- •Medical education in Ukraine
- •5. What scientists contributed to the development nmu? Speak on Pirogov’s medical achievements?
- •6. What are the requirements for entering a medical university?
- •13. When do the students take Step1, Step2, Step3?
- •14. What grading methods are the used by most medical school in the usa?
- •15. How long does the period of internship and residency last in the usa? Is it necessary to have the period of residency and what does it depend on?
- •16. Describe the procedure of entering a medical school in Great Britain?
- •17. What is the term of medical training in Great Britain, in the usa?
- •18. Speak on so-called sessionals. What are the requirements before finals in obstetrics and gynecology?
- •19. What is the period of internship in Great Britain? Make comments on it. What certificate does a doctor get after internship?
- •20. What are md and ms degrees in Great Britain? What right do medical students get obtaining the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery?
- •The Human Body
- •21. What parts does the face consist of?
- •22. What are the principal organs in the chest and abdominal cavity?
- •23. What are the upper and lower extremities divided into?
- •24. What are the principal parts of the skeleton?
- •26. What parts does the circulatory system comprise? What is its function?
- •27. Speak on the composition of blood, types of cells in the blood, their functions.
- •28. What are the types of blood? Give short characteristics to main types. Which blood type is most useful for emergencies?
- •29. What does the digestive system consist of? Speak on the functions of the liver, pancreas, stomach duodenum, small and large intestines, rectum.
- •30. What organs does the urinary system consist of?
- •History of medicine
- •31. What methods did people use in the past to prevent illnesses?
- •33. What was Hippocrates’ contribution into medicine?
- •34. What made scientists in the 14th century to be in search of practical ways of coping with medical problems?
- •35. How did dissection of cadavers help physicians in their study of human body?
- •36. What medical discoveries and advances were made in XX century?
- •37. What two revolutional discoveries in surgery were made in the 19th century?
- •Health Service in Ukraine
- •38. Speak on the structure of the Health Service in Ukraine?
- •39. What types of medical institutions are there in the structure of Health Service in Ukraine?
- •40. Is health service free in Ukraine? Should medical service be free? Give your comments on it.
34. What made scientists in the 14th century to be in search of practical ways of coping with medical problems?
In the middle of the 14th century the bubonic plague killed one-fourth of the European population and the scientists became more determined to search for practical, effective methods of dealing with medical problems. This marked the beginning of the scientific approach to medicine.
35. How did dissection of cadavers help physicians in their study of human body?
And as a result, the first accurate textbook on human anatomy was published. In 1515 the first public dissection of a human cadaver was
During the Renaissance, laws forbidding the dissection of cadavers were relaxed and as a result, the first accurate textbook on human anatomy was published. In 1515 the first public dissection of a human cadaver was performed.
Dissection enabled physicians to identify the heart and its circulatory system, the major nerves, the stomach and other digestive organs.
36. What medical discoveries and advances were made in XX century?
Open-heart surgery has been developed. Organ transplants are often successful. Vaccines (infectious agents given to patients to establish resistance to particular diseases) have almost eliminated the threat of poliomyelitis. The electrocardiogram (EKG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography help physicians to detect heart and brain malfunctions. Due to early diagnosis and more effective treatment more and more cancer victims are surviving. X-ray examination helps to make more accurate diagnosis and more effective treatment.
37. What two revolutional discoveries in surgery were made in the 19th century?
Modern surgery was made possible by two revolutionary discoveries: the invention of safe methods of anesthesia and the control of would infection by the use of antiseptics and sterile equipment. Besides, a set of diagnostic procedures, requiring a complete case history and a thorough physical examination, became common medical practice.
Health Service in Ukraine
38. Speak on the structure of the Health Service in Ukraine?
Core components of the health care system in Ukraine include the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, responsible for setting national health policies, and certain specialized health care institutions directly managed and funded by it. The Ministry of Public Health is responsible for establishing the framework for the mandatory accreditation of public and private health facilities as well as licensing of health professionals and pharmaceutical manufacturers and distributors.
39. What types of medical institutions are there in the structure of Health Service in Ukraine?
Primary health care facilities in Ukraine comprise more than 6500 facilities providing ambulatory patient care. The organization of primary care delivery is based on the territorial-district principle. Patients may seek care by a specialist directly without formal referral by their district physician and this opportunity is widely used.
Organization of secondary outpatient care is based on the territorial principle, with each polyclinic being assigned a defined area. Tertiary care is provided mainly in regional hospitals and dispensaries. Treatment may be provided by physicians from both outpatient and inpatient departments of health facilities.