XII. Complete the sentences with the auxiliaries be, have, do in the correct form. Look at the example provided.

e.g. ___ you working at Boeing Company when its new airplane entered the market? Weren’t

1. What risks ______ associated with the suggested new technology?

2. Much of what ______ been said about the nature of science applies to engineering as well?

3. Engineers use knowledge of science and technology, together with strategies of design, to solve practical problems, _____ not they?

4. ______ scientific knowledge provide a means of estimating?

5. Many scientists ______ doing work that could be described as engineering as well as science.

6. So testing _____ often done by using small-scale physical models.

7. _____ the technology have other applications?

8. Most modern technological systems, from transistor radios to airliners, _____ been engineered and produced to be remarkably reliable.

9. In ancient times, most food _____ consumed or marketed within a few dozen miles of where it _____ grown.

XIII. Your friend wrote a short passage about the progress of science in Ukraine. But he is not sure about the verb tenses. Help him to choose the best grammatical choice.

Ukraine (1) is/was/will be proud to comply with world scientific standards in mathematics, mechanics, physics, computer science, and materials science. During the years of independence, a basic advance (2) were made/has been made/made by Ukraine in the social sciences and humanities. Established in 1993, the International Association of Academies of Sciences (3) has played/play/is playing an important role to stimulate integration processes among Academies of Sciences of CIS countries. In February 1992, National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU) (4) was established/has been established/established to implement state space activities policy. Its control sphere (5) included/includes about 30 production enterprises, research organizations and design offices. Currently, space industry restructuring (6) is being prepared/was prepared/prepares and implemented to assure further development of enterprises in market environment.

XIV. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate verbs in the correct tense. The first one has been done for you.

explain; be; test; become; be; invent; replace; try; require; come; graduate

1. By the end of the year, she will have graduated with a degree in business.

2. The role of information in technology development _____ crucial.

3. Since R&D activities ______ now very competitive and expensive in terms of both financial and human resources, collaboration is necessary for coping with the challenge.

4. Renewable energy _____ conventional fuels in four distinct sectors: power generation, hot water and space heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy.

5. Scientists ____ and ____ already many of these methods.

6. The explorer _____ the latest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets.

7. The UK companies ____ among the world's leading pioneers in this area.

8. For them, real but only passive escape from gravity _____ with the invention of the hot air balloon in the 18th century.

9. When Charles Babbage ______ the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves today.

10. The human exploration of Mars _____ an extensive set of hardware, which cannot be developed all at once within budgetary limitations.

SPEAKING

XV. Look at the list of technological developments below. In groups of 3 discuss what you know and express your opinion about them. Use the phrases in the table that can help you express your point of view and agree or disagree with the opinion.

Expressing views and opinions	Agreeing with an opinion	Disagreeing with an opinion
I think that… It seems to me that… To my mind... From my point of view... I'd like to point out that… I believe that… As far as I know...	You're absolutely right. That's a good point. I agree with you entirely. That's just what I was thinking.	I'm not so sure about that. I don't agree with you. That's not entirely true. On the contrary…

• cloning

• microchip implants

• cryogenic

• human-computer interface

• nuclear fusion

• genetic profiling

• nanotechnology

• organic computer