Теоретическая механика_в_Вопросах_и_Ответах
.pdfȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɤɢ-
ɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ Ʌɚɝɪɚɧɠɚ?
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qj qm. |
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m, j 1 |
wqj wqm |
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ-
ɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ?
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ:
z2 ɉ c fɫɬ zc c c , 2
ɝɞɟ fɫɬ – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ;
zc – ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɹ.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟ-
ɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɵ?
Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚL , ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ m ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ x ɢ y ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ wL Cj const ( j 1,2...s) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚ- wqj
ɥɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɥɶɫɟɧɚ?
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɚ
81
wT |
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wT |
Qj ( j 1,2...s) |
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ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɇɢɥɶɫɟɧɚ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɥɶɫɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
Ʉɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ?
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹ-
ɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ:
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¦¦ajk qjqk . |
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Ʉɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ?
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
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¦¦ajk qjqk ɉ(qs ). |
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ȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ ɌȼȿɊȾɈȽɈ ɌȿɅȺ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ
Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ?
mx |
X e , my |
Y e ,mz |
Ze . |
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c |
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ɉɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɜɪɚ-
ɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɢ?
82
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ-
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɬɟ-
ɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ
Lz IzZ.
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ?
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠ-
ɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ
IzM ¦mz (Fi ).
ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ: ɚ) ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧ-
ɧɨ; ɛ) ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ; ɜ) ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ?
ȿɫɥɢ¦mz (Fi ) ! 0, ɬɟɥɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨ;
ȿɫɥɢ¦mz (Fi ) 0 , ɬɟɥɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ;
ȿɫɥɢ¦mz (Fi ) 0, ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ.
Ɇɟɪɨɣ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ?
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɮ-
ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ?
ɉɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
1) ɉɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ M f (t) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ Iz ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ
M e |
I M |
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z |
83
2) ɉɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ M ɢZO , ɢ ɩɨ
O
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭɢɧɟɪɰɢɢɬɟɥɚ Iz ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɬɟɥɚM f (t) . 3) Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ Iz ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ,
ɡɧɚɹ Mze ɢM .
Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɚɦɟɣɤɢ ɀɭɤɨɜ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ?
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɥɸ-
ɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɚɦɟɣɤɢ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
Lz IzZ const .
ɑɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɶɸ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ?
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ l |
Ix g |
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ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚ- |
Gd |
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ɹɬɧɢɤɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɥɢɧɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨɱ-
ɤɚO , ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ |
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d ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ |
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ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɶɸ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ.
Ʉɚɤɢɦɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɨɫɶɢɩɪɢɜɟɫɚɨɫɶɤɚɱɚɧɢɣɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɶ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɫɶɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɠ-
ɧɹɹ ɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɶɸ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚ-
ɹɬɧɢɤɚ?
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚT 2S Ix .
Gd
84
ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɢ ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ G ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣn .
ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ T W ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɨ- n
ɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɚ
I |
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ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɪɭɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ
T1 ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɪɭɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢT2 . Ɂɧɚɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚI1z , ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
I |
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2z |
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ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ G1 ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ
H , ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ G2 , ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɚ-
ɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɦɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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G1 |
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ICx |
r |
2H |
g |
T12 |
T22 |
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T1 |
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Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
85
ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɦɚɫɫ, ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ
LO rc u K LC LOK LC .
Ʉɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ?
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ
dLCr
dt
ȼ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɢɦɟɟɦ |
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dL |
M |
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dLyr |
M |
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dL |
M |
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ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɪɚɜɧɵ ɧɭɥɸ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɚɫɫ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɟ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ?
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɢɧɟ-
86
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɞɨɥ-
ɠɟɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ.
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ?
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨɬɟɥɚɢɦɟɸɬɜɢɞ:
G
mxc ¦Fixe , myc ¦Fiye , ICz M ¦mCz (Fie ).
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ ɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɧɟ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɦɚɫɫ.
Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɬɟɥɚ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ, ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧ-
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ C ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ.
mSC |
¦FiWe , |
mVC2 |
¦Fine , ICz M |
¦mCz (Fie ), |
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ɝɞɟ SC — ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ, VC |
— ɟɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, U — ɪɚ- |
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ɞɢɭɫ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɚ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ. |
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Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ.
ɉɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ
ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ?
87
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
L0 ¦ri umiVi .
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ:
Lx |
IxZx IzyZy IzxZz , |
Ly |
IxyZx IyZy IyzZz , |
Lz |
IzxZx IyzZy IzZz . |
ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟO , ɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ Ixy ,Iyz ,Izx ɪɚɜɧɵ ɧɭɥɸ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
Lx IxZx , Ly IyZy , Lz IzZz.
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɗɣɥɟɪɚ?
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɗɣɥɟɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ:
Ix |
dZx |
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ZyZz Iz |
Iy |
Mze , |
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Iy |
dZy |
ZzZx Ix |
Iz |
M ye , |
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dt |
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Iz |
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dZz |
ZzZy Iy |
Ix |
Mze , |
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ɝɞɟ Ix ,Iy ,Iz – ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵɢɧɟɪɰɢɢɬɟɥɚɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɝɨɨɫɟɣɢɧɟɪɰɢɢɜɬɨɱ-
ɤɟɈ;
88
Mxe , M ye , Mze – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɬɟɥɭ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɨɫɟɣ.
Zx |
\ sinT sinM T cosM, |
Zy |
\ sinT cosM T sinM, |
Zz |
\ cosT M, |
ɝɞɟ \,T,M– ɭɝɥɵ ɗɣɥɟɪɚ. |
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Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ?
Ƚɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ, ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɫɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚ.
ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ?
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ O
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ
Lo I[Z,
ɝɞɟ I[ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ.
Ʉɚɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɝɢɪɨ-
ɫɤɨɩ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ?
Ƚɢɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɢɥɚɦ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɫɹɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɟɝɨɨɫɢɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ
ɨɫɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ?
ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ F ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ-
ɤɪɭɝ ɨɫɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ F ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ C . ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢ-
89
ɥɵ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ɹɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ F .
ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ F ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɢ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɧɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ, ɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭ-
ɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥ D .
ȼɵɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɢ ɝɢɪɨ-
ɫɤɨɩɚ.
Ɉɫɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ OZ ɫ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ Z1, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɟɣ, ɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ Z1 – ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɢ.
ɍɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɢ Z1 ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ Z ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
Gd
Z1 I[Z .
ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɜ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹ-
ɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ?
Ƚɢɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨ-
ɜɢɹɯ ɨɧ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ?
Ƚɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɆȽ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɚɪɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ
M Ƚ I[ ZZ1 .
90