- •National Health Service in the uk
- •5. What are the components of the nhs? Describe the functioning and responsibilities of each component.
- •Health Care System in the usa
- •6. How do people pay for health care in the usa? What are Medicare and Medicaid?
- •7. What are the agencies of the Public Health Service and what functions do they perform?
- •8. What are the problems of health care system in the usa? What are the emerging health problems of the American population?
- •9. What are the challenges confronting the healthcare?
- •Hospitals
- •10. What types of medical institutions are there in the communities? Define them.
- •11. What is the difference between general and specialized hospitals? What conditions may be managed in there types of hospitals?
- •12. What are the types of hospitals according to the means of their financing support?
- •13. What hospital staff members do you know? What are their duties and responsibilities?
- •14. Name medical specialties and define each.
- •Taking a History
- •15. What are the components of the history-taking process? Describe each component.
- •16. What organs and systems are reviewed during the examination and why? What general symptoms do you know? What disorders are they associated with?
- •17. What are the recommendations for the effective communication of the doctor with the patient?
- •Surgery
- •18. What is surgery? What does it deal with and what methods does it use? What are the main controlling factors in surgery? Define them.
- •19. What is the difference between the corrective and curative surgery?
- •20. What anesthesia methods do you know? Compare different types of anesthesia.
- •21. What are the methods of sterilization? Characterize the methods you know.
- •22. What are the required procedures to prepare the patient for an operation? What are the post-operative procedures?
- •23. What instruments and equipment are used during operation and what are they used for?
19. What is the difference between the corrective and curative surgery?
Corrective surgery
At present, corrective surgery is employed for clubfoot, harelip, cleft palate, bowlegs, deformed spine, congenitally dislocated hip joints, and many heart and blood-vessel diseases. In correcting defects caused by accident or disease, plastic surgery is used.
Curative surgery
Surgery is employed in the treatment of sarcoma, tuberculosis, and osteomyelitis. The brain is subjected to inspection and many kinds of operations, including removal of tumors, evacuation of abscesses, and clearing of blood clots and other obstructions to blood vessels are performed.
20. What anesthesia methods do you know? Compare different types of anesthesia.
Anesthesia is the loss of feeling or sensation. There are two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia, which causes a loss of consciousness, and local anesthesia, where the anesthetic "freezes" the nerves in the area covered by the operation.
There are different types of general anesthesia:
General: anesthesia resulting in amnesia. General anesthesia can be achieved with intravenous agents, such as propofol. Amnesia is the main characteristic, while analgesia and muscle relaxation may be present.
Regional: loss of pain sensation, with varying degrees of muscle relaxation, in certain regions of the body. It is administered with local anesthesia to peripheral nerve bundles, such as the brachial plexus in the neck.
Spinal: also known as subarachnoid block. It refers to a regional block resulting from a small volume of local anesthetics being injected into the spinal canal. The subarachnoid block is usually injected between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae, because the spinal cord usually stops at the 1st lumbar vertebra, while the canal continues to the sacral vertebrae. It results in a loss of pain sensation and muscle strength, usually up to the level of the chest (nipple line or 4th thoracic dermatome).
Local anesthesia is similar to regional anesthesia, but exerts its effect on a smaller area of the body. In local anesthesia, the patient may be conscious during the course of the operation or given a sedative, a drug that induces sleep.
21. What are the methods of sterilization? Characterize the methods you know.
Sterilization — the process of cleaning surgical instruments from microorganisms, which is performed by using specific machines — sterilizers and autoclaves. The methods of sterilization include boiling, low or high pressure steam sterilization and cold sterilization by strong antiseptics (applied to edged instruments that would be blunted by boiling).
22. What are the required procedures to prepare the patient for an operation? What are the post-operative procedures?
It is also necessary to prepare the patient for the operation. So patient shouldn't eat or drink anything for twelve hours before the operation to avoid complications with anesthesia. A patient is often given an enema before the operation to empty the colon from wastes. The area to be operated is thoroughly cleaned, shaved and painted with the solution of iodine. The patient is put on an operation table, covered with a sterilized cloth and administered narcosis. The surgeon prescribes the patient proper post-operative treatment. When the stitches are due for removal — this is usually done a week after the operation — the patient is discharged.