- •National Health Service in the uk
- •5. What are the components of the nhs? Describe the functioning and responsibilities of each component.
- •Health Care System in the usa
- •6. How do people pay for health care in the usa? What are Medicare and Medicaid?
- •7. What are the agencies of the Public Health Service and what functions do they perform?
- •8. What are the problems of health care system in the usa? What are the emerging health problems of the American population?
- •9. What are the challenges confronting the healthcare?
- •Hospitals
- •10. What types of medical institutions are there in the communities? Define them.
- •11. What is the difference between general and specialized hospitals? What conditions may be managed in there types of hospitals?
- •12. What are the types of hospitals according to the means of their financing support?
- •13. What hospital staff members do you know? What are their duties and responsibilities?
- •14. Name medical specialties and define each.
- •Taking a History
- •15. What are the components of the history-taking process? Describe each component.
- •16. What organs and systems are reviewed during the examination and why? What general symptoms do you know? What disorders are they associated with?
- •17. What are the recommendations for the effective communication of the doctor with the patient?
- •Surgery
- •18. What is surgery? What does it deal with and what methods does it use? What are the main controlling factors in surgery? Define them.
- •19. What is the difference between the corrective and curative surgery?
- •20. What anesthesia methods do you know? Compare different types of anesthesia.
- •21. What are the methods of sterilization? Characterize the methods you know.
- •22. What are the required procedures to prepare the patient for an operation? What are the post-operative procedures?
- •23. What instruments and equipment are used during operation and what are they used for?
National Health Service in the uk
1. When was the National Health Service created and what kinds of service does it provide to the UK citizens?
The National Health Service is the collective name given to the four public health services of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 1948 the National Health Service was established. It was provide health care for all citizens, based on need, not the ability to pay.
2. What way is the NHS funded and managed?
The NHS is funded by the taxpayer and managed by a government department, the Department of Health, which sets overall policy on health issues.
3. Speak on the social protection of patient before the creation of NHS if it existed.
Before the National Health Service was created in 1948, patients were generally required to pay for their health care. Free treatment had been sometimes available from teaching hospitals and charity hospitals. In 1911 the National Insurance Act granted all workers of 16 years or over free medical coverage as well as unemployment benefits.
4. What kinds of health care are charged for? Is any kind of service free of charge? Analyze the drug expenses coverage.
Ambulance services, mental health, and ancillary services such as physical and occupational therapy, in-home and in-clinic nursing, and certain care for the sick elderly in nursing homes are free of charge. They are financed from the NHS budget. In general, these and other types of health services can be charged.
Patients in England of working age pay a fixed price (presently £ 7) for each drug prescribed regardless of the amount of drug prescribed or the cost to the pharmacy. The pharmacy invoices the cost of the drugs to the NHS. Patients under 16 years old (19 years if still in fulltime education) or over 59 years will get the drug for free.
5. What are the components of the nhs? Describe the functioning and responsibilities of each component.
The core component of health service is the General Practitioners. GPs are mostly private doctors that choose to contract with the NHS to provide services to patients. GPs can refer their patients to a hospital for more specialized services and for surgery. GP referrals are needed to see any hospital specialist.
Other components of NHS are ambulance services, mental health, and ancillary services such as physical and occupational therapy, in-home and in-clinic nursing, and certain care for the sick elderly in nursing homes.
Health Care System in the usa
6. How do people pay for health care in the usa? What are Medicare and Medicaid?
The United States have the most expensive health care system in the world in dollars per capita and at the same time it is the only wealthy industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. Most of the population has private health insurance. Approximately 75 per cent of the population has their health insurance, life insurance, disability protection and retirement benefits at their place of employment.
The great cost of medical care in the country and a great number of people who could not pay for it had forced the federal government to develop two programs — Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid, started in 1966, is a federal-state program providing free medical care for the poor and aged, for the blind and dependent children. Medicare, started in 1967, is a federal program providing free or discounted medical care for aged Americans over 65.