metodIII

II. Write the questions to which the following sentences are possible answers:

1.The book was in great demand.

2.To help teach students scholars began writing textbooks.

3.As the list of inventions grew, the new technology required a high level of training.

4.In 1919 V. Bush joined the faculty.

5.D.C. Jackson headed EE department at the University of Wisconsin.

6.Universities around the world stepped in to offer courses in electrical technology.

III. State the voice, form and function of the Participles in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1.Being the son of schoolteacher, Thompson took the strong interest in physics.

2.The book became widely used appearing in four editions.

3.Having been written 40 years ago the book is still of great interest.

4.Scattered among the many other fine texts they are unknown nowadays.

5.Engineering programs being setting up at our university is of primary importance.

6.Analyzing circuits he used complex numbers.

7.Thompson's book is still referred to by many scientists.

8.In the problem presented by the article the students are asked to calculate the potential between two points.

9.A two - electrode vacuum tube, later called a diode, was invented for detecting electromagnetic waves.

Scientific Communication

I. Translate the following text in which hysteresis is described.

Hysteresis was studied by Steinmetz. It is a phenomenon in which a materials magnetization in a given magnetic field can have two values. It is lower when the field is reached by increasing it from a smaller value, and higher when the magnetic field is decreased from higher value. The new understanding allowed engineers, for the first time, to calculate losses due to magnetism in transformers and other ac apparatuses.

II. Find part of the text "Great Contributions to Electrical Engineering and Electronics" containing information about the emerging electrical engineers as a new profession.

III. Speak on the contributions to science made by the following scientists:

S. P. Thompson, C. P. Steinmetz, D. C. Jackson, W. H. Timbie, V. Bush.

IV. Comment on the usefulness of the complex numbers.

V. Give the definition of hysteresis.

Unit 2

I. Mind the translation and pronunciation of the following words.

1)Professor n, technique n, active a, telephone n, phonograph n, design v, oscillator n, ultrahigh a, microwave n, logarithmic a, scale n, coefficient n, diode n, triode n, patent n, discipline n, theory n, control n, transformer n, motor n, analysis n, industryn, present v, university n, version n.

2)Flow n, flow v, entirely adv, afterwards adv, amplifier n, explosive a, broadcasting n, involve v, influential a, arrangement n, worldwide a, application n, improve v, evidence n, means n, X-ray n, accuracy n, circuit n, performance n, equipment n, regard v, adopt v, assign v, transmission n, available a, behavior n, announce n, prove v, extremely adv.

II.Memorize the words and word-combinations:

III. Read and translate the text:

Great Contributions to Electrical Engineering and Electronics (continuation)

Around the turn of the century, the first examples of a new type of electrical technology, the X-ray tube, appeared. Invented in 1896, it was soon put to use for medical imaging. The following year Ferdinand Braun invented the cathode-ray oscilloscope to study rapidly varying electric currents.

Numerous experiments in wireless communications showed a need for an effective means of detecting electromagnetic waves. Seeking to deliver that capability I.A. Fleming invented a two-electrode vacuum tube, later called a diode. Later Lee de Forest invented a three-electrode tube known as a triode. These two inventions fueled the next great period in EE history.

In traditional EE, electrons flow entirely in conductors. But these new devices forced electrons to move through a vacuum. Afterwards the devices proliferated, especially for radio used the electron tubes as amplifiers, oscillators, modulators and detectors.

In the years between World Wars I and II, electron tubes found more and more applications: among them were the telephone repeater, control devices, scientific instruments, the electronic phonograph, public-address systems, sound movies, FM radio, television, sonar, radar, and carrier telephony, which sends multiple telephone signals over the same line. This blossoming of electronics depended on understanding tube behavior and the improvement of tube design, and a person who contributed as much as anyone to this effort was H. Barkhausen. He specialized in telecommunications. To describe tube behavior he studied electron tubes, introducing tube coefficients. His scientific investigations led to improved tube design. The Barkhausen-Kurg oscillator, for example, generated ultrahigh frequencies that were not far from the microwave range. He is the author of fourvolume work that described many of his discoveries and advances.

The next period in the development of electronics is connected with F. E. Terman and K. Kurfmuller. The latter provided a model of a new introductory course in Germany in 1932. It not only presented the physical principles of electric current, electric and magnetic fields, and networks that underlie all types of electrical and electronic engineering, but it encompassed, in a single theoretical framework, both power engineering and the newer discipline of electronics.

Kurfmuller, prolific both in patents and publications, alternated between industrial research and academic teaching and research at the technical universities. A pioneer in the analisys of electric filters, he in 1924 pointed out an universe relationship between frequency and time domains: the narrower the bandwidth, the greater the rise/settling time of the signal. His 1949 book, System Theory of Telecommunications, was a landmark contribution to the emerging discipline of communications theory. He is also regarded as a founder of control-systems theory.

In the USA, F. E. Terman, often called the father of Silicon Valley, began, in the late 1920s, to improve the engineering program at Stanford University in California. In 1932, he published Radio Engineering, an advanced text that taught how to calculate the performance of radio circuits with the same certainty and accuracy that the performance of other types of electrical equipment, such as transformers, motors, and transmission lines, is analysed.

The feature of this book was Terman's constant concern for the user's needs: he included mathematical analysis in the book only when it was useful for the practical engineer, and he kept in touch with industry so that the design information he presented agreed with current practice.

One of the new faculty members Terman brought to Stanford was Karl Stangerberg, who was assigned to teach a course in electron-tube design. Dissatisfied with available books, Spangerberg wanted a comprehensive textbook that would present the physical laws underlying electron behavior and relate them to the external behavior of tubes. For five years he labored diligently at the task of writing one. Finally, in 1948, Vacuum tubes appeared, the same year that Bell Labs announced the invention of the transistor.

Once the transistor was launched. Spangerberg soon had the job of rewriting his book in order to include the new device. He also added a good deal of solid-state physics. His Fundamentals of Electron Devices appeared in 1957. It emphasized the similarities between tubes and transistors, proving extremely valuable to all the electronics engineers who lived through that technological transition.

Unknown to mid-20th century electrical engineers was the torrent of invention and development that was soon to be unleashed as a result of the transistor's invention.

Vocabulary, Comprehension and Summary Writing

I. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1.What was the main advantage of Barkhausen-Kurg oscillator?

2.What inventions appeared around the turn of the century? What were they used for?

3.What resulted in the invention of diode?

4.What was the main difference between diode and triode on the one side and traditional electrical engineering on the other one?

5.What applications of electron tubes were there in the period between World Wars I and II?

6.In what way can electron tubes behavior be described?

7.Who was the first to do it?

8.How did Barkhausen describe his discoveries?

9.What was the main advantage of Kurfmuller's book?

10.What are the main contributions to science made by Kurfmuller?

11.Whose book described how to calculate the performance of radio circuits?

12.Whose name is connected with Silicon Valley?

II. Find in text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations and write them out:

Рентгенівський апарат; численні експерименти; безпровідний зв’язок; ефективні засоби; електронна лампа; винахід; провідник; прилад; генератор коливань; звукове кіно; коефіцієнт; мікрохвильовий; чотирьохтомний; магнітне поле; електричний фільтр; ширина смуги; електричне обладнання; математичний аналіз.

III. Give definitions of the following words:

Conductor; medical imaging; diode; triode; transistor; broadcasting; radar; transformer; motor.

IV. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. The following phrases may be helpful:

Certainly; sure; indeed; of course; it goes without saying; as far as I know…

1.Braun’s invention was successfully used for medical imaging.

2.Diodes followed by triodes opened a new era in engineering.

3.The electronic phonograph appeared during World War I.

4.All five volumes of Barkhausen’s book were translated into Russian.

5.Kurfmuller is said to be the author of control - system theory.

6.There is no dependence between frequency and time domains.

7.Mathematical analysis was extensively used in Terman's book.

V.Open the brackets and translate the words into English:

1.He wrote a (чотирьохтомний) primer. 2. A number of electronic devices (швидко зростає) daily. 3. Fleming is known to be a (невтомний) experimenter and (проникливий) theoretician. 5. The theory was applied (вміло) in practice. 6. Universities appearance influenced (розквіт) of sciences. 7. Salient films were followed by sound (кіно). 8. They must work hard to (модернізувати) the device.

VI. Match English terms with their definitions and learn them by heart:

VII. Complete the following sentences:

1. The X-ray tube was invented in 1896, and soon put to use for.....

2.Seeking to deliver.... I. A. Fleming invented a two-electrode vacuum tube, later called a diode.

3.To understand tube behavior Barkhausen studied electron tubes, introducing.....

4.The Barkhausen-Kurg oscillator generated ultrahigh frequencies that were not far from....

5.Carrier telephony sends multiple telephone signals over.....

6.Terman is often called the father......

7.The book emphasized the similarities between tubes and.......

VIII. From the following choose the words that are opposite in the meaning to the bold ones:

blossoming - poverty, wealth , disadvantage, decline; prolific - dull, tiring, ineffectual, difficult;

labor - think, idle, dream, look for; certainty - error, uncertainty, fault, warning.

IX. From the following choose the words that are most nearly the same in meaning to the bold ones:

proliferate - expand, occupy, multiply, catch; encompass - include, bring, attract, conclude; landmark - high, special, wide, prominent; framework - department, branch, structure, case; live through - support, adopt, experience, investigate.

X. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the word "along" and word combinations with it:

along - вперед, вздовж, під час, з собою all along - весь час

(all) along of - внаслідок along with - разом

1.The machine was broken along of your carelessness.

2.The atom lost one electron along the process.

3.He brought his instruments along.

4.You should be attentive all along!

5.To be successful our theoretical study is to be held along with practical work

6.I knew the results of the experiments all along.

7.He planned the project along with his colleagues.

XI. Read and translate the text. Divide it into logical parts and give a suitable title for each of them. Make a short written summary.

With the explosive growth of broadcasting in the 1920s, radio engineering became an important profession, and the need grew for textbooks in the new technology of electronics. The field would later be defined as the engineering of devices involving controlled electron flow through vacuum, gas or semiconductors.

Fleming, one of the originators of electronics, assiduous experimenter and insightful theoretician, provided a highly influential book on the topic: The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy 1906. The book presents Maxwell’s theory and applies it skillfully in explaining Hertz’s experiments and later work on electromagnetic waves. Fleming made countless contributions to radio, especially measurement techniques. His book went through several editions and was updated. Being a professor of electrical technology at University College in London, Fleming also worked, for several years as scientific advisor to the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co., an arrangement that ended in December 1903 when the company did not renew his contact. Wanting badly to regain that position, Fleming felt it was crucial to invent something of unquestioned value to wireless telegraphy. In late 1904, he devised what is now called the Fleming diode, the first radio tube, and in May 1905, Marconi reappointed him as its scientific advisor.

Note: memorize the following words and word combinations: assiduous - невтомний

insightful - проникливий skillfully - вміло update - обновити

crucial - вирішальний, критичний

Word – Building

I. Translate the following words paying attention to the meaning of prefixes:

Re – повторна дія; in – всередині; out – зовні; semi – напів-.

Re-: reread v, reuse v, rearrange v, relocate v, replace v, renew v, reappoint v. In-: input n, insight v, inside a, inshore v.

Out-: output n, outdated a, outbreak v.

Semi-: semiconductor n, semicircle n, semiannual a.

II. Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

To oscillate, to vary, to detect, to invent, to amplify, to modulate, to detect, to define, to explain, to measure, to repeat, to discover.

III. Analyse the following words. Underline the suffixes and state what part of speech they belong.

1.physics n (фізика), physicist n, physical a;

2.vary v (змінюватись, відрізнятись), variety n, various a;

3.origin n (джерело, початок, походження), originate v, origination n, originator n, originative a, originally adv;

4.skill n (вміння, майстерність), skillful a, skillfully adv;

5.count v (рахувати), countable a, countless a;

6.wire n (провід), wireless a, wiring n;

7. carry v (переносити), carrier n, carriage n.

Grammar Structure

Conditional Sentences in Scientific English

I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Conditional Sentences:

1.If they had necessary materials, they would finish the work in time.

2.If you classified data the experiment would take less time.

3.The test would be successful provided we had all necessary equipment.

4.If the lecture hadn't been so interesting the students would haven't listened to it with great attention.

5.Had we worked longer yesterday the work would have been ready.

6.I'll be very glad if the article is published in the magazine.

7.They won't be able to decide the questions if this information isn't received in

time.

8.He could read the scientific paper if it were translated into English.

9.Suppose the report is completed, can I show it to the director?

10.We could order the machine if its price were reduced.

II.Write the questions to which the following sentences are possible answers:

1.The X-ray tube appeared.

2.I. A. Fleming invented a two-electrode vacuum tube, later called a diode.

3.Unlike traditional electronics the new devices made electrons move through a vacuum.

4.H. Barkhausen specialized in telecommunications.

5.He studied electron tubes, introducing tube coefficients.

6.The next period in the development of electronics is connected with F. E. Terman and K. Kurfmuller.

7.Vacuum tubes appeared, the same year that Bell Labs announced the invention of the transistor.

III.Rewrite the following sentences in the passive.

1.To study rapidly varying electric currents Ferdinand Braun invented the cathode-ray oscilloscope.

2.The new devices forced electrons to move through a vacuum.

3.Studying electron tubes, Barkhausen introduced tube coefficients.

4.Spangerberg soon added to his book a good deal of solid-state physics.

5.The book presents Maxwell’s theory and applies it skillfully.

6.Fleming made countless contributions to measurement technique.

7.Marconi appointed Fleming as its scientific advisor.

8.Spangerberg soon rewrote his book in order to include the new information.

9.Terman included mathematical analysis in the book only when it was useful for the practical engineer.

10.The book emphasized the similarities between tubes and transistors

Scientific Communication

I. Read the text without a dictionary and give a suitable title for it.

Not only electronics interested Barkhausen. In acoustics, for example, he proposed the logarithmic scale of loudness as measured today in decibels. In magnetic, he produced the first direct evidence of ferromagnetic domains, discovering what is now called the Barkhausen effect. It is a steady increase in an applied magnetic field causes a gradual change in magnetization. The book describing many of his discoveries and advances went through 12 editions and used in universities for a half a century.

II. Speak on the contribution to science made by Barkhausen.

III. Give the definition of the radio engineering.

IV. Find the part of the text "Great Contributions to Electrical Engineering and Electronics" devoted to F. E. Terman and K. Spangerberg. Speak on them.

V. Describe the period of EE history at the beginning of 20th century.