Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be

в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и Причас­тия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Present Indefinite: The letter is written.

Past Indefinite: The letter was written.

Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.

Present Continuous: The letter is being written.

Past Continuous: The letter was being written. Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.

Present Perfect: The letter has been written.

Past Perfect: The letter had been written.

Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показы­вает, что подлежащее предложения является объек­том действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Сравните:

I bought a book. — Я купил книгу.

The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной).

Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся

1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия стра­дательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

1. -глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

Pupils are taught at school by teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.

4. Переведите предложения. Укажите место и залог глагола:

1. Не left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken of. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren’t you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o’clock.

15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o’clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text.

19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made in Japan. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after archbishop Dmitry Rostovsky. 26.What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons. 30. This article was being translated when I came.

4. Переведите предложения. Укажите место и залог глагола:

l.They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came.

6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished.

9. I was told to wait for him. lO.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o’clock. 12. Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

G-^ 7.6. Раскройте скобки:

1. These books (return) to the library yesterday. 2. The books must (return) to the library till the end of this month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. The patient was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Litter must not (leave) here. 7. The children (take) to the circus this afternoon. 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday; it (find) by me. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time.

{& 7.7. Переведите на английский:

1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо бу­дет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что завершена нами.

7. Эти книги уже будут опубликованы к концу года. 8. Наша контрольная работа сейчас проверяется? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Ключи были утеряны вчера. 12. Нам показали прекрасный фильм.

13. Вам сказали об этом? 14. Телеграмма уже получе­на? 15. Работа будет закончена в срок. 16. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

17. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 18. Вам объяснят, как добраться до железнодорожного вокза­ла. 19. Вам зададут несколько вопросов на экзамене.

19. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года.

8. Прочитайте следующие слова, пользуясь зна­ками транскрипции, и найдите их русские экви­валенты: monarchy ['monaki] automatic [,3:ta'ma2tik] temperature ['tempritja] cyclone ['saikloun] partner ['pcutna] equator [i'kweita] continent ['kontinent] export ['ekspo:t] import ['impo:t] automobile ['o:tamaubi:l] electronics [ilek'troniks] business ['biznis] finance [fai'nasns] automatic [,3:ta'maetik] gas [gass]

continental [,konti'nentl] commerce ['koma:s] commercial [ko'ma:Jal

]LESSON 8

<^Text 1 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

Education after 16 is voluntary in United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and videocassettes, supported by local study centres and residential summer

schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers, which was made possible by an expansion in grant facilities. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992—1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full- or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parents income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

Vocabulary:

Add to your active vocabulary:

1. high-school dipoma graduation ceremony

школьный аттестат выпускной экзамен

voluntary ['volantari]

добровольное attend посещать self-governing самоуправ­ляемый funding финансирование funding councils советы no финансированию to set up основывать significant значительный polytechnics политехниче­ские институты extension techniques

технологии дистанцион­ного образования to reflect отражать parents income доход родителей student loan [bun] студен­ческий зае

м

Bachelor of Science (B.S.)

бакалавр естественных наук

Bachelor of Art (B.A.)

бакалавр гуманитарных наук

Master of Arts (M.A.)

магистр гуманитарных наук

Master of Science (M.Sc.)

магистр естественных наук

Doctor of Philosophy

(Ph.D.) доктор филосо­фии

undergraduate student

студент 1—4(5) курсов graduate student студент 5—6 курсов graduate school of robotics магистратура (аспиран­тура) по специальности робототехника

2. room (lodging) and

board проживание и питание personal expenses личные расходы books and supplies книги и материалы

с) to be eligible for

admission быть подхо­дящей кандидатурой для поступления to enrol зачислять enrollment зачисление tuition fee плата за обуче­ние

admissions office приемная комиссия student services office департамент по работе со студентами university bursar’s ['ba:sa] (казначей) bursar’s office бухгалтерия университета (офис казначея)

^^8.1. Переведите на английский:

1. В возрасте 16 лет каждый житель Великобритании обязан сдать экзамены на получение Сертификата о среднем образовании.

2. Экзамены продвинутого уровня являются необходи­мым требованием для поступления в университет.

3. Британские университеты являются полностью са­моуправляемыми .

4. В 1992 году Политехническим институтам была предоставлено право стать университетами.

5. Открытый университет, широко известный своими технологиями дистанционного обучения, был осно­ван в 1969 году.

6. В 60-е годы в Соединенном королевстве наметился значительный рост чисга университетов.

7. Размер гранта на обучение определяется исходя из дохода родителей.

Questions for discussion:

1. Do you think that higher education should be free? Do you think that the quality of education in private universities and institutes is better because professors and teachers are paid more?

2. Do you think that the paid higher education with a system of grants is better than entry exams?

v*v

T ГРАММАТИКА

COMPLEX OBJECT Сложное дополнение

Сложное дополнение — это сочетание существитель­ного или местоимения в объектном падеже (напр, те, him, us, them) с инфинитивом или причастием I. Су­ществует в трех основных вариантах:

1. С инфинитивом без частицы to или с причастием I после глаголов восприятия:

see I saw him drive the car. I saw them working in the lab.

hear I didn’t hear you come into the room. I heard her playing the piano. watch We watched the plane land. We watched the children playing in the yard.

notice Nobody noticed him go out. He didn’t notice that happen. feel

I saw him enter the house. — Я видел, как он вошел в дом.

I saw him entering the house. — Я видел, как он входил в дом.

Если используются (вышеперечисленные глаголы с инфинитивом без частицы to), то подчеркивается факт действия, если (эти же глаголы с причастием I) — про­цесс действия.

2. С инфинитивом с частицей to после глаголов

to believe верить, считать I believe her to be a very good teacher. to know знать I know him to be a good student. to want хотеть I want you to help me. to expect ожидать I expect you to come in time. to advise советовать I advise you to enter the institute. to consider считать English climate is considered to be mild.

to order приказывать He is ordered not to be late. to allow разрешать They allow to use dictionaries at the exam.

to find находить I find your story to be very interesting. would like хотеть, желать I like you to finish your work.

3. С инфинитивом без частицы to после глаголов: to let Don’t let them play in the street.

to make Don’t make me laugh.

2. Раскройте скобки:

1. Не made me (do) it all over again. 2. Her father made her (learn) the lessons. 3. If you want us (make) the work quickly you should let us (start) at once. 4. Would you like me (read) now? 5. They won’t let us (leave) the classroom till our control work has been checked. 6. He wouldn’t let the children (play) in his study. 7. Please let me (know) the results of your exam as soon as possible.

8. He made us (wait) for two hours. 9. I let him (go) early as he had done his task. 10. I’d like him (enter) the university but I can’t make him (do) it. 11. I want her (learn) English. 12. I heard the door (open) and saw my friend (come) into the room. 13. I heard her (play) the piano. 14.1 saw him (go out) of the house. 15. The teacher advised us (use) dictionaries. 16. Her father doesn’t allow her (go) to the cinema alone. 17. We expect our basketball team (win) next game. 18. We don’t want you (tell) anything. 19. I saw them (open) the window. 20. That is too difficult for you to do, let me (help) you.

   3. Переведите на английский:

1. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегод­ня? 2. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 3. Вы ожидаете, что дипломная работа будет сделана скоро? 4. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен.

7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня?

8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен но­вый дом. 9. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь?