7. Comment on the use of the Past Progressive in the following sentences:

1. When Arm turned on the television, the weatherman was giving the weekend forecast for Europe.

2. Diana and I were sitting in the library on Sunday morning, reading the newspapers.

3. To make conversation I asked him what he was doing at Oxford.

4. The noise was caused by a dog, which was chasing a cat through the garden.

5. Summer was slipping away, day by day.

6. The crisis over, Jake was finally feeling better in spirits.

7. Maxim's jaw dropped, he was unable to absorb the things he was hearing.

8. And I just knew it was my mother's face I was seeing in my mind.

8. Comment on the use of the Past Perfect in the following sentences:

1. The programmer had done the work by four o'clock.

2. The policeman asked if there had been any witnesses.

3. By the time we got to the shopping centre it had closed.

4. The students had written the test and were now checking them up.

5. Mike phoned Rosie, but she hadn'1 returned home yet.

6. We had discussed the news arid were now thinking about it.

7. She complained that she was penniless as she had spent all her money.

8. When I came back home, my family had already had dinner and were now watching the film.

9. Comment on the use of the Past Perfect Progressive

1. Later that afternoon, Derek put down the script he had been reading.

2. That evening Diana called me from London, and I told her what I'd been doing all day.

3. Emma, who had been listening attentively, knew with absolute certainty that he was speaking the truth.

4. Ketti looked at Sue and knew that she had been weeping.

5. Catherine, who had been looking at her mother intently, now spoke in a concerned voice.

6. It just happened so that she knew what her son had been doing.

7. Andrew, who is English, had been living in New York for seven years when we met.

10. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense-form:

1. The Government (to establish) the Automobile Research Institute in 1920. But the scientists (to start) auto-making research in 1918.

2. We (not to take) that examination yesterday.

3. You (to work) in the laboratory a week ago?

4. This book (to translate) fifty years ago.

5. When we (to visit) their institute they (to design) the new equipment.

6. I know you (to work) a lot last year.

7. Knowledge (not to expand) so rapidly in the 19th century.

8. The problem (to discuss) at 5 p.m. yesterday.

9. They (to complete) their work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

10. They (to drive) all night when they saw the lights of the city.

Discussion

1. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Why?

1. A good engineer must have a thorough knowledge of new technological process.

2. New technological processes increase productivity.

3. Only a few of these processes are aimed at the production of complex shapes.

4. Joining techniques are providing opportunities for economies.

5. Joining technique methods can’t be used effectively for assembly.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. Is materials technology changing nowadays?

2. What do new manufacturing processes include?

3. What are they aimed at?

4. Can complicated parts be manufactured by welding together simpler sub-units?

5. Can these assemblies be made from a variety of materials?

6. What has the brief review of new materials and processes indicated?

7. Why is it necessary for an engineer to know these processes?

3. Speak on the topic “Materials Technology”.

4. Communicative situations:

Make a report on topic “Joining techniques”.

Make a report on topic “Working with new materials”.

Unit 3

Topic: Metal Processing

Grammar: Revision of Tenses. Future Forms

Vocabulary

Learn the following words and word combinations:

cavity ['kxvqti] – западина; порожнина

ore [L] – руда

grain [grein] – зернина; крупинка

crack [krxk] – тріщина; щілина

occur [q'kW] – траплятися; відбуватися

propagate ['prOpqgeit] – розповсюджувати(ся), поширювати(ся)

boundary ['baund(q)ri] – границя, межа; кордон

coarse-grained ["kLs'greind] – великозернистий, крупнозернистий

homogeneous ["hOmq'GJniqs] – однорідний; гомогенний

soundness ['saundnqs] – доброякісність; сталість; здорова структура (металу)

cutting ['kAtiN] – різання

machine-tool [mq'SJn tHl] – верстат

turning ['tWniN] – токарна робота; токарне ремесло

lathe [leiD] – токарний верстат

drilling ['driliN] – свердління, висвердлювання

boring ['bLriN] – свердління, буріння

milling ['miliN] – помел

grinding ['graindiN] – шліфовка

screw machine [skrH mq'SJn] – ґвинтонарізний верстат

threading ['TrediN] – різь, нарізка

facing ['feisiN] – обточування

bushing ['buSiN] – втулка

bearing ['bFqriN] – підшипник

nut [nAt] – муфта, гайка

bolt [bqult] – болт, гвинт

stud [stAd] – цвях з великою головкою; штифт; кнопка; розпірка; шпилька

shaft [SRft] – вал, вісь

Reading

Read and translate the text.