metodIII

turned out that cybernetics had brought about a revolution in the design of machines.

V. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to “Modal verbs with Perfect Infinitive”.

1. Such devices on one chip cannot have been done in such a short time. 2. Some mistakes must have been made in designing this machine. 3. You could not have seen him there because he left the place two month ago. 4. The problem of designing such reliable electronic devices must have been solved by the specialist of our enterprise. 5. Careful attention must have been paid to the construction of low-power wireless-communications ICs.

Scientific Communication

I.Translate the part of the text “The Junction Field-Effect Transistor Action” in which the advantage of the field-effect transistor over the bipolar one is described.

II.Complete the following sentences:

1.The operation of the JFET depends on variations in the size of ….. ….. .

2.The p-type gate is much more heavily ….. then the n-type bar.

3.The wider the depletion layer, ….. the channel there for the flow of electrons from source to drain.

4.Field-Effect transistors are basically of two types: ….. ….. ….. ….. and …..

…..….. ….. ….. .

5.The electron current flows from source to drain and is controlled by the voltage applied to the p-region, called ….. .

III.Find the part of the text containing information about two types of FET. Discuss it.

IV. Speak on: the main types of FET, construction and operation of FET.

Unit 5

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations:

Finite, reverse, bias, capacitance, effective, temporarily, minority, carrier, comparable, frequency, reactance, roughly, actually, unity, width, doubling, deduce, equal, depletion.

II. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

III. Read and translate the text:

High Frequency and Bipolar Transistor

A reverse biased p-n junction, such as a collector-base junction, behaves like a capacitor, where the capacitance is dependent on the junction area and the width of the depletion layer. A forward-biased p-n junction such as a base-emitter junction also possesses capacitance, Cbe, which appears in parallel with its normal forward resistance. The effective capacitance of a forward-biased p-n junction arises from two basic cases. The first is simply the capacitance of the depletion layer. The second components of capacitance arises from the finite speed of the minority carriers as they diffuse across the junction. These carriers, because the diffusion is

Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing

I. Answer the following questions to check your understanding.

1.How does a reverse-biased p-n junction, such as a collector-base junction behave?

2.From what basic causes does the effective capacitance of a forward-biased p-n junction arise?

3.What is the effective capacitance of the base-emitter junction of a small silicon transistor?

4.When is the “cut-off” frequency reached?

5.What is termed the transistor frequency?

II.Translate the English terms and learn them by heart:

1.the base-emitter resistance (hFE)

2.the base-emitter capacitance (Cbe)

3.the “cut off” frequency (fhFE)

4.the input resistance (hie)

5.transistor frequency (fT)

6.reactance of capacitance (xсэ)

III.Translate the following sentences. Be sure that you know the meaning of these words:

order n. – порядок, послідовність, наказ, замовлення; in order to – для того щоб;

in order of – у порядку.

1.Experimental data obtained in the laboratory should be recorded in a table in order to read them easily. 2. The atoms of elements may be arranged in different ways in order of forming molecules of different types of matter. 3. The particles, which compose crystal, are arranged in an identifiable order. 4. In order to understand more recent developments in the atomic theory, it is necessary to know something about radiant energy. 5. The effective capacitance of the base-emitter junction of a small transistor is typically of the order of 100pF to 1000pF.

IV. From the following choose the word that is most nearly the same in meaning to the bold one:

shape - size, appearance, external form, edge; to change – to fill, alter, make difference; to establish – to set up, found, avoid, fix;

to increase – to raise, to rise, to refer, to produce.

V. From the following choose the word which is opposite in meaning to the bold one:

various – different, similar, exact, known; separate – belong, occupy, put apart, connect; complex – simple, complicated, difficult;

X. Write down the key sentences from the text giving the main idea; analyse them.

Word – Building

I. Form nouns from the verbs with the help of suffixes:

To find; to form; to diffuse; to apply; to depend; to store; to use; to combine; to require; to detect.

II. Adverbs building:

a)Form adverbs by adding the suffix –“ly”. Translate those adverbs.

Certain, main, typical, most, vertical, separate, wide, rough, effective, relative,

quick, temporary, simple, chemical, constant.

b) Move the adverbs into the most suitable places in the sentences.

Remember: the following adverbs often go in the mid-position in the sentences: always, almost, never, ever, frequently, nearly, often, obviously, completely, once, probably, just, rarely, certainly, hardly, apparently. Other adverbs can take “before”, “mid” or “after” position in the sentences.

1. Our company has moved from Kiev to Donetsk (recently). 2. We have to study the results of our experiment (carefully). 3. We worked at this scientific problem the whole year (hard). 4. Our department will move in a new office (probably). 5. They have solved this physical problem even for themselves (quite unexpectedly). 6. You can do this task (surely). 7. He has been to London (never).

III. Make the following words negative, using prefixes or suffixes of negation:

Used, increase, known, certain, dependent, separable, broken, common, concerned, able, acceptable.

Grammar Structure

Verbals in scientific English

I. Find in the text sentences contain verbals; analyse the functions of “ing”- forms and the Infinitive; translate the sentences.

II. Define the functions of the Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participles; translate the sentences.

1. The first form of digital 1Cs’ to receive general usage was a simple connection of bipolar transistor inverted circuits to yield a “NOR” gate. 2. Since the circuit consisted of only resistors and transistors, it was named RTL. 3. The grounded-collector switch is usually designed to operate out of saturation. 4. The first “new” digital design made possible by the IC fabrication process was transistor-transistor logic (TTL). 5. By combining these binary digits or bits in the proper manner, decimal numbers can be represented. 6. The mathematics of logic was shown to provide a strait-forward method of designing networks of switching elements having two stable states. 7. The expression could be subjected to certain rules of simplification. 8. This method is considered to be the most valuable in this case. 9. In this majority of circuits the input impedance is resistive over most of the frequency range, there being negligible phase difference between input voltage and the input current. 10. The design of an amplifier without coupling capacitors restricts the range of permissible circuit voltages. 11. Increasing complexity of present day electronic equipment is due to attention paid to reliability. 12. In order to take the full advantage of the transistor, passive elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors were greatly reduced in physical size by using new material and improved technology.

III. Put the verbs of the main clauses in the past and introduce appropriate changes in the dependent clauses.

1. We wonder if he will be able to arrive to the conference. 2. They say that all needed documents were submitted yesterday. 3. My friend thinks he is going to go to the Olympiad. 4. The teacher asks us where we were preparing to the test. 5. I heard that the delegation has already arrived.

IV. Change the sentences with the direct speech into the reported ones:

1. Our teacher said: “Be ready to write the semestre test.” 2. We were told: “Your laboratory work will be held next Friday.” 3. I asked my friend: “Can you explain me this task on physics?” 4. The professor of scientific writing told us: “You have read a lot about this problem, now you must try your hand in it.” 5. He asked me: “Where have you come from?”

V. Find the sentences in which the form with -ed is a part of the passive construction (Past Participle).

1.Much progress in the field of electronics has been achieved during last years.

2.We analised this process thoroughly. 3. The results received were of great help

to our scientific work. 4. These carriers are temporarily stored in the semiconductor material. 5. The sequence is often written from right to left. 6. The lecture will be followed by the discussion. 7. The discussion followed was very interesting. 8. Transition frequency is also called the gain-band-width product.

Scientific Communication

I. Translate in the written form the part of the text in which all about transition frequency are described.

II. Express your comprehension of the text “High Frequency and Bipolar Transistor”.

III. Read the text, grasp the main idea of it, entitle the text and speak on.

The single most important function in electronics can be expressed in one word: amplification. This is the process whereby the power of a signal is increased in magnitude.

Electronic amplification devices are known generally as active components to distinguish them from non-amplifying circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, which are grouped under the heading of passive components.

The most everyday application of electronic amplification is the ordinary ratio, which receives a tiny input signal at its aerial (typically less than one microwatt) and yet can turn out a power of several watts to the loudspeakers. The extra power involved is drawn from a battery or the a.c. mains.

The bipolar junction transistor, better known simply as the transistor, is the most common active device in electronics. The transistor is a current-controlled amplifying device; if a small current flows between the base and emitter, it gives rise to a much larger current between collector and emitter. The name transistor is in fact derived from the two words transfer-resistor; a small base current is transferred to the high resistance collector circuit in greatly magnified form.

IV. Write a summary on the text “High Frequencies and the Bipolar Transistor”, describe its subject-matter, objective and conclusion.

Unit 6

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1)Design, pulse, distance, induce, amateur, battery, perpendicular, polarization, horizontal, vertical, effectively, automobile.

2)Performance, antenna, application, transmitter, wise, vary, wavelength, broadcast, cellular, circuit, plain, external, straight, alternating.

II.Memorize the following words and word combinations:

III. Read and translate the text.

Antennas for Low Power Applications

Good antenna design is required to realize good range performance. A good antenna requires it to be the right type for the application. It also must be matched and tuned to the transmitter and receiver.

An antenna can be defined as any wire, or conductor, that carries a pulsing or alternating current. Such a current will generate an electromagnetic field around the wire and the field will pulse and vary as the electric current does. If another wire is placed nearby, the electromagnetic field lines that cross this wire will induce an electric current that is a copy of the original current, only weaker. If the wire is relatively long, in terms of wavelength, it will radiate much of that field over long distances.

The simplest antenna is the “whip”. This is a quarter wavelength wire that stands above a groundplane. The most common examples are found on automobiles and are used for broadcast radio, and amateur radio, and even for cellular phones.

All antennas, like any electronic component, have at least two connection points. In the case of the whip, there must be a connection to a ground, even if the ground plane area is nothing more than circuit traces and a battery. The whip and ground plane combine to form a complete circuit. The electromagnetic field is set up between the whip and the ground plane, with current flowing through the field, thus completing the circuit.

The length of the antenna should be measured from the point where it leaves close proximity to ground, or from the transmitter output. If a whip is mounted on a box and connected to the transmitter with plain wire, that wire becomes part of the antenna! To avoid mistuning the antenna, coaxial cable should be used to connect to an external antenna. On a circuit board, the equivalent to coax is a trace that runs over a groundplane (groundplane on the backside). The above are examples of transmission lines, whose purpose is to efficiently transfer power from one place to another with minimum loss.

An antenna that radiates poorly has low “gain”. Antenna gain is a measure of how strongly the antenna radiates compared to a reference antenna, such as a dipole. A dipole is similar to a whip, but the groundplane is replaced with another quarter-wave wire. Overall performance is about the same.

Radiation is maximum when broadside, or perpendicular to a wire, so a vertical whip is ideal for communication in any direction except straight up. The radiation “pattern”, perpendicular to the whip, can be described as omnidirectional. There is a “null”, or signal minimum, at the end of the whip. With a less than ideal antenna, such as bent or tilted whip, this null may move and pertly disappear. It is important to know the radiation pattern of the antenna, in order to insure that a null is not present in the desired direction of communication.

It is important that other antennas in the same communication system be oriented in the same way, that is, have the same polarization. A horizontally polarized antenna will not usually communicate very effectively with a vertical whip. In the real environment, mental objects and the ground will cause reflections, and may cause both horizontal and vertical polarized signals to be present.

Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing

I. Answer the following question to check your understanding of the text:

1.How can an antenna be defined?

2.How many connection points does any antenna have?

3.Where are the most common examples of “whip” antenna found?

4.What should be done to avoid mistuning the antenna?

5.What is the function of transmission line?

6.What does low “gain” mean?

7.What is the difference between a dipole and a “whip”?

8.Which direction of radiation is the best for antennas?

9.Where is signal minimum situated?