Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Клиническая психиатрия_Каплан_Седок

.pdf
Скачиваний:
44
Добавлен:
16.05.2015
Размер:
3.83 Mб
Скачать

gZ\udb b bkihevah\Zlv bo ^hfZ

=jmiih\Zy l_jZiby

F_lh^u ]jmiih\hc l_jZibb bkihevamxlky ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby dZd \gmljb lZd b f_`ebqghklguo ijh[e_f m [hevguo k k_dkmZevgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb =jmiih\Zy l_jZiby hdZau\Z_l ohjhr__ ^_ckl\b_ gZ [hevgh]h dhlhjuc qm\kl\m_l klu^ lj_\h]m beb \bgm ih ih\h^m qZklghc k_dkmZevghc ijh[e_fu WlZ ^bkdmkkby iha\hey_l ijhlb\hklhylv k_dkmZevguf fbnZf bkijZ\blv hrb[hqgu_ ihabpbb b h[_ki_qblv lhqgmx bgnhjfZpbx hlghkbl_evgh k_dkmZevghc ZgZlhfbb nbabheh]bb b \ZjbZglh\ ih\_^_gby

=jmiiu ^ey e_q_gby k_dkmZevguo jZkkljhckl\ fh]ml [ulv hj]Zgbah\Zgu ih jZaghfm M qe_gh\ ]jmiiu fh]ml bf_lv f_klh h^gb b l_ `_ gZjmr_gby lZdb_ dZd ij_`^_\j_f_ggZy wydmeypby qe_gu fh]ml [ulv h[t_^bg_gu gZ hkgh\Zgbb h^bgZdh\h]h iheZ b jZaebqgufb k_dkmZevgufb ijh[e_fZfb beb `_ ]jmiiu fh]ml khklhylv dZd ba fm`qbg lZd b ba `_gsbg dhlhju_ lZd`_ bkiulu\Zxl jZaebqgu_ k_dkmZevgu_ aZljm^g_gby =jmiih\Zy l_jZiby fh`_l y\blvky \kihfh]Zl_evguf f_lh^hf d hkgh\ghc l_jZibb beb `_ [ulv hkgh\guf \b^hf l_jZibb =jmiiu hj]Zgbah\Zggu_ ^ey e_q_gby hij_^_e_gghc ^bknmgdpbb h[uqgh [u\Zxl ih\_^_gq_kdbfb ih ih^oh^m

Wnn_dlb\gufb y\eyxlky lZd`_ ]jmiiu k_dkmZevgh ^bknmgdpbhgZevguo `_gZluo iZj =jmiiZ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv kh[jZlv gm`gmx bgnhjfZpbx h[_ki_qblv kh]eZkh\Zggh_ maZdhgb\Zgb_ bg^b\b^mZevgh]h ij_^ihql_gby b ih\ukblv kZfhhp_gdm b kZfh\hkijbylb_ F_lh^bdb lZdb_ dZd \uiheg_gb_ jheb beb ikboh^jZfZ fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu \ ijhp_kk_ e_q_gby Ih^h[gu_ ]jmiiu g_ ihdZaZgu ^ey iZj \ dhlhjuo h^bg iZjlg_j g_ `_eZ_l khljm^gbqZlv dh]^Z [hevghc kljZ^Z_l ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkb_c beb ikbohahf dh]^Z bf__lky kbevgh_ hl\jZs_gb_ d ^_lZevghfm Zm^bh\bamZevghfm k_dkmZevghfm fZl_jbZem beb dh]^Z gZ[ex^Z_lky kljZo i_j_^ ]jmiihc

:gZeblbq_kdb hjb_glbjh\ZggZy k_dkhl_jZiby

H^gbf ba gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guo kihkh[h\ e_q_gby y\ey_lky khq_lZgb_ k_dkhl_jZibb k ikboh^bgZfbq_kdhc b ikbohZgZeblbq_kdb hjb_glbjh\Zgghc ikbohl_jZib_c K_dkmZevgZy l_jZiby ijh\h^blky [he__ ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy q_f h[uqgh b jZkrbj_ggZy ko_fZ e_q_gby iha\hey_l ijh\_klb h[mq_gb_ beb i_j_h[mq_gb_ ihemq_gby k_dkmZevgh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby \ j_Zevghc ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb [hevgh]h >h[Z\e_gb_ ikboh^bgZfbq_kdhc dhgp_ilmZebaZpbb d ih\_^_gq_kdhc l_ogbd_ bkihevam_fh_ ^ey e_q_gby k_dkmZevguo ^bknmgdpbc iha\hey_l h[_ki_qblv [hevghfm k k_dkmZevgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb e_q_gb_ lZd`_ b gZjmr_gbc k\yaZgguo k ^jm]hc ikbohiZlheh]b_c

L_fu b ^bgZfbdZ dhlhju_ \hagbdZxl m [hevguo \ ijhp_kk_ ZgZeblbq_kdb hjb_glbjh\Zgghc l_jZibb l_ `_ kZfu_ dhlhju_ bf_xlky \ ikbohZgZeblbq_kdhc l_jZibb lZdb_ dZd j_e_\Zglgu_ f_qlu kljZo gZdZaZgby Z]j_kkb\gu_ qm\kl\Z ljm^ghklb \ ^h\_jbb d iZjlg_jm kljZo i_j_^ bglbfgufb hlghr_gbyfb w^biZevgu_ qm\kl\Z b kljZo i_j_^ ]_gblZevguf m\_qv_f

Khq_lZgguc ih^oh^ ZgZeblbq_kdb hjb_glbjh\Zgghc k_dkhl_jZibb bkihevam_lky h[sbfb ikbobZljZfb dhlhju_ lsZl_evgh ih^[bjZxl hilbfZevgh_ \j_fy ^ey k_dkhl_jZibb b \uykgyxl kihkh[ghklb [hevgh]h i_j_ghkblv ^bj_dlb\guc ih^oh^ d e_q_gbx _]h k_dkmZevguo gZjmr_gbc

F_lh^u [bheh]bq_kdh]h e_q_gby

;bheh]bq_kdb_ nhjfu e_q_gby bf_xl h]jZgbq_ggh_ ijbf_g_gb_ gh wlhfm f_lh^m

m^_ey_lky [hevr_ \gbfZgby <gmljb\_ggh_ \\_^_gb_ f_lh]_dkblZeZ gZljby %UHYLWDO ijbf_gy_lky ^ey ^_k_gkblbaZpbhgghc l_jZibb :glbZgdkbhlbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh`gh ijbf_gylv hq_gv lj_\h`guf [hevguf ohly wlb ij_iZjZlu gZjmrZxl k_dkmZevgmx j_Zdpbx Bgh]^Z ih[hqgu_ wnn_dlu lZdbo ij_iZjZlh\ dZd lbhjb^Zabg b ljbpbdebq_kdb_ Zglb^_ij_kkZglu bkihevamxlky ^ey lh]h qlh[u m^ebgblv k_dkmZevgmx j_Zdpbx ijb lZdhf gZjmr_gbb dZd ij_`^_\j_f_ggZy wydmeypby Ijbf_g_gb_ ljbpbdebq_kdbo Zglb^_ij_kkZglh\ ihdZaZgh lZd`_ ijb e_q_gbb [hevguo dhlhju_ bkiulu\Zxl kljZo i_j_^ k_dkmZevgufb hlghr_gbyfb

NZjfZdheh]bq_kdbc ih^oh^ \dexqZ_l lZd`_ e_q_gb_ ih^e_`Zsbo ikbobq_kdbo gZjmr_gbc dhlhju_ fh]ml \ghkblv \deZ^ \ k_dkmZevgmx ^bknmgdpbx GZijbf_j [hevgu_ m dhlhjuo k_dkmZevgZy nmgdpby gZjmr_gZ \ j_amevlZl_ ^_ij_kkbb h[gZjm`b\Zxl memqr_gb_ wlhc nmgdpbb ih f_j_ hkeZ[e_gby ^_ij_kkbb ih^ ^_ckl\b_f Zglb^_ij_kkZglh\

Ki_pbnbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ ^bknmgdpbc \ p_ehf g_ y\ey_lky mki_rguf L_klhkl_jhg dhlhjuc \eby_l gZ eb[b^h hdZau\Z_l ohjhrbc wnn_dl m l_o [hevguo m dhlhjuo mjh\_gv _]h ihgb`_g M `_gsbg h^gZdh ijbf_g_gb_ l_klhkl_jhgZ ijb\h^bl d fZkdmebgbaZpbb gZijbf_j d h]jm[_gbx ]hehkZ m\_ebq_gbx deblhjZ b ]bjkmlbafm ijbq_f g_ \k_ ba wlbo ijhy\e_gbc y\eyxlky h[jZlbfufb ijb ij_djZs_gbb e_q_gby L_klhkl_jhg ijhlb\hihdZaZg dh]^Z g_h[oh^bfh khojZgblv kihkh[ghklv d \hkijhba\_^_gbx ihlhfkl\Z KemqZ_\ Znjh^babc g_ hlf_q_gh LZdb_ \_s_kl\Z dZd ihjhrdhh[jZaguc jh] ghkhjh]Z hdZau\Zxl klbfmebjmxsbc wnn_dl lhevdh [eZ]h^Zjy kbe_ \gmr_gby kha^Z\Z_fhc ^Zgghc dmevlmjhc

Objmj]bq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ ihdZaZgh _s_ \ [he__ j_^dbo kemqZyo gh bgh]^Z k ihfhsvx ijhl_abjh\Zgby hj]Zgh\ kihkh[kl\mxsbo wj_dpbb iheh\h]h qe_gZ m^Z_lky memqrblv wlm nmgdpbx m fm`qbg \ kemqZyo dhlhju_ g_ ih^^Zxlky ^jm]bf f_lh^Zf e_q_gby beb \ kemqZyo \ hkgh\_ dhlhjuo e_`Zl hj]Zgbq_kdb_ nZdlhju Ijhl_abjh\Zgb_ iheh\h]h qe_gZ m fm`qbg dhlhju_ mljZlbeb kihkh[ghklv d wydmeypbb

beb kihkh[ghklv bf_lv hj]Zaf ih ijbqbgZf hj]Zgbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ g_ iha\hey_l \hkklZgh\blv wlb nmgdpbb Fm`qbgu k ijhl_aZfb hj]Zgh\ kihkh[kl\mxsbo wj_dpbb hlf_qZxl agZqbl_evgh_ memqr_gb_ k_dkmZevghc nmgdpbb ihke_ ijhl_abjh\Zgby Bo `_gu h^gZdh ihemqZxl f_gvr_ m^h\e_l\hj_gby q_f fm`qbgu J_dhf_g^m_lky i_j_^ hi_jZpb_c h[km^blv __ ihke_^kl\by k h[hbfb qe_gZfb iZju qlh[u hgb bf_eb j_Zevgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf q_]h ke_^m_l h`b^Zlv hl g__ \ ieZg_ bo k_dkmZevghc `bagb G_dhlhju_ \jZqb ijb[_]Zxl d j_\ZkdmeyjbaZpbb iheh\h]h qe_gZ dZd ijyfhfm f_lh^m e_q_gby gZjmr_gby wj_dpbb k\yaZggh]h k khkm^bklufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb M [hevguo k dhjihjZevgufb ZgZklhfhaZfb ijb\h^ysbfb d ijhkZqb\Zgbx djh\b dhlhjZy \ ghjfZevguo mkeh\byo aZ^_j`b\Z_lky \ ihehklyo l_eZ qlh lZd`_ kihkh[kl\m_l g_Z^_d\Zlghc wj_dpbb ih^h[gu_ objmj]bq_kdb_ \f_rZl_evkl\Z fh]ml lZd`_ bf_lv ohjhrbc e_q_[guc wnn_dl Hlghkbl_evgh ^ebl_evghklb ^Zggh]h wnn_dlZ khh[s_gby hq_gv fZehqbke_ggu ?keb \ hkgh\_ gZjmr_gby wj_dpbb e_`bl Zhjlhih^\a^hrgZy hddexaby fh`_l [ulv ihdZaZgZ wg ^Zjl_jwdlhfby

Objmj]bq_kdb_ \f_rZl_evkl\Z ijb `_gkdhc k_dkmZevghc ^bknmgdpbb \dexqZxl ]bf_gwdlhfbx \ kemqZyo ^bkiZj_mgbb ijb g_aZ\_jr_gguo [jZqguo hlghr_gbyo \Z]bghieZklbdm m fgh]hjh`Z\rbo `_gsbg dhlhju_ `Zemxlky gZ kgb`_gb_ qm\kl\bl_evghklb \eZ]ZebsZ beb \uk\h[h`^_gb_ deblhjZ ijb _]h Z^]_abb m `_gsbg k aZlhjfh`_gguf k_dkmZevguf \ha[m`^_gb_f Ih^h[gu_ objmj]bq_kdb_ \f_rZl_evkl\Z lsZl_evgh g_ ijhZgZebabjh\Zgu b bo ke_^m_l ijbf_gylv k [hevrhc hklhjh`ghklvx GZ

g_kdhevdh qZkh\ memqrblv wj_dpbx fh`_l bgt_pbjh\Zgb_ iZiZ\_jbgZ \ dhjihjZevgu_ l_eZ deblhjZ h^gZdh ih\lhjgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ fh`_l h[mkeh\blv khkm^bklu_ gZjmr_gby b wlh e_q_gb_ g_evay j_dhf_g^h\Zlv \ dZq_kl\_ ^ebl_evgh mihlj_[ey_fh]h f_lh^Z

J_amevlZlu e_q_gby

>Zggu_ h[ wnn_dlb\ghklb jZaebqguo f_lh^h\ e_q_gby k_dkmZevguo ^bknmgdpbc m jZaguo Z\lhjh\ jZaebqgu Ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv wnn_dlb\ghklv ljZ^bpbhgguo f_lh^h\ ikbohl_jZibb lZd `_ ljm^gh \ h[eZklb e_q_gby k_dkmZevguo ^bknmgdpbc dZd b \ p_ehf < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo m [hevguo hlf_qZ_lky memqr_gb_ \h \k_o h[eZklyo djhf_ k_dkmZevghc D kh`Ze_gbx q_f ly`_e__ ikbohiZlheh]by b q_f ^ebl_evg__ hgZ ijh^he`Z_lky l_f [he__ g_[eZ]hijbylguc \uoh^ ba g__ fh`_l bf_lv f_klh

GZb[he__ ljm^gu ^ey e_q_gby iZju k [hevrbfb k_f_cgufb jZagh]eZkbyfb Keh`gufb y\eyxlky lZd`_ kemqZb kh kljZohf i_j_^ bglbfgufb hlghr_gbyfb qj_af_jghc aZ\bkbfhklvx beb qj_af_jghc \jZ`^_[ghklvx Ljm^ghklb \hagbdZxl lZd`_ k [hevgufb k hlkmlkl\b_f `_eZgby bfimevkb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb g_jZaj_r_ggufb ]hfhk_dkmZevgufb dhgnebdlZfb beb k n_lbrbafhf Iehoh ih^^Zxlky e_q_gbx lZd`_ [hevgu_ kh kljZohf i_j_^ k_dkmZevghc `bagvx

Dh]^Z ijbf_gyxlky ih\_^_gq_kdb_ ih^oh^u e_]q_ \u^_eblv ih\_^_gq_kdb_ djbl_jbb iha\heyxsb_ ij_^kdZaZlv bkoh^ Bkihevamy wlb djbl_jbb gZijbf_j hdZaZehkv qlh iZju dhlhju_ j_]meyjgh ijbf_gyxl gZagZq_ggu_ bf mijZ`g_gby bf_xl ]hjZa^h [hevrmx \_jhylghklv ohjhr_]h \uoh^Z q_f iZju dhlhju_ h[eZ^Zxl \ hkgh\ghf kZ^hfZahobklkdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb beb bf_xl ^_ij_kkb\gu_ q_jlu beb f_oZgbafu h[\bg_gby b ijh`_dpbb Ijh]ghklbq_kdb [eZ]hijbylguf nZdlhjhf y\ey_lky lZd`_ ]b[dhklv mklZgh\db < p_ehf m [he__ fheh^uo iZj k_dkhl_jZiby mki_rg__ q_f m [he__ ih`beuo L_ iZju m dhlhjuo gZjmr_gby nhdmkbjmxlky gZ k\hbo k_dkmZevguo ijh[e_fZo lZdbo dZd lhjfh`_gb_ njmkljZpby kljZo beb g_m^ZqZ beb `_ kljZo i_j_^ iheh\uf Zdlhf lh`_ dZd ijZ\beh ohjhrh j_Z]bjmxl gZ l_jZibx

0DVWHUV b -SKQVRQ khh[sZxl h iheh`bl_evguo j_amevlZlZo ijh\h^bfhc bfb ^\hcghc k_dkhl_jZibb Hgb bamqZeb rdZem g_m^Zq k\hbo [hevguo g_m^ZqZ hij_^_eyeZkv dZd g_kihkh[ghklv d h[jZlghfm jZa\blbx hkgh\gh]h kbfilhfZ ^bknmgdpbb Hgb kjZ\gb\Zeb rdZem gZqZevguo g_m^Zq k j_amevlZlZfb ihemq_ggufb q_j_a e_l m wlbo `_ kZfuo iZj Ohly g_dhlhju_ Z\lhju djblbdh\Zeb ihemq_ggu_ bfb j_amevlZlu ^jm]bf Z\lhjZf m^Zehkv ih^l\_j^blv bo \ qZklghklb ^hdZaZlv wnn_dlb\ghklv jZajZ[Zlu\Z_fh]h bfb ih^oh^Z H^gZdh h^bg \jZq aZgbfZxsbcky ^\hcghc k_dkhl_jZib_c g_ \ khklhygbb ihemqblv lZdbo j_amevlZlh\ dZdb_ fh]ml [ulv ihemq_gu ]jmiihc ki_pbZebklh\ aZgbfZxsboky ^\hcghc k_dkhl_jZib_c

< p_ehf f_lh^u dhlhju_ hdZaZebkv wnn_dlb\gufb kZfb ih k_[_ beb \ dhf[bgZpbb \dexqZxl ^_k_gkblbaZpbx ijyfh_ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ `_gZlhc iZju ljZ^bpbhggu_ ikboh^bgZfbq_kdb_ ih^oh^u b ]jmiih\mx l_jZibx Ohly e_q_gb_ iZj hl k_dkmZevguo ^bknmgdpbc y\ey_lky f_lh^hf ij_^ihql_gby ^ey fgh]bo \jZq_c e_q_gb_ hl^_evguo qe_gh\ iZju lZd`_ bf__l [hevrh_ agZq_gb_

H;E:KLB KI?PB:EVGH=H BGL?J?K:

BAG:KBEH<:GB?

Ijh[e_fm bagZkbeh\Zgby emqr_ \k_]h bamqZlv ih^ aZ]heh\dhf Z]j_kkbb BagZkbeh\Zgb_ y\ey_lky Zdlhf gZkbeby b hkdhj[e_gby dhlhjh_ \ujZ`Z_lky

k_dkmZevgufb kihkh[Zfb GZkbeb_ bkihevam_lky

^ey ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z kbeu beb \ujZ`_gby aeh[u BagZkbeh\Zgb_ \ dhlhjhf k_dk bf__l ^hfbgbjmxs__ agZq_gb_ \klj_qZ_lky j_^dh k_dkmZevghklv h[uqgh bkihevam_lky ^ey h[kem`b\Zgby g_k_dkmZevguo ihlj_[ghkl_c

Xjb^bq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ bagZkbeh\Zgby \ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo ]eZkbl ©Kh\_jr_gb_ ij_klmie_gby \ \b^_ ZdlZ k_dkmZevgh]h kghr_gby k `_gsbghc g_ k\h_c `_ghc ijhlb\ __ \heb b [_a __ kh]eZkby __ ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ ij_h^he_\Z_lky kbehc beb kljZohf i_j_^ m]jhahc kbeu beb iml_f e_dZjkl\_ggh]h hivyg_gby dh]^Z hgZ g_ fh`_l ijhlb\hklhylv ba aZ k\h_c mfkl\_gghc g_iheghp_gghklb b g_kihkh[ghklb d ijZ\bevghc hp_gd_ kh[ulbc beb dh]^Z __ \hajZkl f_gvr_ q_f \hajZkl \ dhlhjhf hgZ fh`_l ^Zlv k\h_ kh]eZkb_ª

Ij_klmie_gb_ bagZkbeh\Zgby ih^jZamf_\Z_l \\_^_gb_ iheh\h]h qe_gZ q_j_a \g_rgxx \mev\m `_jl\u IhegZy wj_dpby b wydmeypby g_h[yaZl_evgu

GZkbevkl\_ggZy n_eeypby b \\_^_gb_ iheh\h]h qe_gZ \ Zgmk ohly b qZklh \klj_qZxlky ijb bagZkbeh\Zgbb xjb^bq_kdb jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd kh^hfby

Bkke_^h\Zgby hkm`^_gguo gZkbevgbdh\ ihdZau\Zxl qlh ij_klmie_gb_ kh\_jrZ_lky ^ey h[e_]q_gby ih^Z\e_gghc Z]j_kkb\ghc wg_j]bb ijhlb\ ebp d dhlhjuf ij_klmigbd bkiulu\Z_l g_dhlhjuc [eZ]h]h\_cguc kljZo Ohly wlb \gmrZxsb_ lj_i_l ebpZ h[uqgh fm`qbgu kbeZ fs_gby gZijZ\e_gZ ijhlb\ `_gsbgu Wlhl nZdl ih^l\_j`^Z_l n_fbgbklkdmx l_hjbx qlh `_gsbgZ kem`bl h[t_dlhf ^ey \uf_s_gby Z]j_kkbb dhlhjmx gZkbevgbd g_ fh`_l \ujZablv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ^jm]hfm fm`qbg_ @_gsbgZ jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd kh[kl\_gghklv beb mya\bfZy ijbgZ^e_`ghklv fm`qbgu

BagZkbeh\Zgb_ qZklh ihy\ey_lky dZd khijh\h`^_gb_ ^jm]h]h ij_klmie_gby GZkbevgbd qZklh im]Z_l k\hx `_jl\m dmeZdZfb jm`v_f beb gh`hf b qZklh gZghkbl _c ih\j_`^_gby g_ bf_xsb_ k_dkmZevgh]h oZjZdl_jZ Z lZd`_ b k_dkmZevgu_ ih\j_`^_gby @_jl\m bgh]^Z ba[b\Zxl jZgyl beb ^Z`_ m[b\Zxl

KlZlbklbdZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh gZkbevgbdh\ bf__l \hajZkl ^h e_l :edh]hev hlf_qZ_lky \ kemqZ_\ \k_o `_klhdbo bagZkbeh\Zgbc Dhfie_dkgZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ l_hj_lbq_kdh]h gZkbevgbdZ kha^ZggZy ih klZlbklbd_ ihebp_ckdbo mqZkldh\ \dexqZ_l ^_ckl\mxs_]h \ h^bghqdm e_lg_]h fm`qbgm ba gbarbo khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbo keh_\ dhlhjuc kh]eZkgh ihebp_ckdbf ijhlhdheZf klj_fblky d gZjmr_gbx aZdhgZ

BagZkbeh\Zgb_ hlghkblky d ij_klmie_gbyf dhlhju_ kbevgh g_^hhp_gb\Zxlky MklZgh\e_gh qlh lhevdh hl h^gh]h ba q_luj_o ^h h^gh]h ba ^_kylb bagZkbeh\Zgbc klZgh\ylky ba\_klgufb ?keb bkihevah\Zlv gb`gxx ba mklZgh\e_gguo pbnj ba\_klgZy jZkijhkljZg_gghklv dhlhjZy \ ] khklZ\eyeZ bagZkbeh\Zgbc \ l_q_gb_ ]h^Z m\_ebqbeZkv ^h [he__ q_f bagZkbeh\Zgbc

L_ kemqZb dhlhju_ g_ klZgh\ylky ^hklhygb_f ]eZkghklb k\yaZgu k qm\kl\hf klu^Z dhlhjh_ bkiulu\Z_l `_jl\Z

@_jl\u bagZkbeh\Zgby fh]ml [ulv ex[h]h \hajZklZ Ba\_klgu kemqZb dh]^Z `_jl\Zf [ueh f_k beb ]h^Z GZb[hevrZy hiZkghklv m]jh`Z_l `_gsbgZf \ \hajZkl_ hl ^h e_l BagZkbeh\Zgb_ qZs_ \k_]h ijhbkoh^bl k `_gsbgZfb ijh`b\Zxsbfb ih khk_^kl\m k ij_klmigbdhf bgh]^Z \ __ ^hf_ ;hevrbgkl\h bagZkbeh\Zgbc aZjZg__ h[^mfZgh Hdheh iheh\bgu kh\_jrZ_lky g_agZdhfufb fm`qbgZfb b iheh\bgZ ² fm`qbgZfb agZdhfufb `_jl\Zf \ dZdhc lh kl_i_gb bagZkbeh\Zgbc ]hlh\blky [ebadbfb jh^kl\_ggbdZfb `_jl\u

@_gsbgZ dhlhjZy ih^\_j]Z_lky bagZkbeh\Zgbx qZklh gZoh^blky \ m]jh`Zxs_c `bagb kblmZpbb <h \j_fy bagZkbeh\Zgby hgZ gZoh^blky \ rhd_ b bkiulu\Z_l kljZo

]jZgbqZsbc k iZgbdhc ?_ ]eZ\ghc fhlb\Zpb_c y\ey_lky klj_fe_gb_ khojZgblv `bagv < [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ gZkbevgbdb ba[bjZxl k\hbfb `_jl\Zfb `_gsbg g_kdhevdh f_gvr_]h jZaf_jZ q_f hgb kZfb GZkbevgbd bgh]^Z fhqblky beb bkijZ`gy_lky gZ k\hx `_jl\m wydmebjm_l \ __ ebph beb \hehku gZkbevgh kh\_jrZ_l kghr_gb_ q_j_a Zgmk b \\h^bl ihklhjhggb_ ij_^f_lu \ __ \eZ]Zebs_ beb ijyfmx dbrdm

Ihke_ kh\_jr_gby bagZkbeh\Zgby `_gsbgZ bgh]^Z bkiulu\Z_l klu^ mgb`_gb_ aZf_rZl_evkl\h kljZo b yjhklv Lbi j_Zdpbb b ijh^he`bl_evghklv j_Zdpbb \ZjbZ[_evgu gh bgh]^Z `_gsbgu hlf_qZxl qlh \ebygb_ ^eblky ]h^ b [he__ Fgh]b_ `_gsbgu \uy\eyxl kbfilhfu ihklljZ\fZlbq_kdh]h klj_kkh\h]h jZkkljhckl\Z G_dhlhju_ `_gsbgu \ihke_^kl\bb kihkh[gu \hah[gh\eylv k_dkmZevgu_ hlghr_gby k fm`qbgZfb hkh[_ggh _keb hgb [ueb jZg__ k_dkmZevgh Z^_d\Zlgu >jm]b_ gZqbgZxl bkiulu\Zlv kljZo i_j_^ k_dkmZevgufb hlghr_gbyfb beb `_ m gbo jZa\b\Zxlky lZdb_ gZjmr_gby dZd \Z]bgbaf G_dhlhju_ `_gsbgu ihke_ wlh]h m`ZkZ hklZxlky [_a \kydbo gZjmr_gbc Ijhy\e_gby b kl_i_gv ih\j_`^_gby aZ\bkyl hl kbeu kZfh]h gZiZ^_gby khklhygby `_gsbgu b ih^^_j`db dhlhjZy [m^_l _c hdZaZgZ kjZam `_ ihke_ gZiZ^_gby

@_gsbgZ kijZ\ey_lky k ihklb]rbf __ g_kqZklv_f emqr_ \k_]h _keb _c [m^_l hdZaZgZ g_f_^e_ggZy ihfhsv b hgZ fh`_l h[km^blv \k_ b \ukdZaZlv k\hc kljZo b yjhklv ex[bfuf qe_gZf k_fvb b khqm\kl\mxsbf \jZqZf b ij_^klZ\bl_eyf aZdhgZ ?c ijbghkbl ihevam _keb hgZ agZ_l qlh fh`_l h[jZlblvky aZ ihfhsvx qlh gZijbf_j gZkbevgbd fh`_l [ulv Zj_klh\Zg b ijb]h\hj_g Ijbf_gy_fZy l_jZiby h[uqgh ghkbl ih^^_j`b\Zxsbc oZjZdl_j _keb lhevdh \ hkgh\_ __ g_ e_`bl ly`_eh_ gZjmr_gb_ HgZ nhdmkbjm_lky gZ \hkklZgh\e_gbb m `_jl\u qm\kl\Z kh[kl\_ggh]h ^hklhbgkl\Z mf_gby mijZ\eylv k\h_c `bagvx b hkeZ[e_gbb qm\kl\Z [_kihfhsghklb aZ\bkbfhklb b gZ\yaqb\hkl_c hlghkbl_evgh i_j_`blh]h dhlhju_ qZklh gZklmiZxl \ke_^ aZ bagZkbeh\Zgb_f =jmiih\Zy

l_jZiby k ]hfh]_ggufb ]jmiiZfb khklZ\e_ggufb ba `_jl\ gZkbeby y\ey_lky hkh[_ggh wnn_dlb\ghc nhjfhc e_q_gby

BagZkbeh\ZggZy `_jl\Z bkiulu\Z_l nbabq_kdmx b ikboheh]bq_kdmx ljZ\fm dh]^Z gZ^ g_c kh\_jrZxl gZkbeb_ >h g_^Z\gbo ihj __ `Zeh[u \klj_qZeb k g_dhlhjuf kd_ilbpbafhf l_ d dhlhjuf hgZ h[jZsZeZkv ih ih\h^m ij_klmie_gby _keb m g__ [ueh ^hklZlhqgh kbevgh_ w]h qlh[u wlh k^_eZlv beb `_ __ h[\bgyeb qlh hgZ kZfZ ijh\hpbjh\ZeZ wlh beb qlh hgZ kZfZ ohl_eZ wlh]h GZ kZfhf ^_e_ GZpbhgZevgZy Dhfbkkby ih IjbqbgZf b Ij_^mij_`^_gbx GZkbeby h[gZjm`beZ aZf_lgh_ ih^klj_dZl_evkl\h d gZkbebx lhevdh \ kemqZ_\ Wlb pbnju agZqbl_evgh gb`_ q_f \ ^jm]bo kemqZyo ijbf_g_gby gZkbeby H[jZah\Zgb_ ihemqZ_fh_ klZjrbfb ihebp_ckdbfb qbgZfb b gZagZq_gb_ `_gsbg ihebp_ckdbo dhlhju_ \u^_eyxlky ^ey jZ[hlu k `_jl\Zfb bagZkbeh\Zgby kihkh[kl\mxl lhfm qlh [hevr__ qbkeh bagZkbeh\Zgbc klZgh\ylky ba\_klgufb P_glju ih hdZaZgbx ihfhsb ijb bagZkbeh\Zgbb b kjhqgZy l_e_nhggZy k\yav gZoh^ylky \ jZkihjy`_gbb ihl_ji_\rbo `_jl\Zf hdZau\Zxlky kjhqgZy ihfhsv b ih^^_j`dZ =jmiiu ^h[jh\hevp_\ jZ[hlZxl \ imgdlZo g_hleh`ghc ihfhsb b ihfh]Zxl \ e_q_gbb `_jl\

Xjb^bq_kdb `_gsbgZf [hevr_ g_ lj_[m_lky ^hdZau\Zlv qlh hgb Zdlb\gh khijhlb\eyebkv gZkbevgbdZf dh]^Z hgb h[jZsZxlky \ km^ K\b^_l_evkdb_ ihdZaZgby hlghkbl_evgh ij_^r_kl\mxs_c k_dkmZevghc `bagb `_jl\u \ gZklhys__ \j_fy jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd g_gm`gu_ \ p_ehf jy^_ rlZlh\ Djhf_ lh]h ihkdhevdm gZdZaZgby ^ey ebp kh\_jrb\rbo bagZkbeh\Zgb_ \ i_j\uc jZa kgb`_gu km^vb k [hevr_c ]hlh\ghklvx \ughkyl h[\bgbl_evgu_ ijb]h\hju

< g_dhlhjuo rlZlZo fm`vy fh]ml ijb\e_dZlvky d km^m aZ bagZkbeh\Zgb_ `_g

BagZkbeh\Zgb_ fm`qbg

< g_dhlhjuo rlZlZo hij_^_e_gb_ bagZkbeh\Zgby baf_g_gh l_f qlh keh\h ©km[t_dlªaZf_g_gh keh\hf©`_gsbgZª< [hevrbgkl\_ rlZlh\ bagZkbeh\Zgb_ fm`qbgu xjb^bq_kdb kqblZ_lky kh^hfb_c =hfhk_dkmZevgh_ bagZkbeh\Zgb_ ]hjZa^h qZs_ \klj_qZ_lky kj_^b fm`qbg q_f kj_^b `_gsbg b hgh ij_`^_ \k_]h bf__l f_klh \ mqj_`^_gbyo ]^_ bf__l f_klh [ebadbc dhglZdl gZijbf_j \ lxjvfZo b [hevgbpZo ki_pbZevgh]h j_`bfZ >bgZfbdZ lZ `_ qlh b \ ]_l_jhk_dkmZevghf bagZkbeh\Zgbb Ij_klmie_gb_ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv gZkbevgbdm jZajy^blv Z]j_kkbx b \ha\ukblv kZfh]h k_[y @_jl\Z h[uqgh [u\Z_l f_gvr_ q_f gZkbevgbd b h[eZ^Z_l \ dZdhc lh f_j_ ijb\e_dZl_evghklvx gZihfbgZxs_c `_gkl\_gghklv Hg \k_]^Z \hkijbgbfZ_lky dZd iZkkb\guc b g_fm`_kl\_gguc [he__ keZ[uc b bkihevam_lky dZd h[t_dl @_jl\u ]hfhk_dkmZevgh]h bagZkbeh\Zgby qZklh qm\kl\mxl k_[y lZd `_ dZd bagZkbeh\Zggu_ `_gsbgu l _ qlh hgb ih]m[e_gu Djhf_ lh]h hgb bkiulu\Zxl kljZo klZlv ]hfhk_dkmZeZfb ihke_ k\_jrb\r_]hky

BagZkbeh\Zgby gZdZam_fu_ aZdhghf

Kghr_gb_ y\ey_lky [_aaZdhgguf f_`^m fm`qbghc dhlhjhfm [hevr_ e_l b `_gsbghc dhlhjZy _s_ g_ ^hklb]eZ \hajZklZ dh]^Z hgZ fh`_l ^Zlv kh]eZkb_ wlhl \hajZkl \Zjvbjm_l hl ^h ]h^Z \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl aZdhgZ LZdbf h[jZahf fm`qbgZ \ \hajZkl_ e_l b ^_\hqdZ \ \hajZkl_ e_l fh]ml bf_lv kghr_gb_ ih \aZbfghfm kh]eZkbx b \k_ `_ fm`qbgZ fh`_l [ulv ijb\e_q_g d km^_[ghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ bagZkbeh\Zgb_ Wlhl lbi bagZkbeh\Zgby fh`_l kbevgh hlebqZlvky hl hibkZgguo \ur_ kemqZ_\ gZkbeby b [ulv ijhklh iheh\uf Zdlhf [_a ijbf_g_gby gZkbeby Wlhl Zdl g_ y\ey_lky lZd`_ ba\jZs_gb_f _keb lhevdh \hajZklgZy jZagbpZ g_ lZdh\Z qlh[u fm`qbgZ fh] [ulv h[\bg_g \ i_^hnbebb l _ _keb ^_\hqd_ g_ f_g__ e_l H[\bg_gby \ bagZkbeh\Zgbb j_^dh ij_^ty\eyxlky ^_\mrdhc _keb hgZ ^Z\ZeZ kh]eZkb_ hgb dZd ijZ\beh \u^\b]Zxlky __ jh^bl_eyfb

KMIJM@?KDH? HKDHJ;E?GB?

Kmijm`_kdh_ hkdhj[e_gb_ mklZgh\e_gh \ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo \ dhebq_kl\_ gZkqblu\Zxs_f hl ^h feg k_f_c Wlhl Zki_dl ^hfZrg_]h gZkbeby kqblZ_lky k_jv_aghc ijh[e_fhc [hevr_c qZklvx j_amevlZlhf g_^Z\gh k^_eZgguo Zdp_glh\ gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbo ijZ\Zo b jZ[hlu `_gkdbo hj]ZgbaZpbc H^gZdh ijh[e_fZ kZfZ ih k_[_ bf__l ^ebl_evgmx bklhjbx

=eZ\ghc ijh[e_fhc \ kmijm`_kdbo hkdhj[e_gbyo y\ey_lky hkdhj[e_gb_ `_gsbg ohly bf_xlky ^Zggu_ h[ ba[b_gbb `_gZfb k\hbo fm`_c < wlbo kemqZyo fm`qbgu `Zemxlky gZ lh qlh hgb [hylky qlh gZ^ gbfb [m^ml kf_ylvky _keb wlh klZg_l ba\_klguf hgb [hylky lZd`_ qlh bo h[\bgyl \ hl\_lghf hkdhj[e_gbb b g_ fh]ml hklZ\blv `_gm ba aZ nbgZgkh\uo aZljm^g_gbc Hkdhj[e_gb_ fm`Z bf__l f_klh lZd`_ \ kemqZyo dh]^Z keZ[uc ih`behc q_eh\_d `_gblky gZ `_gsbg_ gZfgh]h feZ^r_ _]h

Ba[b_gb_ `_g \klj_qZ_lky \ k_fvyo ijbgZ^e_`Zsbo d ex[hc jZk_ b bkih\_^mxsbo ex[mx j_eb]bx Z lZd`_ \ hlghkysboky dh \k_f khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbf kehyf Hgh qZs_ [u\Z_l \ k_fvyo ]^_ gZ[ex^Z_lky aehmihlj_[e_gb_ gZjdhlbdZfb b Zedh]he_f

< wlm ijh[e_fm \ghkyl \deZ^ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ dmevlmjgu_ bgljZikbobq_kdb_ b

bgl_ji_jkhgZevgu_ nZdlhju Fm`qbgu dhlhju_ ba[b\Zxl k\hbo `_g dZd ijZ\beh ijhbkoh^yl ba k_f_c \ dhlhjuo hgb \b^_eb dZd bo hlpu ba[b\Zeb k\hbo `_g beb bo kZfbo ba[b\Zeb dh]^Z hgb [ueb ^_lvfb :dl ba[b_gby y\ey_lky kZfhih^dj_ieyxsbf _keb fm`qbgZ dh]^Z ba[be `_gm [m^_l kgh\Z ba[b\Zlv __ Fm`vy ba[b\Zxsb_ k\hbo `_g oZjZdl_jbamxlky g_aj_ehklvx

aZ\bkbfhklvx b hlkmlkl\b_f kbeu \heb hgb lZd`_ bkiulu\Zxl kbevguc dhfie_dk g_iheghp_gghklb

Bo Z]j_kkby ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ih\_^_gb_ gZp_e_ggh_ gZ ih\ur_gb_ kh[kl\_gghc agZqbfhklb mgb`_gb_ k\hbo `_g ^ey ih^gylby k\h_c gbadhc kZfhhp_gdb Ba[b_gb_ qZs_ gZ[ex^Z_lky dh]^Z fm`qbgZ hsmsZ_l kljZo beb njmkljZpbx ^hfZ gZ jZ[hl_ beb k jZ\gufb k_[_ G_l_ji_eb\u_ b bfimevkb\gu_ fm`vy ba[b\Zxsb_ `_g \uf_sZxl gZ gbo Z]j_kkbx \ua\Zggmx ^jm]bfb ex^vfb >bgZfbdZ \dexqZ_l b^_glbnbdZpbx k Z]j_kkhjhf hl_p [hkk bkke_^h\Zl_evkdh_ ih\_^_gb_ HklZg_lky eb hgZ kh fghc" DZd [u y gb im]Ze __" g_m^Z\r__ky `_eZgb_ \ujZablv k\hx fm`_kl\_gghklv b ^_]mfZgbabjh\Zgb_ `_gsbgu LZd `_ dZd ijb bagZkbeh\Zgbb Z]j_kkby©iha\hebl_evgZªdh]^Z `_gsbgZ \hkijbgbfZ_lky dZd kh[kl\_gghklv

Fgh]b_ hj]ZgbaZpbb hdZau\Zxsb_ ihfhsv `_gsbgZf \ djblbq_kdbo kblmZpbyogZijbf_j ©J_kihg^ª ihfh]Zxl lZd`_ `_gsbgZf dhlhjuo [vxl b \hkiblu\Zxl hlghr_gb_ ex^_c d wlhc ijh[e_f_ Ij_ab^_glkdZy Dhfbkkby [ueZ mklZgh\e_gZ ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby kmijm`_kdbo hkdhj[e_gbc Hkgh\ghc ijh[e_fhc ^ey `_gsbg ih^\_j]Zxsboky ba[b_gbx y\ey_lky dm^Z ihclb _keb hgb g_ fh]ml hklZ\Zlvky ^hfZ ]^_ bf bgh]^Z hklZ\Zlvky hiZkgh Ba[b_gb_ fh`_l [ulv hq_gv ly`_euf k i_j_ehfhf gh] j_[_j \gmlj_ggbf djh\hl_q_gb_f b ih\j_`^_gb_f fha]Z ?keb ba[b\Z_fZy `_gZ ohq_l mclb hl fm`Z hg gZqbgZ_l _s_ [hevr_ rZglZ`bjh\Zlv __ b im]Zlv ©Y l_[y ^hklZgmª ?keb m `_gsbgu _klv fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb h dhlhjuo hgZ ^he`gZ aZ[hlblvky ijh[e_fZ _s_ [he__ keh`gZy

G_dhlhju_ fm`qbgu qm\kl\mxl jZkdZygb_ b \bgm ihke_ wibah^Z k ijbf_g_gb_f gZkbeby b klZgh\ylky hkh[_ggh ex[ysbfb Wlh ih\_^_gb_ ^Z_l `_g_ gZ^_`^m b hgZ hklZ_lky ^h ke_^mxs_]h wibah^Z dhlhjuc g_ba[_`gh gZklmiZ_l

Baf_g_gby gZklmiZxl lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z fm`qbgZ m[_`^_g qlh `_gsbgZ g_ [m^_l l_ji_lv wlm kblmZpbx b dh]^Z hgZ gZqbgZ_l iulZlvky dhgljhebjh\Zlv _]h ih\_^_gb_ ?c wlh m^Z_lky _keb hgZ ihdb^Z_l ^hf gZ ^ebl_evguc kjhd b klZ\bl mkeh\b_ qlh[u fm`qbgZ ijh\_e dmjk e_q_gby lhevdh lh]^Z hgZ kh]eZkgZ \_jgmlvky < wlhc ijh[e_f_ fh`_l ihfhqv k_f_cgZy l_jZiby ?keb fm`qbgu f_g__ bfimevkb\gu fh`_l ihfhqv lZdh_ \g_rg__ \f_rZl_evkl\h dZd ijbau\Zgb_ gZ ihfhsv khk_^_c beb ihebpbb

DJH<HKF?R?GB?

Djh\hkf_r_gb_f gZau\Z_lky gZebqb_ k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbc k [ebadbfb ih djh\b jh^kl\_ggbdZfb ;he__ rbjhdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ \dexqZ_l kx^Z hlghr_gby f_`^m ex^vfb k\yaZggufb nhjfZevgufb b g_nhjfZevgufb maZfb jh^kl\Z dhlhju_ kh]eZkgh kms_kl\mxsbf dmevlmjguf hkh[_gghklyf jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd ij_iylkl\b_ k_dkmZevguf kghr_gbyf GZijbf_j hlghr_gby f_`^m ijb_fgufb jh^bl_eyfb b ijb_fgufb ^_lvfb beb f_`^m g_jh^gufb [jZlvyfb b k_kljZfb h[uqgh kqblZxlky djh\hkf_kbl_evgufb ohly lml b g_l djh\gh]h jh^kl\Z

GZb[he__ kbevguc b mgb\_jkZevguc aZij_l kms_kl\m_l ijhlb\ djh\hkf_r_gby fZlv²kug Hgh \klj_qZ_lky agZqbl_evgh f_g__ qZklh q_f ex[u_ ^jm]b_ nhjfu djh\hkf_r_gby LZdh_ ih\_^_gb_ h[uqgh mdZau\Z_l gZ [he__ ly`_emx nhjfm

ikbohiZlheh]bb m l_o dlh ijbgbfZ_l \ g_f mqZklb_ q_f ijb djh\hkf_r_gbyo hl_p² ^hqv beb f_`^m [jZlvyfb b k_kljZfb

Khpbheh]b ih^q_jdb\Zxl jhev djh\hkf_r_gby dZd nZdlhjZ khpbZevgh]h ;bheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju lZd`_ ih^^_j`b\Zxl lZ[m gZ djh\hkf_r_gb_ =jmiiu k \jh`^_gguf jbkdhf h[gZjm`_gby e_lZevguo b iZ]m[guo j_p_kkb\guo ]_gh\ b ihlhfkl\h wlbo ]jmii \ p_ehf f_g__ ijbkihkh[e_gu d `bagb q_f ihlhfkl\h ^jm]bo ihimeypbc gZk_e_gby :gljhiheh]b hlf_qZeb qlh hij_^_e_ggZy nhjfZ lZ[m gZ djh\hkf_r_gby h[mkeh\e_gZ hkh[_gghklyfb dmevlmju < ©Lhl_f_ª b ©LZ[mª Nj_c^ jZa\be dhgp_ipbx ijbfblb\gh]h khh[s_kl\Z \ dhlhjhf fheh^u_ fm`qbgu \f_kl_ m[beb iZljbZjoZ dhlhjuc bkihevah\Ze \k_o `_gsbg ie_f_gb ^ey k_[y LZ[m gZ djh\hkf_r_gb_ \hagbdeh dZd ba qm\kl\Z \bgu aZ m[bckl\h lZd b \ dZq_kl\_ ij_^mij_`^_gby ih\lhjguo Zdlh\ b khi_jgbq_kl\Z ihke_ m[bckl\Z b ke_^mxs_]h aZ wlbf jZkiZ^Z ie_f_gb

Lhqgu_ pbnju jZkijhkljZg_gghklb djh\hkf_r_gby ihemqblv ljm^gh lZd dZd ijb wlbo kemqZyo \k_ k_f_ckl\h bkiulu\Z_l qm\kl\h klu^Z b kfms_gby @_gsbgu klZgh\ylky `_jl\Zfb qZs_ q_f fm`qbgu Hdheh feg `_gsbg \ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo y\eyxlky h[t_dlZfb djh\hkf_kbl_evguo Zdlh\ b A ebp ih^\_j]rboky k_dkmZevguf hkdhj[e_gbyf bkiulZeZ wlh \ \hajZkl_ fheh`_ e_l

Djh\hkf_kbl_evgu_ Zdlu qZs_ bf_xl f_klh kj_^b k_f_c hlghkysboky d gbarbf khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbf kehyf q_f kj_^b ^jm]bo k_f_c WlZ jZagbpZ fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgZ k [hevrbfb dhglZdlZfb k hnbpbZevgufb ebpZfb khh[sZxsbfb h[ wlhf lZdbfb dZd ij_^klZ\bl_eb [eZ]hl\hjbl_evgh]h h[s_kl\Z i_jkhgZe kem`[u h[s_kl\_ggh]h a^jZ\hhojZg_gby b ij_^klZ\bl_eb aZdhgZ b ihwlhfm hgZ g_ hljZ`Z_l gZebqby ^_ckl\bl_evgh [he__ \ukhdhc jZkijhkljZg_gghklb \ wlhc ^_fh]jZnbq_kdhc ]jmii_ Djh\hkf_r_gb_ e_]q_ kdjulv h[_ki_q_gguf k_fvyf q_f [_^gydZf

K\hc \deZ^ \ ihehfdm lZ[m gZ djh\hkf_r_gb_ \ghkyl \k_ nZdlhju ² khpbZevgu_ dmevlmjgu_ nbabheh]bq_kdb_ b ikboheh]bq_kdb_ Djh\hkf_kbl_evgh_ ih\_^_gb_ k\yaZgh k Zedh]hebafhf i_j_gZk_e_gb_f m\_ebq_gb_f nbabq_kdhc [ebahklb b bahebjh\Zgguf iheh`_gb_f \ k_evkdhc f_klghklb ij_iylkl\mxsbfb ghjfZevguf \g_k_f_cguf dhglZdlZf G_dhlhju_ h[s_kl\Z [he__ l_jibfh hlghkylky d djh\hkf_kbl_evghfm ih\_^_gbx q_f h[s_kl\h \ p_ehf Ijb djh\hkf_r_gbb hibkZg jy^ kemqZ_\ ly`_euo ikbobq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc b bgl_ee_dlmZevghc g_iheghp_gghklb G_dhlhju_ ^hfZrgb_ \jZqb jZkkfZljb\Zxl djh\hkf_r_gb_ dZd aZsblm ij_^gZagZq_ggmx ^ey ih^^_j`Zgby ^bknmgdpbhgZevghc k_fvb KZfuc klZjrbc b [he__ kbevguc mqZklgbd djh\hkf_kbl_evgh]h ih\_^_gby h[uqgh fm`qbgZ LZdbf h[jZahf djh\hkf_r_gb_ fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd nhjfZ ijbklZ\Zgby d ^_lyf beb dZd \ZjbZgl bagZkbeh\Zgby

Djh\hkf_r_gb_ f_`^m [jZlvyfb b k_kljZfb \klj_qZ_lky qZs_ q_f f_`^m hlphf b ^hq_jvx beb fZl_jvx b kughf Fgh]b_ kemqZb djh\hkf_r_gby f_`^m kb[ebg]Zfb hljbpZxlky jh^bl_eyfb beb hlghkylky d ihqlb ghjfZevguf hlghr_gbyf _keb Zdlb\ghklv ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ij_im[_jlZlgmx k_dkmZevgmx b]jm b bkke_^h\Zl_evkdh_ ih\_^_gb_

Ijb djh\hkf_r_gbb hl_p ²^hqv qZklh bf_xlky [he__ [ebadb_ hlghr_gby f_`^m hlphf b ^hq_jvx \ __ ^_lkl\_ b ^hqv kgZqZeZ ^Z`_ jZ^Z dh]^Z hl_p gZqbgZ_l ijhy\eylv d g_c k_dkmZevguc bgl_j_k GZqZeh k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbc h[uqgh gZ[ex^Z_lky dh]^Z ^hq_jb bkihegy_lky e_l Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd gZkbeh\Zgb_ ijh^he`Z_lky ^hqv h^gZdh klZgh\blky bkim]Zgghc b kfms_gghc Ijb ijb[eb`_gbb ih^jhkldh\h]h \hajZklZ m g__

ihy\eyxlky nbabheh]bq_kdb_ baf_g_gby dhlhju_ _s_ [he__ mkbeb\Zxl __ kfms_gb_ HgZ gbdh]^Z g_ fh`_l kdZaZlv ih\_^_l eb k_[y __ hl_p dZd jh^bl_ev beb k_dkmZevguc iZjlg_j ?_ fZlv lh ijhy\ey_l aZ[hlm lh khi_jgbqZ_l k g_c hgZ qZklh hldZau\Z_lky \_jblv lhfm qlh ]h\hjbl ^hqv beb \hkklZ_l ijhlb\ k\h_]h fm`Z \ukdZaZ\ _fm k\hb ih^haj_gby Hkh[h_ iheh`_gb_ ^hq_jb aZf_qZxl lZd`_ __ [jZlvy b k_klju b hlghr_gb_ d g_c f_gy_lky lZd dZd hgb gZqbgZxl hlghkblvky d g_c dZd d ihklhjhgg_c Hl_p k h^ghc klhjhgu [hblky qlh hgZ jZkkdZ`_l h[ bo \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo Z k ^jm]hc klhjhgu j_\gmy __ ij_iylkl\m_l jZa\blbx m g__ ghjfZevguo hlghr_gbc kh k\_jklgbdZfb

<jZq ^he`_g agZlv h \hafh`ghklb \gmljbk_f_cguo k_dkmZevguo kghr_gbc dZd ijbqbg_ [hevrh]h jZaghh[jZaby wfhpbhgZevguo b nbabq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ \dexqZy [heb \ `b\hl_ jZa^jZ`_gb_ iheh\uo hj]Zgh\ lj_\h]m k\yaZggmx k jZaemdhc nh[bb ghqgu_ dhrfZju b aZljm^g_gby k mq_[hc \ rdhe_ Ijb \hagbdgh\_gbb ih^haj_gbc hlghkbl_evgh djh\hkf_r_gby kms_kl\_ggh ih[_k_^h\Zlv k j_[_gdhf \ hlkmlkl\b_ ^jm]bo qe_gh\ k_fvb

=hfhk_dkmZevgu_ djh\hkf_r_gby

Ijb djh\hkf_r_gbyo hl_p ² kug gZjmrZxlky kjZam ^\Z lZ[m lZ[m gZ djh\hkf_kbl_evgh_ ih\_^_gb_ b lZ[m gZ ]hfhk_dkmZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_

K_fvy \ dhlhjhc kemqZ_lky ih^h[gh_ ih\_^_gb_ dZd ijZ\beh hlghkblky d kbevgh ^_]jZ^bjh\Zgguf k_fvyf qe_gu dhlhjhc ijbf_gyxl gZkbeb_ aehmihlj_[eyxl Zedh]he_f beb ]^_ hl_p² \ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ ikbohiZlbabjh\ZggZy ebqghklv beb fZlv ²kbevgh aZ\bkbfZy `_gsbgZ dhlhjZy g_ fh`_l aZsblblv k\hbo ^_l_c \ lZdbo k_fvyo ghjfZevgZy jhev qe_gh\ k_fvb hlkmlkl\m_l lZd `_ dZd hkhagZgb_ kh[kl\_gghc ebqghklb Kghr_gby hl_p²kug b fZlv² ^hqv hlf_qZxlky j_^dh Kug dhlhjh]h gZkbem_l hl_p h[uqgh [u\Z_l i_j\uf j_[_gdhf b _keb m g_]h _klv k_kljZ __ h[uqgh lZd`_ gZkbem_l hl_p Kh\k_f g_ h[yaZl_evgh qlh[u m hlpZ \ ZgZfg_a_ [ue ]hfhk_dkmZebaf Kugh\vy \ ih^h[ghc kblmZpbb fh]ml bkiulu\Zlv `_eZgb_ m[blv hlpZ beb kZfbo k_[y b bgh]^Z \i_j\u_ ihiZ^Zxl d ikbobZljm ih ih\h^m ih\_^_gby gZijZ\e_ggh]h gZ jZajmr_gb_ kZfbo k_[y

E_q_gb_

< dZq_kl\_ i_j\h]h rZ]Z \ e_q_gbb ke_^m_l jZkdjulv djh\hkf_kbl_evgh_ ih\_^_gb_ ?keb m`_ hljbpZgb_ b lZcguc k]h\hj kehfe_gu ^Zevg_crb_ djh\hkf_kbl_evgu_ Zdlu klZgh\ylky f_g__ \_jhylgu ?keb mqZklgbdb ikbobq_kdb [hevgu ke_^m_l ijbf_gblv ki_pbnbq_kdh_ e_q_gb_ nZdlhjh\ e_`Zsbo \ hkgh\_ aZ[he_\Zgbc K_f_cgZy l_jZiby ihe_agZ ^ey \hkklZgh\e_gby k_fvb dZd g_dh_]h _^bgh]h p_eh]h b ^ey jZa\blby b i_j_kfhljZ kh[kl\_gghc jheb \ wlhc k_fv_ Qe_gu k_fvb gZmqZxlky h]jZgbqb\Zlv k\hb \gmlj_ggb_ ih[m`^_gby b ijbf_gylv [he__ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ f_lh^u ^ey m^h\e_l\hj_gby kh[kl\_gguo ihlj_[ghkl_c Z \g_rgbc dhgljhev h[_ki_qb\Z_fuc l_jZib_c ihfh]Z_l ij_^hl\jZlblv ^Zevg_crb_ Zdlu djh\hkf_kbl_evgh]h ih\_^_gby

;?KIEH>B?

< \k_o kemqZ_\ nZdlhjhf \ghkysbf \deZ^ \ [_kieh^b_ y\ey_lky g_ h^bg Z g_kdhevdh lZd `_ dZd g_ h[yaZl_evgh lhevdh h^bg ba kmijm]h\ y\ey_lky ijbqbghc wlh]h IZjZ kqblZ_lky [_kieh^ghc _keb ijb kghr_gbyo [_a ijhlb\haZqZlhqguo kj_^kl\ \ l_q_gb_ h^gh]h ]h^Z g_ gZklmibeZ [_j_f_gghklv < KR: \k_o [jZdh\ y\eyxlky

[_a^_lgufb ijhlb\ \heb kmijm]h\ Ih ^Zgguf jZaebqguo debgbq_kdbo gZ[ex^_gbc ² iZj \ gZklhys__ \j_fy h[jZsZxsbfky ih ih\h^m [_kieh^by fh`gh ihfhqv

>h g_^Z\g_]h \j_f_gb hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ g_kihkh[ghklv bf_lv j_[_gdZ \haeZ]ZeZkv gZ `_gsbgm b hgZ bkiulu\ZeZ qm\kl\h \bgu ^_ij_kkbx \ k\h_c g_iheghp_gghklb aZ [_kieh^b_ < gZklhys__ \j_fy j_dhf_g^m_lky h^gh\j_f_ggh_ h[ke_^h\Zgb_ nZdlhjh\ ij_iylkl\mxsbo [_j_f_gghklb b m fm`qbgu b m `_gsbgu H^gZdh \k_ `_ qZs_ aZ ihfhsvx ih ih\h^m [_kieh^by i_j\hc h[jZsZ_lky `_gsbgZ

LsZl_evguc ZgZfg_a k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbc ^Zgghc iZju \dexqZy lZdb_ nZdlhju dZd qZklhlZ dhglZdlh\ ^bknmgdpby wj_dpbb beb wydmeypbb b ihabpby \h \j_fy dhblmkZ gZ^h hp_gblv QZklh aZqZlb_ klZgh\blky f_g__ \_jhylguf \ k\yab k l_f qlh `_gsbgZ kjZam ihke_ iheh\h]h kghr_gby gZqbgZ_l hihjh`gylv fhq_\hc imaujv fulvky beb ^Z`_ kijbgp_\Zlvky ?keb \h \j_fy dhblmkZ ij_^ihqlbl_evghc ihabpb_c y\ey_lky iheh`_gb_ `_gsbgu k\_jom wlh lh`_ g_ kihkh[kl\m_l aZqZlbx lZd dZd mf_gvrZ_l m^_j`Zgb_ k_f_gb

J_dhf_g^m_lky lZd`_ ijh\_klb hp_gdm ikbobq_kdh]h klZlmkZ >bk]Zjfhgby \ [jZd_ beb wfhpbhgZevgu_ dhgnebdlu ijb bglbfguo hlghr_gbyo k_dkmZevgu_ hlghr_gby beb jh^bl_evkdb_ jheb fh]ml hdZau\Zlv ijyfh_ \ebygb_ gZ wg^hdjbggmx nmgdpbx b lZdb_ nbabheh]bq_kdb_ ijhp_kku dZd wj_dpby wydmeypby b h\meypby

Klj_kk k\yaZgguc k [_kieh^b_f kZf ih k_[_ y\ey_lky nZdlhjhf ijb\h^ysbf d wfhpbhgZevguf gZjmr_gbyf _keb ^ZggZy kmijm`_kdZy iZjZ ohq_l j_[_gdZ ?keb ij_^r_kl\h\Z\rbc dhgnebdl kha^Z\Ze gZjmr_gb_ b^_glbnbdZpbb kZfhmklZgh\db

b g_\jhlbq_kdh_ hsms_gb_ \bgu khklhygb_ fh`_l [ulv ly`_euf Hgh fh`_l ijhy\blvky q_j_a Z]j_kkbx djZcgxx aZ\bkbfhklv hl \jZqZ kmijm]Z beb jh^bl_ey ^bnnmaguc ]g_\ bfimevkb\gh_ ih\_^_gb_ beb ^_ij_kkbx Ijh[e_fZ _s_ [he__ mkeh`gy_lky _keb ^ey e_q_gby [_kieh^by bkihevam_lky ]hjfhghl_jZiby ihkdhevdm l_jZiby fh`_l \j_f_ggh mkbeb\Zlv ^_ij_kkbx m g_dhlhjuo [hevguo

EbpZ dhlhjuf g_ m^Z_lky jh^blv j_[_gdZ bkiulu\Zxl ihljyk_gb_ l_jyxl \_jm b hsmsZxl [_kihfhsghklv b ihgylgh qlh hgb ih]ehs_gu wlhc ijh[e_fhc GZqZeh [hjv[u k [_kieh^b_f bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijbqbg _]h fh`_l [ulv dhgkljmdlb\ghc aZsblhc hl qm\kl\Z g_iheghp_gghklb b mgb`_gby k dhlhjufb bgh]^Z k\yaZgZ b kZfZ ^_yl_evghklv ih [hjv[_ k [_kieh^b_f ;_kihdhckl\h aZ k\hx ijb\e_dZl_evghklv b kihkh[ghklv \ua\Zlv k_dkmZevgh_ `_eZgb_ lZd`_ khklZ\eyxl lbibqgu_ ijhy\e_gby Bgh]^Z iZjlg_ju hsmsZxl qlh hgb mjh^eb\h \u]ey^yl beb g_kihkh[gu d k_dkmZevguf hlghr_gbyf bgh]^Z bf_xl f_klh wibah^u k_dkmZevghc ^bknmgdpbb b ihl_jb `_eZgby Wlb ijh[e_fu hly]hsZxlky _keb iZjZ ^he`gZ hkms_kl\eylv k\hb k_dkmZevgu_ kghr_gby kh]eZkgh l_fi_jZlmjghc lZ[ebp_

Djhf_ lh]h bf ijboh^blky bf_lv ^_eh k gZjpbkkbq_kdbf m^Zjhf ih qm\kl\m `_gkl\_gghklb b fm`_kl\_gghklb ;_kieh^guc iZjlg_j fh`_l [hylvky hl\_j]Zgby kh klhjhgu ^jm]h]h kmijm]Z dZd lhevdh h[ wlhf magZxl H^bghdbc q_eh\_d agZxsbc h k\h_f [_kieh^bb g_ j_rZ_lky bf_lv [ebadb_ hlghr_gby ba kljZoZ [ulv hl\_j]gmluf ;_kieh^gu_ ebpZ fh]ml bkiulu\Zlv aZljm^g_gby \ hlghr_gbyo kh k\hbfb kh[kl\_ggufb jh^bl_eyfb ohly hgb kZfb m`_ \ajhkeu_ Qm\kl\h b^_glbnbdZpbb b jZ\_gkl\Z dhlhjh_ ijboh^bl gZ hkgh\_ h[s_]h jh^bl_evkdh]h hiulZ ^he`gh [ulv aZf_g_gh gZ \gmlj_ggb_ nZdlhju b ^jm]b_ dhgkljmdlb\gu_ Zki_dlu bo `bagb

Ijhn_kkbhgZevgh_ \f_rZl_evkl\h fh`_l hdZaZlvky ihe_aguf dh]^Z kmijm]Zf g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_jblv k\hb qm\kl\Z b ijhclb q_j_a ]hj_ _keb m gbo mljZq_gZ [bheh]bq_kdZy kihkh[ghklv bf_lv j_[_gdZ IZju m dhlhjuo [_kieh^b_ gZklhys__