Практикум по английскому языку

— Perfect Infinitive, если действие относится к прошедшему времени:

He is alleged to have stolen an old manuscript. — Утверждают, что он якобы похитил древнюю рукопись;

— Perfect Continuous Infinitive, если действие происходит или происходило в течение какого-либо промежутка времени:

They are known to have been working at this problem for a long time. — Известно, что они давно работают над этой проблемой.

THE INDIRECT PASSIVE (КОСВЕННЫЙ ПАССИВ)

Ряд глаголов: to ask, to give, to invite, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to show, to tell, to teach, to refuse и некоторые другие, имеющие и прямое и косвенное дополнения в действительном залоге, могут образовывать две конструкции с глаголом в страдательном залоге — прямой и косвенный пассив — в зависимости от того, какое дополнение становится подлежащим предложения. (Косвенное дополнение отвечает на вопрос «кому?», «чему?»).

Bobby gave Shelly a book. — Бобби дал Шелли книгу.

Shelly was given a book. — Шелли дали книгу.

A book was given to Shelly. — Книгу дали Шелли.

В таких случаях более употребительным является косвенный пассив (Shelly was given a book), особенно если в качестве косвенного дополнения выступает одушевленное существительное.

THE PREPOSITIONAL PASSIVE (ПРЕДЛОЖНЫЙ ПАССИВ)

При переводе из Active в Passive глагола с предлогом предлог сохраняет свое место после глагола.

They arrived at the decision. — The decision was arrived at. — Решение было принято.

The statement is being widely commented on. — Это заявление широко комментируется.

The film was much talked about. — О фильме много говорили.

I’ m not going to be talked to like that. — Я не допущу, чтобы со мной так разговаривали.

Has the doctor been sent for? — За доктором послали? Shе was laughed at. — Над ней смеялись.

He’s being operated on tomorrow. — Завтра его будут оперировать.

Не следует смущаться, если в таком случае в предложении окажется два стоящих рядом предлога.

He’ll be talked to at 5. — С ним поговорят в 5.

Exercise 1. Make up sentences, use them in all the tenses in the Passive Voice, add some adverbs or adverbial phrases of time

To cook dinner; to wash dishes, floors, linen; to wipe dishes; to peel potatoes; to beat out rugs; to shake out carpets; to sweep the floor; to buy a refrigerator; to break the vacuum-cleaner; to draw up the menu; to sew a three-piece suit.

Exercise 2. Change the sentences according to themodels

Example 1: People always admire such pictures. Such pictures are always admired.

1.People play football everywhere nowadays. 2. One uses milk for making butter and cheese. 3. One praises a student when he works hard. 4. They make progress every day in the world of science. 5. They sell apples by the kilo. 6. She takes her daughter to the kindergarten every day.

Example 2: They built this bridge last year. This bridge was built last year.

1.Russian athletes won the tennis competition last season. 2. I left the dog in the garden. 3. His brother beat John in the 100-yards race. 4. She washed the floor only this morning. 5. We ate all the cakes yesterday. 6. People formerly used the Tower of London as prison.

Example 3: The fall will hurt him badly. He will be badly hurt.

1.They will hold a dance in the village club. 2. Ann will clean the rooms thoroughly after lunch. 3. We shall make the room comfortable for you.

4.I shall serve both tea and coffee. 5. People will enjoy this film all over the world. 6. Someone will meet you at the station.

Example 4: The confectioner is decorating the cake now. The cake is being decorated now.

1.The firemen are putting the fire out. 2. The hairdresser is cutting her hair. 3. They are trying a new medicine at the hospital. 4. The shops are selling hundreds of toys. 5. They are still asking questions about it. 6. Workmen are building a new road outside my house.

Example 5: When I came they were tidying up the whole house. When I came the whole house was being tidied up.

1.When we left the meeting, people were still asking questions. 2. When I came to the village, they were building a new school. 3. When she entered the room, they were watching television. 4. When she left the garden, her sons were flying a kite. 5. When I arrived, my daughter was doing the washing.

6.When we passed their garden, they were watering flowers.

Example 6: Someone has broken my pen. My pen has been broken.

1.Your friends have invited you to dinner tomorrow. 2. No one has ever beaten his sister at running. 3. Someone has spilt some wine on the tablecloth.

4.Somebody has already boiled the kettle. 5. They have made my nephew captain of the team. 6. Somebody has fried the meat very well.

Example 7: I found out that my friend had sent the parcel to the wrong address.

I found out that the parcel had been sent to the wrong address.

1.We have put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived. 2. It surprised me to’ hear that they had given him the first prize. 3. We didn’t know that he had lost all the photos. 4. She couldn’t remember where Mother had put the keys. 5. My sister had set all the things right by the time we got back. 6. They had staged four Shakespeare Plays by the end of the last year.

Example 8: They will have organized the dress rehearsal by next Saturday.

The dress rehearsal will have been organized by next Saturday.

1.She will have knitted the sweater by Monday. 2. He will have read the book by tomorrow morning. 3. They will have tidied up the flat before their parents arrive. 4. We shall have finished our research by the end of the year.

5.She will have baked the cake by 5 o’clock. 6. They will have laid the table before the guests come.

Exercise 3. Change into the Past Simple Passive, giving all the possible variants

Example: They showed me the house he lived in.

I was shown the house he lived in. The house he lived in was shown to me.

1. They allowed her ten minutes to get ready. 2. They asked us our names at the hotel. 3. My friends told me the news this morning. 4. Their friend recommended them a new doctor. 5. Did they offer him the job I told you about? 6. Her father gave her a watch for her birthday. 7. Did they give him any instructions before he started the experiment? 8. Did they send you any photographs last week? 9. Did he show them how to do it? 10. Someone lent me two priceless volumes.

Exercise 4. Supply the correct tense of the verb given in brackets

I.1. The letters (to be given) to the postman as soon as the post arrives.

2.The letters (to be given)tothe postman as soon as the post arrived. 3. The letters (to be written) before the post arrived. 4. The letters (to be given) to the postman after they (to be written). 5. These letters already (to be written).

6.The letter (to be written) when the postman came. 7. The letter (to be written) long before the postman comes.

II.1. The newspaper (to be brought) long before I left home. 2. The newspaper (tobebrought) long before I leave home. 3. The newspaper not (to

be brought) yet. 4. The newspaper (to be brought) always in the morning.

5.The newspaper (to be brought) in a few minutes.

III. 1. My clothes (to be cleaned) before I left home. 2. My clothes (to be cleaned) long before I leave home. 3. My clothes are not yet ready, they (not to be cleaned) yet: they (to be cleaned) now. 4. My clothes always (to be cleaned) for me in themorning. 5. My clothes are quite clean: they (to be cleaned) yesterday.

Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences using the verb in the Passive Voice

1. By the time she left for the South some necessary things (to buy, to sew, to wash, to clean, to iron, to pack, to fix, etc.) ... . 2. We learnt the text by heart after ... . 3. Before the guests were invited to sit down at table ... .

4. Before salad was served it ... . 5. When we have a real housecleaning ... .

6. Before washing the floors ... . 7. Soon the table was laid ... . 8. Before arranging a housewarming ... . 9. In my friend’s new flat I was shown ... .

10. After I missed some lectures and tutorials ... . 11. The Dean allowed me to be present at the lessons after ... . 12. At the Institute we were shown ... .

13. Your flat will always look spick and span if ... . 14. Soup will be tasteless if ... . 15. It will be easy to keep house if ... . 16. Dinner will be a great success if ... .

Exercise 6. Give the corresponding passive construction and translate the sentences

1.They speak much about this film. 2. They always look at this picture.

3.They often laughed at Ann. 4. She is looking for her slippers everywhere.

5.The students listened to the record with great interest. 6. I shall look through these texts tomorrow. 7. You should send the sick man to hospital. They will look after him much better there. 8. They pay great attention to the pronunciation and rate of speech. 9. They often make fun of her.

Exercise 7. Insert the proper tense in the Passive Voice

I. 1. Our house ... a few years ago. 2. At present a new house… just opposite us. 3. It ... in a year. 4. Many new houses ... all over Russia in the past few years. 5. When I arrived in St. Petersburg last year, I was greatly surprised to see that so many new houses ... during my absence. 6. When we first saw this house, it ... still ... . 7. Hundreds of new houses ... by the end of this year.

II. 1. While meat (to mince) Mother (to wash) vegetables. 2. (To buy) horseradish? Father will be angry if horseradish (not to serve) to roast beef. 3. ‘(To prepare) the salad yet?’ ‘Not yet. I (to cut) onions for it.’ 4. The stewed fruit (to boil) for quite a time before it (to take) off. 5. Hardly had Father

(to come) home when dinner (to serve). 6. By the time Mother comes, the flat (to turn out). 7. The new evening-gown (to sew) by the week-end. 8. By last Saturday a stylish woolen jersey (to knit).

Exercise 8. In the following story let the stick be the speaker instead of the man who owns it. Keep the ‘I’s’ just as they are all through. Make whatever other changes necessary

Ten minutes ago I picked up my stick. First I rolled it between my hands; then I threw it upon the floor. I like to play with it in this way. Sometimes I throw it on the shelf or lay it on the piano. Just now I am scraping it with my knife and marking it with the point. I believe some day I shall destroy it altogether. But perhaps I shall lose it first. Many men have lost things in this way and have never recovered them. The other day when I had placed it on the window-sill I forgot it altogether. To forget like that is not the right thing to do. I ought to have remembered my old stick. Liking it as much as I do I may treat it better some day.

Exercise 9. Give the corresponding passive constructions

I. 1. They painted the house green. 2. The doctor advised him to give up smoking. 3. They were watching him very attentively. 4. Mother has been tidying up the flat since morning. 5. All of us expected good news. 6. The teacher has justpraised his essay. 7. The recitation pleased the audience. 8. His jokes amused the guests. 9. The elder sister ordered her little brother to turn over a new leaf. 10. Everyone loves and respects this lecturer. 11. We shall never forget those exciting days! 12. I’ve lost the money. 13. They teach us spoken English. 14. I’ve just posted the letter. 15. The dressmaker completely altered the frock. 16. We have not yet picked upthe tickets. 17. They beat Sam black and blue. 18. You will gain nothing by hurry. 19. We elected himmonitor of the group. 20. They accused him of breaking the rules. 21. The girl was trying on one frock after another but she chose none to her liking. 22. They found him guilty of breaking the law. 23. She hoped that they would give her everything they had promised her. 24. You cannot pump the ocean dry! 25. Composers have created 14 operas on the subject of the ‘Tempest’. 26. Prokofyev has created the ballet ‘Romeo and Juliet’.

II. 1. The teacher gave the student a piece of good advice. 2. I showed the children some amusing pictures. 3. The shop-assistant offered us a wide choice of gloves. 4. They promised us a thrilling show on TV. 5. They could never forgive him his rudeness. 6. His parents often send him parcels. 7. They have granted the excellent students Prize Scholarships. 8. They did not refuse him a place at the hostel. 9. We are teaching you standard English. 10. In a minute they will be giving us all the necessary instructions.

11. The mother bought the girl a bar of chocolate. 12. Then they asked him some more questions. 13. His elder sister is constantly reading the boy funny stories. 14. We told her all the details of the accident. 15. They recommend the post of interpreter to him. 16. Why have they given up the discussion? 17. Who do they name your Institute after? 18. Everybody must fight for peace. 19. They had already sent for the doctor when I brought the medicine. 20. The article deals with the problems of teaching methods at school.

III. 1. We are still speaking of his success in the Students’ Basketball Matches. 2. This absent-minded girl is constantly looking for her eye-glasses. 3. We often laughed at her old-fashioned bonnets. 4. Who looks after these children? 5. They couldn’t catch up with the running boys. 6. Delia presented Jim with a golden chain. 7. He presented her with a beautiful comb. 8. We looked through the papers very attentively but could find nothing of importance. 9. They have always listened to his lectures with great interest. 10. People will be talking much of this pop singer. 11. As a rule the teacher reads the text twice before we discuss it. 12. In the report the teacher touched upon some important problems in linguistics.

Exercise 10. Put the following into the Passive Voice

1.You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.

2.Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice.

3.Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.

4.We use this room only on special occasions.

5.You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.

6.In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles.

7.Someone switched on a light and opened the door.

8.Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife.

9.They are pulling down the old theatre.

10.Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in?

11.The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots.

12.The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning books.

13.The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the

crime.

14.Someone will serve refreshments.

15.People must not leave bicycles in the hall.

16.Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return

them.

17.The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.

18.I’ve bought a harp. They are delivering it this afternoon.

19.Someone has already told him to report for duty at six.

20.They rang the church bells as a flood warning.

21.No one can do anything unless someone gives us more infor-

mation.

22.People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago.

23.The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.

24.They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun.

25.It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.

26.A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered £20 reward for him.

27.The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine.

28.They make these artificial flowers of silk.

Exercise 11. Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where necessary

1.Who wrote it?

2.Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed.

3.He expected us to offer him the job.

4.They showed her the easiest way to do it.

5.Lightning struck the old oak.

6.A jellyfish stung her.

7.The author has written a special edition for children.

8.Judges used to carry sweet herbs as a protection against jail fever.

9.— What did he write it with?

— He wrote it with a matchstick dipped in blood.

10.An uneasy silence succeeded the shot.

11.Did the idea interest you?

12.The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will.

13.They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity.

14.Most people opposed this.

15.Students are doing a lot of the work.

16.The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men redundant.

17.Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions.

18.We will not admit children under sixteen.

19.Boys of sixteen to eighteen are to man this training ship.

20.A rainstorm flooded the gypsies’ camp.

Exercise 12. Turn the following sentences into the Active Voice. Where no agent is mentioned one must be supplied

School notice: This door must be kept shut.

Students must keep this door shut.

1.This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.

2.The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports.

3.It is now 6 a. m. and at most of the hospitals in the country patients are being wakened with cups of tea.

4.Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.

5.By tradition, any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen.

6.This notice has been altered.

7.The owners went away last March and since then their houseboat has been used continuously by squatters.

8.The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the towline

broke.

9.Have a lift put in and then you won’t have to climb up all these

stairs.

10. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months.

11. Evening dress will be worn.

12. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.

13. Someone will have to be found to take her place. 14. He was made to surrender his passport.

15. This rumour must have been started by our opponents.

16. My paintings are to be exhibited for the first time by New Arts Gallery.

17. This scientific theory has now been proved to be false.

18. The car which was blown over the cliff yesterday is to be salvaged today.

19. The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered with.

20. Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage?

21. It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads.

22. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank.

Exercise 13. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense and voice forms

I. 1. Don’t enter the room, it (to air). 2. You see that a lot of work (to do) since you left. 3. By next summer the new bridge (to build). 4. It is no wonder that you cannot recognize the frock — it (to alter) several times. 5. Can you imagine that my costume (to sew) to 3 months already? 6. ‘Swan Lake’ in a new production (to speak of) much lately. 7. His practical jokes constantly (to laugh at). 8. Quite a number of adapted stories (to read) before we started reading books in the original. 9. Mother asked me to tidy up the kitchen as soon as the dinner (to cook). 10. The town changed beyond recognition after many houses of modern construction $0 (build). 11. She will not feel at ease till her homework (to do). 12. While the floors (to wash) he beat out the carpets in the yard. 13. We shall be able to catch the train in case a taxi (to order). 14. She can’t recite the poem until it (to learn) properly. 15. My roommate can talk on end unless she (to interrupt and to stop).

II. 1. We sat in the library after dinner and presently the curtains (to draw) and more logs (to throw) on the fire. 2. ‘Where’s the doctor?’ he whispered. ‘He ... (to send for)?’ 3. Everybody had gone, and the door (to close) for the night. 4. It was quite late at night before candles (to bring). 5. While his car (to see to), he strolled away from the garage. 6. While our breakfast coffee (to make) I told him our story. 7. The sandwiches with new bread and country butter (to make). 8. The windows all (to shut) but the door (to be open).

Exercise 14. Translateinto English

1. Какая книга сейчас обсуждается на заседании литературного кружка? 2. Какая книга обсуждалась, когда вы пришли? 3. Вчера на семинаре по зарубежной литературе обсуждалась очень интересная книга. 4. Когда будет обсуждаться этот новый роман? 5. Этот роман еще не обсуждался в нашем кружке. 6. Если вы придете на собрание кружка только в шесть часов, думаю, что обсуждение интересующей вас книги будет уже закончено. 7. Какие вопросы уже были обсуждены, когда он пришел на собрание кружка? 8. Может ли такой длинный роман обсуждаться без предварительной подготовки?

REVISION OF THE TENSES

Exercise 1

1.What (happen) to you since she (leave)?

2.— Why you (put) on your coat?

— I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?

3.Jack (arrive) that evening.

4.Normally I (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I (work) until 6.00.

5.What’s that dent in the side of the car? You (have) an accident?

6.I (not want) to discuss it now, but I (tell) you all about it when I (get)

home.

7. When I last (see) him he (try) to find a job in London.

8.What you (do) this time last week?

9.You look tired. You (work) hard? 10. When we arrived in Peking, it (rain). 11. At 3 yesterday she (do) the turn-out.

12. You (know) her ever since she (leave) Canada and (come) here?

13. After Prissy (go), Scarlett (go) wearily into downstairs hall and (light)

alamp.

14.They are so angry with her that they (not speak) to her.

15.You (do) something for me? Yes, what it (be)?

Exercise 2

1.My car has disappeared. It (steal)!

2.Ann can’t use her office at the moment. It (redecorate).

3.Two people (arrest) by the police yesterday.

4.What time your train (leave) tomorrow?