey ^_l_c b ih^jhkldh\ fgh]hqbke_gguo ]bihfZgbZdZevguo wibah^h\ hl\_qZxsbo \k_f djbl_jbyf fZgbZdZevgh]h ijbklmiZ djhf_ djbl_jby < dhlhjuc mdZau\Z_l gZ \ujZ`_ggu_ gZjmr_gby b fgh]hqbke_gguo i_jbh^h\ ^_ij_kkb\gh]h gZkljh_gby beb ihl_jb bgl_j_kZ beb qm\kl\Z m^h\hevkl\by g_ hl\_qZxsbo djbl_jbx : ^ey ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h ijbklmiZ

; Hlkmlkl\b_ \ l_q_gb_ e_l ]h^ ^ey ^_l_c b ih^jhkldh\ jZkkljhckl\Z i_jbh^Z [_a ]bihfZgbZdZevguo beb ^_ij_kkb\guo kbfilhfh\ \ l_q_gb_ [he__ q_f f_k ih^jy^

< Hlkmlkl\b_ hlq_leb\uo mdZaZgbc gZ gZebqb_ ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h ijbklmiZ beb fZgbZdZevgh]h ijbklmiZ \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo e_l jZkkljhckl\Z ]h^ ^ey ^_l_c b ih^jhkldh\ Hlf_lvl_ ihke_ fbgbfZevgh]h i_jbh^Z pbdehlbfbb fh`_l [ulv gZeh`_gb_ fZgbZdZevgh]h beb ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h ijbklmiZ \ wlbo kemqZyo klZ\blky ^hihegbl_evguc ^bZ]gha [biheyjgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z beb [biheyjgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z >GH

= Hlkmlkl\b_ gZeh`_gby ojhgbq_kdh]h ikbohlbq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z lZdh]h dZd rbahnj_gby beb [j_^h\h_ jZkkljhckl\h

> G_evay mklZgh\blv gZebqb_ dZdh]h eb[h hj]Zgbq_kdh]h nZdlhjZ dhlhjuc e_`Ze [u \ hkgh\_ beb ih^^_j`b\Ze ^Zggh_ jZkkljhckl\h gZijbf_j ih\lhjgZy bglhdkbdZpby gZjdhlbdZfb beb Zedh]he_f

Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ikbobq_kdh]h klZlmkZ ijh\h^blky lZd `_ dZd wlh [ueh hibkZgh ^ey ^_ij_kkb\guo b fZgbZdZevguo ijbklmih\ \ ij_^u^ms_f

jZa^_e_ Kbfilhfu qZklh fh]ml [ulv ihqlb lZdbfb `_ ly`_eufb dZd ijb [biheyjghf jZkkljhckl\_ gh ih k\h_c ijh^he`bl_evghklb hgb g_ hl\_qZxl djbl_jbyf wlh]h jZkkljhckl\Z Ijb[ebabl_evgh m iheh\bgu [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c \ dZq_kl\_ hkgh\gh]h kbfilhfZ gZ[ex^Z_lky ^_ij_kkby b wlb [hevgu_ gZb[he__ qZklh ijb[_]Zxl d ihfhsb ikbobZljZ qlh[u ba[Z\blvky hl ^_ij_kkbb G_dhlhju_ [hevgu_ pbdehlbfb_c kjZam h[gZjm`b\Zxl kbfilhfu ]bihfZgbZdZevghklb b hgb f_g__ qZklh h[jZsZxlky d \jZqm q_f l_ [hevgu_ i_j\bqguf jZkkljhckl\hf m dhlhjuo y\ey_lky ^_ij_kkby Bgh]^Z gh j_^dh gZ[ex^Z_lky qlh [hevgu_ kljZ^Zxl b fZgbZdZevgufb b ^_ij_kkb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb h^bgZdh\hc ^ebl_evghklb Ihqlb m \k_o [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c hlf_qZxlky i_jbh^u kf_rZgghc kbfilhfZlbdb k \ujZ`_gghc jZa^jZ`bl_evghklvx ;hevrbgkl\h [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c h[jZsZxsboky d ikbobZljm g_ ij_mki_\Zxl \ ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ^_yl_evghklb b khpbZevghc `bagb ba aZ k\h_]h aZ[he_\Zgby G_dhlhju_ [hevgu_ pbdehlbfb_c h^gZdh ^hklb]Zxl [hevrbo mki_oh\ ihkdhevdm fh]ml jZ[hlZlv fgh]h qZkh\ ih^jy^ b fZeh kiZlv Kihkh[ghklv hl^_evguo ebqghkl_c [he__ mki_rgh kijZ\eylvky k ijhy\e_gbyfb wlh]h aZ[he_\Zgby aZ\bkbl hl fgh`_kl\Z bg^b\b^mZevguo khpbZevguo b dmevlmjguo nZdlhjh\ < p_ehf pbdehlbfby ij_iylkl\m_l kqZklvx b mki_om

@bagv [hevrbgkl\Z [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c hq_gv ljm^gZ Pbdeu ijb pbdehlbfbb h[uqgh agZqbl_evgh dhjhq_ q_f ijb [biheyjghf jZkkljhckl\_ Kf_gZ gZkljh_gby ijhbkoh^bl j_adh bgh]^Z \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo qZkh\ b g_ ih^qbgy_lky gbdZdbf aZdhghf_jghklyf KemqZcgu_ i_jbh^u ghjfZevgh]h gZkljh_gby ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc g_ij_^kdZam_fu_ baf_g_gby gZkljh_gby dhlhju_ bgh]^Z \uau\Zxl m [hevgh]h agZqbl_evguc klj_kk Hg qZklh hsmsZ_l qlh _]h gZkljh_gb_©\ureh ba ih^ dhgljheyª< i_jbh^u jZa^jZ`bl_evghklb b kf_rZgghc kbfilhfZlbdb [hevgu_ [u\Zxl dhgnebdlgu [_a \kydhc ijbqbgu kkhjylky k ^jmavyfb qe_gZfb k_fvb b k khljm^gbdZfb

Ohly fgh]b_ [hevgu_ h[jZsZxlky d ikbobZljm qlh[u h[e_]qblv ^_ij_kkbx qZklh m gbo \hagbdZxl ljm^ghklb k\yaZggu_ k oZhkhf h[mkeh\e_gguf gZ[ex^Zxsbfbky m gbo fZgbZdZevgufb wibah^Zfb <Z`gh qlh[u debgbpbkl lsZl_evgh ijhZgZebabjh\Ze ijZ\bevgh eb ihklZ\e_g ^bZ]gha pbdehlbfbb \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z m [hevguo gZ[ex^Zxlky ijhy\e_gby koh^gu_ k l_fb dhlhju_ oZjZdl_jgu ^ey khpbhiZlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ ih\_^_gby Lbibqghc `Zeh[hc y\eyxlky ljm^ghklb \ k_f_cguo hlghr_gbyo b \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo k hdjm`Zxsbfb lZd dZd [hevgu_ qZklh [u\Zxl g_jZa[hjqb\u \ k\yayo b jZa^jZ`bl_evgu \ khklhygbyo fZgbb b kf_rZgghc kbfilhfZlbdb Ohly kms_kl\mxl Zg_d^hlbq_kdb_ khh[s_gby h ih\ur_gbb ijh^mdlb\ghklb b l\hjq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb [hevguo \ ]bihfZgbZdZevghf khklhygbb [hevrbgkl\h \jZq_c hlf_qZxl qlh bo [hevgu_ ^_ahj]Zgbah\Zgu b bo ^_yl_evghklv fZehwnn_dlb\gZ gZ jZ[hl_ b \ rdhe_ \ wlb i_jbh^u Aehmihlj_[e_gb_ Zedh]he_f b gZjdhlbdZfb hq_gv oZjZdl_jgh ^ey [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c lZd dZd hgb bkihevamxl wlb \_s_kl\Z ^ey kZfhe_q_gby gZijbf_j Zedh]hev [_gah^bZa_ibgu fZjbomZgm beb qlh[u ^hklb]gmlv ^Z`_ [hevr_c klbfmeypbbgZijbf_j k ihfhsvx dhdZbgZ n_gZfbgZ ]Zeexpbgh]_gh\ dh]^Z hgb gZoh^ylky \

fZgbZdZevghf khklhygbb AZ\bkbfhklv jZa\b\Z_lky ijb[ebabl_evgh m ² pbdehlbfbq_kdbo [hevguo :gZfg_a [hevguo kljZ^Zxsbo pbdehlbfb_c bah[bem_l i_j_^\b`_gb_f ih jZaebqguf ]_h]jZnbq_kdbf h[eZklyf ijbqZklghklvx \ ijhrehf dh fgh]bf j_eb]bhaguf dmevlZf b ^be_lZglbafhf Ke_^mxsbc ijbf_j beexkljbjm_l wlh jZkkljhckl\h

e_lgbc ijh^Z\_p [ue gZijZ\e_g d \jZqm k\h_c ^_\mrdhc k_kljhc \ ikbobZljbq_kdhc [hevgbp_ dhlhjZy aZih^hajbeZ m g_]h gZebqb_ Znn_dlb\gh]h jZkkljhckl\Z ohly kZf [hevghc g_ ohl_e ijbagZlv qlh hg ©fjZqgZyª ebqghklv Hg jZkkdZau\Z_l qlh k e_lg_]h \hajZklZ m g_]h ihy\bebkv q_j_^mxsb_ky ihklhyggh pbdeu dhlhju_ hg oZjZdl_jbam_l keh\Zfb ©ohjhrb_ b iehob_ \j_f_gZª < l_q_gb_ ©iehoh]hªi_jbh^Z h[uqgh ijh^he`Zxs_]hky hl ^h ^g_c hg kebrdhf fgh]h kiZe² ih ² q \ kmldb m g_]h [ueh fZeh wg_j]bb m\_j_gghklb \ k_[_ b ih[m`^_gbc d q_fm eb[h ² ©ijhklh jZklbl_evgZy `bagvª dZd hg gZa\Ze wlh khklhygb_ QZklh m g_]h gZ[ex^Zebkv j_adb_ baf_g_gby ij_bfms_kl\_ggh dh]^Z hg ijhkuiZeky jZgh mljhf gZ beb ^gy \ \b^_ ih\ur_gghc kZfhm\_j_gghklb hkhagZgby k\h_c khpbZevghc agZqbfhklb g_jZa[hjqb\hklb \ k\yayo b h[hklj_ggh]h fure_gby² ©fukeb \kiuob\Zeb \ fh_f fha]_ª< lZdb_ \j_f_gZ hg ijb[_]Ze d Zedh]hex qlh[u mkbeblv wlb hsms_gby b ^ey lh]h qlh[u aZkgmlv Bgh]^Z ©ohjhrb_ i_jbh^uª ^ebebkv ih ² ^g_c gh aZ\_jrZebkv \kiurdZfb jZa^jZ`bl_evghklb b \jZ`^_[ghklb dhlhju_ qZklh [ueb ij_^\_klgbdZfb \ha\jZs_gby d ©iehobf \j_f_gZfª Hg mihlj_[ey_l qZklh fZjbomZgm dhlhjZy dZd hg kqblZ_l ihfh]Z_l _fm©ijbkihkh[blvkyªd ghjfZevghc `bagb

< rdhe_ m g_]h hlf_qZebkv dhe_[Zgby \ mq_[_ \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuo hg [ue ijbagZg kihkh[guf klm^_glhf gh _]h mki_\Z_fhklv hp_g_gZ dZd kj_^gyy ba aZ ©g_klZ[bevghc fhlb\Zpbbª ?]h ijhn_kkbhgZevgZy ^_yl_evghklv \ dZq_kl\_ ijh^Z\pZ fZrbg lZd`_ [ueZ g_jh\ghc k ©ohjhrbfb ^gyfbªkf_gy_fufb©iehobfb ^gyfbªohly b \h \j_fy©ohjhrbo ^g_cªhg bgh]^Z gZqbgZe kihjblv k ihdmiZl_eyfb b l_jye k^_edb dhlhju_ dZaZebkv m`_ ihqlb aZ\_jr_ggufb Ohly \h fgh]bo djm]Zo hg kqblZeky hqZjh\Zl_evguf gh hl^Zeyeky hl ^jma_c dh]^Z [u\Ze jZa^jZ`bl_e_g b \jZ`^_[_g Hg ij_g_[j_]Ze ijZ\beZfb h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb \ ©iehob_ª ^gb b kjZam `_ gZqbgZe \uihegylv bo \ ©ohjhrb_ªi_jbh^uª

H[km`^_gb_ M [hevgh]h \ l_q_gb_ ihke_^gbo e_l gZ[ex^Zebkv fgh]hqbke_ggu_ i_jbh^u \ l_q_gb_ dhlhjuo bf_eZ f_klh kbfilhfZlbdZ oZjZdl_jgZy dZd ^ey ^_ij_kkb\guo lZd b ^ey fZgbZdZevguo wibah^h\ ©Ohjhrb_ª ^gb oZjZdl_jbah\Zebkv qj_af_jghc kZfhm\_j_gghklvx ih\ur_gghc hp_gdhc k\h_c khpbZevghc agZqbfhklb g_jZa[hjqb\ufb k\yayfb b h[hklj_gguf fure_gb_f Ohly kbfilhfZlbdZ wlbo i_jbh^h\ hq_gv [ebadZ d lhc dhlhjZy hl\_qZ_l djbl_jbyf ^ey fZgbZdZevguo wibah^h\ hgZ g_^hklZlhqgh ly`_eZ ^ey lh]h qlh[u [ue ihklZ\e_g ^bZ]gha [biheyjgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z Koh^guf h[jZahf ©iehob_ ^gbª oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky qj_af_jghc khgeb\hklvx b hlkmlkl\b_f wg_j]bb m\_j_gghklb \ k_[_ b fhlb\Zpbb g_^hklZlhqgh ly`_eu b ijh^he`bl_evgu ^ey lh]h qlh[u hl\_qZlv djbl_jbyf ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h ijbklmiZ ;he__ lh]h dhjhldb_ pbdeu ke_^mxl ^jm] aZ ^jm]hf \ i_j_f_`Zxs_fky ihjy^d_ [_a dZdhc eb[h aZdhghf_jghklb hklZ\Zykv \ hkgh\_ k\h_c ojhgbq_kdbfb LZdbf h[jZahf ih^oh^ysbf ^bZ]ghahf y\ey_lky pbdehlbfbq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h >bZ]gha ih '60 ,,, 5Hkv , Pbdehlbfbq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h

L_q_gb_ b ijh]gha

Pbdehlbfby gZb[he__ qZklh gZqbgZ_lky ihkl_i_ggh \ iha^g_f ih^jhkldh\hf \hajZkl_ beb \ \hajZkl_ ijbf_jgh e_l J_ljhki_dlb\gh [hevgu_ hibku\Zxl k_[y \

jZgg_f ^_lkl\_ dZd k_gkblb\guo ]bi_jZdlb\guo beb fjZqguo GZebqb_ pbdehlbfbb \ jZgg_f ih^jhkldh\hf \hajZkl_ b jZgg_c xghklb fh`_l h[mkeh\blv \hagbdgh\_gb_ hq_gv ly`_euo hlghr_gbc k k_fv_c b ^jmavyfb b dZd j_amevlZl wlh]h iehomx mki_\Z_fhklv \ rdhe_ b g_mki_rghklv \ jZ[hl_ J_Zdpby [hevguo gZ wlh jZkkljhckl\h gZ ijhly`_gbb `bagb [u\Z_l jZaghc [hevgu_ k [he__ Z^Zilb\gufb kljZl_]byfb iha\heyxsbfb kijZ\blvky k [he_agvx beb k ohjhrbfb f_oZgbafZfb aZsblu w]h bf_xl emqrbc ijh]gha Ijb[ebabl_evgh ² pbdehlbfbq_kdbo [hevguo e_q_gguo Zglb^_ij_kkZglZfb i_j_`b\Zxl fZgbZdZevgu_ beb ]bihfZgbZdZevgu_ wibah^u Ijb[ebabl_evgh m h^ghc lj_lb [hevguo pbdehlbfb_c jZa\b\Z_lky ly`_eh_ jZkkljhckl\h gZkljh_gby h[uqgh [biheyjgh_ jZkkljhckl\h ,, l _ ly`_euc ^_ij_kkb\guc ijbklmi k ]bihfZgbZdZevgufb wibah^Zfb

>bZ]gha

< '60 ,,, 5 dZd mdZau\Zehkv \ur_ kh^_j`blky gZebqb_ beb hlkmlkl\b_ hij_^_e_gguo djbl_jb_\ ^ey pbdehlbfbb Lj_[m_lky e_lgbc i_jbh^ g_h[uqgh ijbih^gylh]h wdkiZgkb\gh]h beb jZa^jZ`bl_evgh]h gZkljh_gby k fgh]hqbke_ggufb wibah^Zfb ^_ij_kkb\gh]h gZkljh_gby b [_a i_jbh^Z hlkmlkl\by kbfilhfZlbdb ijh^he`Zxs_]hky [he__ q_f f_k Wlb kbfilhfu g_ ^he`gu hl\_qZlv gb djbl_jbx ly`_eh]h ^_ij_kkb\gh]h gb fZgbZdZevgh]h wibah^Z Ih hij_^_e_gbx g_ ^he`gh [ulv gbdZdbo ikbohlbq_kdbo ijhy\e_gbc Z lZd`_ g_ ^he`gh [ulv gbdZdh]h hj]Zgbq_kdh]h nZdlhjZ dhlhjuc h[mkeh\eb\Ze [u wlm kbfilhfZlbdm gbdZdh]h ij_iZjZlZ Ih^lbih\ pbdehlbfbb \ '60 ,,, 5 g_ \u^_ey_lky

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc ^bZ]gha

Ijb gZebqbb pbdehlbfbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ g_h[oh^bfh bkdexqblv hj]Zgbq_kdbc ikbohkbg^jhf gZijbf_j ijbiZ^db b aehmihlj_[e_gb_ gZjdhlbdZfb gZijbf_j dhdZbghf n_gZfbghf b kl_jhb^Zfb Ke_^m_l lZd`_ jZkkfhlj_lv ih]jZgbqgu_ khklhygby ZglbkhpbZevgu_ gZjpbkkbq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb AjZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb \ \b^_ kdehgghklb d ^_fhgkljZlb\ghklb b l_ZljZevghklb dh]^Z klZ\blky ^bZ]gha pbdehlbfbb IZll_jg \ \b^_ oZhlbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby b g_klZ[bevguo \aZbfhk\ya_c k hdjm`Zxsbfb hl\_qZxsbc djbl_jbx ^ey ih]jZgbqgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb fh`_l gZ kZfhf ^_e_ [ulv ijhy\e_gb_f pbdehlbfbb dhlhjZy j_Z]bjm_l gZ l_jZibx eblb_f >_nbpbl \gbfZgby k ]bi_jZdlb\ghklvx y\ey_lky jZkkljhckl\hf dhlhjh_ hq_gv ljm^gh hl^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zlv hl pbdehlbfbb m ^_l_c b ih^jhkldh\ Ijbf_g_gb_ klbfmeylhjh\ ihfh]Z_l [hevrbgkl\m [hevguo kljZ^Zxsbo jZkkljhckl\hf \ \b^_ ^_nbpblZ \gbfZgby k ]bi_jZdlb\ghklvx b \uau\Z_l mkbe_gb_ ijhy\e_gbc m [hevrbgkl\Z [hevguo k pbdehlbfb_c

Debgbq_kdbc ih^oh^

Ohly bg^b\b^mZevgZy ikbohl_jZiby kZfZ ih k_[_ h[uqgh g_ kqblZ_lky wnn_dlb\ghc ^ey pbdehlbfbb hgZ hq_gv qZklh ihfh]Z_l [hevguf emqr_ hkhagZlv k\hb dhe_[Zgby gZkljh_gby b ihke_^kl\by dhlhju_ gZ[ex^Zxlky \ j_amevlZl_ bo ihklmidh\ ih hlghr_gbx d hdjm`Zxsbf <ke_^kl\b_ ojhgbq_kdhc ijbjh^u ^Zggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z [hevguf qZklh lj_[m_lky e_q_gb_ gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_c `bagb K_f_cgZy b ]jmiih\Zy l_jZiby lZd`_ fh]ml [ulv ihe_agufb \ hlghr_gbb ih^^_j`db h[mq_gby b e_q_gby wlbo [hevguo b l_o dlh aZ gbfb moZ`b\Z_l

>ey e_q_gby pbdehlbfbb ijbf_gyxl lZd`_ eblbc Ijb[ebabl_evgh [hevguo

j_Z]bjm_l gZ eblbc \ ^bZiZahg_ _]h kh^_j`Zgby \ ku\hjhld_ \ dhebq_kl\_ ²

f]wd\ e E_q_gb_ ^_ij_kkb\guo [hevguo k pbdehlbfb_c Zglb^_ij_kkZglZfb ^he`gh ijh\h^blvky k hklhjh`ghklvx ba aZ \hafh`ghklb \hagbdgh\_gby ]bihfZgbZdZevguo beb fZgbZdZevguo wibah^h\

=eZ\Z

J:KKLJHCKL<: < <B>? LJ?<H@GHKLB BEB G?<JHAU LJ?<H@GHKLB B NH;BQ?KDB? G?<JHAU

LJ?<H@GHKLV

: G $XGHQ gZa\Ze kh\j_f_ggmx wjm©\_dhf lj_\h]bª Keh`ghklb pb\bebaZpbb [ukljhlZ baf_g_gbc b qZklbqguc hldZa hl j_eb]bhaguo b k_f_cguo p_gghkl_c kha^Zxl \k_ gh\u_ lj_\h]b b dhgnebdlu ^ey hl^_evguo km[t_dlh\ b h[s_kl\Z \ p_ehf K_cqZk fgh]h \gbfZgby m^_ey_lky jZaf_jm lbim b \ebygbx lj_\h]b qlh hljZ`Z_lky b \ kh\j_f_gghc f_^bpbg_ >_ckl\bl_evgh lj_\h`ghklv y\ey_lky g_hlt_fe_fhc qZklvx ikbohkhfZlbq_kdhc f_^bpbgu Z lZd`_ l_hjbb b ijZdlbdb ikbobZljbb >Z`_ m [hevguo k ih\j_`^_gb_f dZdbo eb[h kljmdlmj h[gZjm`b\Z_lky lj_\h]Z ih ih\h^m \hafh`ghc g_ljm^hkihkh[ghklb g_iheghp_gghklb b [_kihfhsghklb dhlhjZy y\ey_lky kms_kl\_gghc hkh[_gghklvx wlbo aZ[he_\Zgbc

HIJ?>?E?GB?

Lj_\h`ghklv y\ey_lky ^bnnmaguf hq_gv g_ijbylguf qZklh kfmlguf hsms_gb_f hiZk_gby q_]h lh khijh\h`^Zxsbfky h^gbf beb g_kdhevdbfb khfZlbq_kdbfb hsms_gbyfb²gZijbf_j hsms_gb_f imklhlu \ ih^eh`_qghc h[eZklb qm\kl\hf kl_kg_gby \ ]jm^b k_j^p_[b_gb_f ihleb\hklvx ]heh\ghc [hevx beb \g_aZiguf ih[m`^_gb_f hihjh`gblv dbr_qgbd Lbibqgufb y\eyxlky lZd`_ [_kihdhckl\h b g_\hafh`ghklv hklZ\Zlvky gZ h^ghf f_kl_

Lj_\h`ghklv ² gZklhjZ`b\Zxsbc kb]gZe ij_^mij_`^Zxsbc h gZ^\b]Zxs_cky hiZkghklb b aZklZ\eyxsbc q_eh\_dZ ijbgylv f_ju qlh[u kijZ\blvky k hiZkghklvx KljZo lZd`_ gZklhjZ`b\Zxsbc kb]gZe hlebqZ_lky hl lj_\h`ghklb ke_^mxsbfb hkh[_gghklyfb kljZo _klv j_Zdpby gZ hiZkghklv ba\_klgmx \g_rgxx hij_^_e_ggmx b g_ijhlb\hj_qb\mx ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ lj_\h]Z²wlh j_Zdpby gZ hiZkghklv g_ba\_klgmx \gmlj_ggxx kfmlgmx beb ijhlb\hj_qb\mx ih k\h_c ijbjh^_

JZaebqby f_`^m kljZohf b lj_\h]hc \hagbdZxl kemqZcgh JZggb_ i_j_\h^qbdb Nj_c^Z g_ijZ\bevgh i_j_\_eb DQJVW ²g_f_pdh_ keh\h hagZqZxs__ ©kljZoª dZd ©lj_\h]Zª KZf Nj_c^ h[uqgh b]ghjbjh\Ze jZaebqby f_`^m lj_\h]hc k\yau\Z_fhc k ih^Z\e_gguf [_kkhagZl_evguf h[t_dlhf b kljZohf hlghkysbfky d ba\_klghfm \g_rg_fm h[t_dlm Hq_\b^gh qlh kljZo fh`_l hlghkblvky d [_kkhagZl_evghfm ih^Z\e_gghfm \gmlj_gg_fm h[t_dlm i_j_ghkbfhfm gZ ^jm]mx©\_svª\h \g_rg_f fbj_ GZijbf_j fZevqbd fh`_l [hylvky kh[Zd ihlhfm qlh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ hg [hblky k\h_]h hlpZ b [_kkhagZl_evgh Zkkhpbbjm_l k\h_]h hlpZ k kh[ZdZfb >jm]bf ijbf_jhf y\ey_lky kemqZc dh]^Z j_[_ghd bkiulu\Z_l kfmlgh_ hsms_gb_ qlh _fm ijb^_lky jZkklZlvky kh k\hbf ^hfhf ihlhfm qlh hg hsmlbe k_dkmZevgh_ \ha[m`^_gb_ dh]^Z hdZaZeky k\b^_l_e_f dZd ^\_ kh[Zdb kiZjb\Zebkv gZ mebp_ b l_i_jv [_kkhagZl_evgh k\yau\Ze kh[Zd k \bghc aZ k\hc ]j_o \ \b^_ k_dkmZevguo hsms_gbc

IKBOHEH=BQ?KDB? HKH;?GGHKLB LJ?<H=B B KLJ:O:

Kh]eZkgh ml\_j`^_gbyf ikbohZgZeblbdh\ jZa^_e_gb_ gZ kljZo b lj_\h]m ikboheh]bq_kdb hijZ\^Zgh Wfhpby \hagbdZxsZy ijb [ukljhf ijb[eb`_gbb fZrbgu dh]^Z q_eh\_d i_j_k_dZ_l mebpm hlebqZ_lky hl kfmlgh]h ^bkdhfnhjlZ dh]^Z q_eh\_d \klj_qZ_l gh\uo ex^_c \ g_agZdhfhf hdjm`_gbb Hkgh\guf ikboheh]bq_kdbf jZaebqb_f f_`^m wlbfb ^\mfy wfhpbhgZevgufb j_Zdpbyfb y\ey_lky bo hkljuc beb ojhgbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j >Zj\bg ih^^_j`b\Ze lhqdm aj_gby qlh keh\h ©kljZoª ijhbkoh^bl hl q_]h lh \g_aZigh]h b hiZkgh]h < g_cjhnbabheh]bq_kdhf hlghr_gbb hq_gv \Z`gZ lZd`_ ijh^he`bl_evghklv n_ghf_gh\ lj_\h]b b kljZoZ < ] QZjeva >Zj\bg ^Ze ke_^mxs__ hibkZgb_ nbabheh]bq_kdhfm ijhy\e_gbx hkljh]h kljZoZ i_j_oh^ys_]h \ m`Zk

©KljZom qZklh ij_^r_kl\m_l m^b\e_gb_ b hgh gZklhevdh kjh^gb _fm qlh h[Z ijb\h^yl d hsms_gbyf \b^_gby b keurZgby dhlhju_ f]gh\_ggh Zdlb\bjmxlky < h[hbo kemqZyo ]eZaZ b jhl rbjhdh hldjulu Z [jh\b ih^gylu Bkim]Zgguc q_eh\_d kgZqZeZ hklZgZ\eb\Z_lky dZd \dhiZgguc [_a ^\b`_gby b [_a ^uoZgby beb ijbiZ^Z_l d a_fe_ dZd [u bgklbgdlb\gh klj_fykv mclb hl m\b^_ggh]h K_j^p_ [v_lky kbevgh b [ukljh lZd qlh hgh lj_i_s_l beb©klmqbl \ j_[jZªh^gZdh hq_gv khfgbl_evgh qlh[u hgh \ wlh \j_fy jZ[hlZeh [he__ wnn_dlb\gh q_f h[uqgh l _ qlh[u hgh ihkueZeh [hevr_ djh\b \h \k_ qZklb l_eZ ihkdhevdm ebph h[uqgh klZgh\blky lZdbf [e_^guf dZd ijb gZqbgZxs_fky h[fhjhd_ WlZ [e_^ghklv dh`b ih \b^bfhfm \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb beb bkdexqbl_evgh h[tykgy_lky l_f qlh \Zahfhlhjguc p_glj ihjZ`Z_lky lZdbf h[jZahf qlh h[mkeh\eb\Z_l km`_gb_ g_[hevrbo Zjl_jbc dh`b Lh qlh gZ dh`m hdZau\Z_lky kbevgh_ \ebygb_ khklhygby kbevgh]h kljZoZ fu \b^bf gZ [ebklZl_evghf b g_ih^^Zxs_fky h[tykg_gbx ijbf_j_ dh]^Z ba g__ g_f_^e_ggh \uklmiZ_l ihl WlZ wdkkm^Zpby l_f [he__ ijbf_qZl_evgZ qlh ih\_joghklv dh`b hklZ_lky oheh^ghc hlkx^Z gZa\Zgb_²©oheh^guc ihlª \ lh `_ \j_fy ihlh\u_ `_e_au h[uqgh ijb\h^ylky \ ^_ckl\b_ dh]^Z ih\_joghklv gZ]j_\Z_lky <hehku lZd`_ b gZ dh`_ ih^gbfZxlky Z ih\_joghklgu_ furpu ^jh`Zl < k\yab k gZjmr_gghc jZ[hlhc k_j^pZ ^uoZgb_ mkdhjy_lky GZjmrZ_lky nmgdpby kexgguo `_e_a jhl klZgh\blky kmobf b qZklhl_ hldju\Z_lky lh aZdju\Z_lky Y lZd`_ aZf_lbe qlh ijb g_[hevrhf kljZo_ ihy\ey_lky kbevgh_ `_eZgb_ a_\Zlv H^gbf ba kZfuo \ujZ`_gguo kbfilhfh\ y\ey_lky >jh`Zgb_ \k_o furp l_eZ b wlh ij_`^_ \k_]h aZf_lgh gZ ]m[Zo Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ Z lZd`_ ba aZ kmohklb \h jlm ]hehk klZgh\blky ojbieuf beb g_hlq_leb\uf Z bgh]^Z ijhiZ^Z_l kh\k_f

Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd kljZo mkbeb\Z_lky ij_\jZsZykv \ fmdm m`ZkZ fu aZf_qZ_f dZd ih^ \ebygb_f hq_gv kbevguo wfhpbc \hagbdZxl jZaghh[jZagu_ y\e_gby K_j^p_ [v_lky hq_gv kbevgh beb fh`_l hldZaZlv b gZklmiZ_l h[fhjhd hlf_qZ_lky

kf_jl_evgZy [e_^ghklv ^uoZgb_ aZljm^g_gh djuevy ghkZ kbevgh jZkrbj_gu ]m[u kh\_jrZxl km^hjh`gu_ ]ehlZl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby gZ[ex^Z_lky lj_fhj \\Zeb\rboky s_d ©aZ^uoZxsb_kyª b ©eh\ysb_ \ha^moª ^\b`_gby ]hjlZgb g_ijbdjulu_ b gZ\udZl_ ]eZagu_ y[ehdb nbdkbjh\Zgu gZ h[t_dl_ \gmrZxs_f m`Zk beb hgb fh]ml [_kihdhcgh \jZsZlvky ba klhjhgu \ klhjhgm AjZqdb g_ghjfZevgh jZkrbj_gu <k_ furpu l_eZ klZgh\ylky `_kldbfb beb kh\_jrZxl km^hjh`gu_ ^\b`_gby Dbklb jmd ihi_j_f_ggh k`bfZxlky b jZa`bfZxlky qZklh ih^_j]b\Zxsbfbky ^\b`_gbyfb Jmdb fh]ml [ulv \ulygmlu dZd [u ^ey lh]h qlh[u hl\_klb kljZrgmx hiZkghklv beb fh]ml ho\Zlu\Zlv ]heh\m < ^jm]bo kemqZyo h[gZjm`b\Z_lky kbevgh_ b g_ ih^^Zxs__ky dhgljhex klj_fe_gb_ d g_f_^e_gghfm [_]kl\m b hgh lZd kbevgh qlh ^Z`_ kZfu_ kf_eu_ khe^Zlu ih^^Zxlky \g_aZighc iZgbd_ª

Bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ijhy\e_gby lj_\h]b hq_gv fgh]hh[jZagu M g_dhlhjuo [hevguo hlf_qZxlky k_j^_qgh khkm^bklu_ gZjmr_gby gZijbf_j k_j^p_[b_gb_ b ihleb\hklv m g_dhlhjuo²`_em^hqgh dbr_qgu_ jZkkljhckl\Z gZijbf_j lhrghlZ j\hlZ hsms_gb_ imklhlu b g_j\ghc ^jh`b \ `_em^d_ ©fmlbl hl kljZoZª \a^mlb_ `b\hlZ beb ^Z`_ ihghk m g_dhlhjuo²mqZs_gb_ fhq_bkimkdZgby m ^jm]bo²ih\_joghklgh_ ^uoZgb_ b qm\kl\h kl_kg_gby \ ]jm^b <k_ i_j_qbke_ggu_ \ur_ j_Zdpbb y\eyxlky \bkp_jZevgufb H^gZdh m jy^Z [hevguo ij_h[eZ^Zxl y\e_gby gZijy`_gby furp b hgb `Zemxlky gZ lh qlh furpu g_ ]gmlky beb gZ kiZafu ]heh\gmx [hev b bkdjb\e_gb_ r_b

KLJ?KK B LJ?<H@GHKLV

Y\eyxlky eb dZdb_ lh kh[ulby klj_kkhjgufb aZ\bkbl hl ijbjh^u kh[ulby lZd `_ dZd hl j_kmjkh\ b kihkh[ghklb d aZsbl_ b f_oZgbafh\ iha\heyxsbo kijZ\eylvky kh klj_kkhf m ^Zgghc ebqghklb Wlh \k_ \dexqZ_l _]h©w]hªh[smx Z[kljZdpbx dhlhjZy k\yaZgZ k l_f dZd km[t_dl \hkijbgbfZ_l ^mfZ_l b ^_ckl\m_l \ hl\_l gZ \g_rgb_ kh[ulby beb \gmlj_ggb_ ih[m`^_gby ?keb w]h ^Zggh]h km[t_dlZ nmgdpbhgbjm_l ghjfZevgh agZqbl hg gZoh^blky \ khklhygbb Z^Zilb\gh]h [ZeZgkZ dZd k \g_rgbf lZd b k \gmlj_ggbf fbjhf _keb hgh g_ nmgdpbhgbjm_l ghjfZevgh b wlhl ^bk[ZeZgk ijh^he`Z_lky ^hklZlhqgh ^he]h m g_]h jZah\v_lky ojhgbq_kdZy lj_\h`ghklv <j_fy \hagbdgh\_gby ikbohg_\jhah\ m jZaguo ex^_c jZaebqgh

Y\ey_lky eb ^bk[ZeZgk \g_rgbf jZa\b\Zxsbfky f_`^m \ha^_ckl\byfb \g_rg_]h fbjZ b w]h ^Zggh]h [hevgh]h beb \gmlj_ggbf jZa\b\Zxsbfky f_`^m _jh bfimevkZfbgZijbf_j Z]j_kkb\ghklvx k_dkmZevghklvx beb aZ\bkbfhklvx b _]h khagZgb_f \ ex[hf kemqZ_ hg \uau\Z_l dhgnebdl Dhgnebdlu h[mkeh\e_ggu_ \g_rgbfb kh[ulbyfb h[uqgh gZau\Zxlky ©f_`ebqghklgufbª lh]^Z dZd h[mkeh\e_ggu_ \gmlj_ggbfb y\e_gbyfb gZau\Zxlky©bgljZikbobq_kdbfbª beb©\gmljbebqghklgufbª <hafh`gZ dhf[bgZpby h[hbo gZijbf_j \ kemqZ_ k f_edbf qbgh\gbdhf m dhlhjh]h [ue kebrdhf lj_[h\Zl_evguc b \k_f g_^h\hevguc r_n b dhlhjhfm ijboh^behkv ihklhyggh m^_j`b\Zlv k_[y khijhlb\eyykv bfimevkZf m^Zjblv r_nZ ih ]heh\_ ba kljZoZ ihl_jylv jZ[hlm F_`ebqghklgu_ b \gmljbebqghklgu_ dhgnebdlu h[uqgh khq_lZxlky ihkdhevdm ex^b y\eyxlky khpbZevgufb kms_kl\Zfb b bo hkgh\gu_ dhgnebdlu e_`Zl \ h[eZklb \aZbfhhlghr_gbc k ^jm]bfb ex^vfb

Dhgnebdlu y\eyxlky ^jm]hc kms_kl\_gghc hkh[_gghklvx lj_\h`ghklb gh bo hlkmlkl\b_ g_ hagZqZ_l qlh g_ [m^_l kljZoZ lZd dZd dhgnebdl kh^_j`blky \ hij_^_e_gghf lbi_ kljZoh\ gZau\Z_fuo nh[byfb < ]_g_a_ wdki_jbf_glZevguo g_\jhah\ dhgnebdl h[yaZl_evgh bf__lky Dhgnebdl kms_kl\m_l lZd`_ \ kemqZyo dh]^Z \hagbdZxl ij_iylkl\by beb ihf_ob d k_dkmZevghc Zdlb\Zpbb lZd qlh kbevgh_ \ha[m`^_gb_ g_ fh`_l jZajy^blvky beb dh]^Z ijbklmi yjhklb g_ gZoh^bl \g_rg_]h \ujZ`_gby ba aZ aZlhjfh`_gghklb ^\b`_gbc

IjbqbgZ ojhgbq_kdhc lj_\h`ghklb fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_gZ ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf Ih\lhjgu_ ijbklmiu kljZoZ ² beb h^bghqgu_ ijbklmiu \ bkdexqbl_evguo kemqZyo gZijbf_j m ebp k ihklljZ\fZlbq_kdbf klj_kkh\uf jZkkljhckl\hf beb k g_dhlhjufb lbiZfb nh[bb² h[mkeh\eb\Zxl ojhgbq_kdbc klj_kk dhlhjuc \uau\Z_l bgl_gkb\gmx b ^ebl_evgmx g_cjhwg^hdjbggmx j_Zdpbx khijh\h`^Zxsmxky gZ ikboheh]bq_kdhf mjh\g_ dhgnebdlhf < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h jZa\b\Z_lky ojhgbq_kdZy lj_\h`ghklv

Mjh\gb lj_\h`ghklb

>ey \k_o wfhpbc \dexqZy lj_\h`ghklv kms_kl\mxl ljb mjh\gy < \hkoh^ys_f