Index

A

ABS consensus guidelines, 192 Absorbable/biodegradable stents, 661 Adenocarcinoma, 319, 320

Advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy, 71 Aero-digestive stulas (ADF)

diagnosis, 673, 674 endoscopic methods, 681, 682 etiology

benign ADF, 671, 672 cancer treatment, 670, 671 congenital ADF, 669 malignant ADF, 670

location, 679 pathology, 669 prognosis, 669

quality of life, 678, 679 retrospective studies, 679 stents

advantage, 676

cardiac septal defect occluder, 680, 681 characteristics, 676

clinical, radiological and endoscopic examination, 678

complications, 679, 680 DJstula stent, 680 esophageal and airway, 678 generation, 675, 676 history, 675

indications, 678 requirements, 678

silicone and self-expanding metal, 676–678 types, 675

treatment options, 674, 675 Aforementioned techniques, 189 Air bronchogram, 533

Airway bypass tracts, 624, 625 Airway devices, 81–82

Airway foreign body (FB) aspiration causes, 696

clinical presentation acute FB, 698, 699

bronchoscopy, 700, 701

radiologic ndings, 700 retained FB, 698–700

complications

bleeding and hemoptysis, 707 distal airway impaction, 707, 708 follow-up, 709

iron pill aspiration, 708, 709 mortality, 707

de nition, 685

epidemiology and risk factors, 688 history, 685

inorganic, 688–694 management

ablative therapies, 705 balloons, 704 baskets, 703, 704 cryotherapy, 705, 706

electrocautery and APC, 706 grasping forceps, 702–704 laser therapy, 706

retrieval procedure, 701, 702

rigid vs. fexible bronchoscopy, 701 suction instruments, 704, 705 surgical management, 706

mineral, 690, 694 organic, 688, 689 PDT, 695, 696

pills and capsules, 693–696 stents, 695

swallowing

functional physiology, 686, 687

upper airway embryological development and anatomy, 686

upper airway protective refexes, 687, 688 Airway smooth muscle (ASM), 633

Airway stent placement, 30–31 Airway stenting

AQuIRE registry, 278 CAO, 265–267

conservative measurement, 259 contraindications, 283 deployment, 278

ECAC, 269–271

Airway stenting (Cont.) endoluminal component, 259 ERF, 267–269

for expiratory central airway collapse, 271–273 extrinsic compression, 260

features, 257, 258

follow-up and patient education, 284 granulation tissue, 279–281 historical perspective, 258, 259 incidence proportion, 279 intraluminal obstruction, 261–264

lower respiratory infection and mucus obstruction, 282 migration, 282, 283

modi able risk factors, 278 perioperative complications, 279 POTS, 264, 265

stent fracture, 282 stump stulas, 267

technique and equipment, 277, 278 for tracheal stenosis, 271

AlloDerm, 682

American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (AABIP), 743

American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), 73, 466 Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), 204

Amplatzer device, 680 Anderson, Howard, 736, 737

Anterior-posterior X-ray fuoroscopic image, 193 Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL-1)

monotherapy, 185 Anti-tumor immune response, 220, 221 AQuIRE registry, 278

Argentinean Association for Bronchology (AABE), 128 Argon plasma coagulation (APC), 16, 30, 156, 244,

245, 738

Argon-dye and diode lasers, 208 Assisted ventilation, 83 Asthma, OCT, 385

Augmented fuoroscopy, 84

Autofuorescence bronchoscopy (AFB), 364, 365, 370, 371

Autofuorescence imaging (AFI), 742 Autofuorescence-optical coherence tomography

(AF-OCT), 387, 388

Autologous corticocancellous bone grafts, 681

B

Babington, Benjamin Guy, 733 Basal pyramid, 12

Basal pyramid bronchus, 12 Becker, Heinrich, 739, 740 Benign airway stenosis

bronchial stenosis post lung transplantation, 231 bronchoscopy, 234, 235

classi cation, 237–240 congenital tracheal stenosis, 228

cryotherapy, electrocautery and APC, 244, 245 dilatation, 241, 242

distal bronchial stenosis, 231, 232

effective management, 240 endoscopic treatment, 241 iatrogenic tracheal stenosis, 228–230 imaging techniques, 232, 233 infectious stenosis, 230

ITS, 230, 231

laser treatment, 242, 244 patient history, 232

pulmonary function test, 235, 236 results, 248, 249, 251

stents placement, 245–248 surgical treatment, 251, 252 treatment implementation, 246, 247

Benzodiazepines, 77, 78 Benzoporphyrin derivate (BPD), 204 Bleeding diathesis, 19 Brachytherapy (BT), 190 BronchAtlas™, 98

Bronchial arterial supply, 13 Bronchial arteries, 13 Bronchial brushings, 23 Bronchial thermoplasty

ef cacy and safety long term, 634 short term, 634 trials, 634, 635

equipment, 636, 637 mechanism of action, 633 patient selection, 635, 636 post-procedure, 639 pre-procedure, 636

randomized controlled trials, 633 treatment, 636–639

Bronchial thermoplasty (BT), 663, 741 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 22

cell patterns and diagnosis, 643, 644 de nition, 641, 642

technical aspects, 642, 643 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 151

Bronchoscopic laser resection (LAMR), 157, 165, 166 Bronchoscopy, 88, 153

Bronchoscopy education assessment tools, 96, 101–104

bronchoscopy-related consultation, 98 digital simulation, 88

ethics of teaching, 104–105 procedure-related medical instruction, 87 technical skills, 98

Bronchus sign, 346 Broyles, Edwin, 735

C

Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS), 128 Cardiac disease, 64

Cardiovascular function, 71 Carina, 12, 13

Carinal stenosis, 109

Central airway obstruction (CAO), 28, 151, 219, 655, 656 Central early-stage lung cancer (CELC) lesions, 214

Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, 75

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 121 Cervical trachea, 11

Charged coupled device (CCD), 17 ChartisTM system, 623

Chest tubes complications, 549, 551 contraindications, 546 empyema, 549 hemothorax, 549, 550 history, 545

MPE, 550

overview of, 545, 546

pleural drainage systems, 551, 552 pneumothorax, 549, 550 procedural technique

blunt operative dissection technique, 547 Cook® Thal-Quick chest tube, 549

Cook® Wayne Pneumothorax catheter, 547, 548 small-bore pigtail catheters, 547, 548

triangle of safety, 546, 547 size considerations, 550, 551 troubleshooting, 551

Chest ultrasound (CUS) advantages, 521 brightness mode, 521, 522

chest wall pathology, 524–527

color Doppler and spectral analysis curve, 521, 522 COVID, 539, 540

depth function, 522

diaphragm evaluation, 535, 536 extrathoracic lymph nodes, 536, 537 focus function, 522

freeze function, 522 gain function, 522

intervention and therapeutics, 538, 539 intrapulmonary processes, 521 motion mode, 521, 522

normal thorax, 522–524

parasternal and supraclavicular approaches, 522 patient position, 522

pleural pathology effusions, 527–530 pneumothorax, 531, 532 thickening, 530, 531

pulmonary pathology interstitial lung diseases, 534 neoplastic consolidation, 534

passive/compression lung atelectasis, 534 pneumonia, 533

post-obstructive atelectasis, 534 pulmonary embolism/lung infarction, 535 white hemithorax, 534

Chinese Thoracic Society (CMA), 128

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 83, 386 Chylothorax, 562, 563

Cisatracurium, 80 CO2 laser, 162 Coils, 627, 628

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

accurate visualization, 434 diagnostic accuracy, 447 diagnostic bronchoscopy, 439

EMN-guided bronchoscopy, 445, 446 forceps, 441, 444

hardware, 438, 439

image acquisition, 436–438 investigation, 441 limitations, 448

limitations and challenges, 440, 441 mobile CT technology, 447, 448 vs. multidetector CT, 435, 436 peripheral bronchoscopy, 444, 445

planning room setup and workfow, 439, 440 propensity-matched analysis, 446, 447 pulmonary nodules, 441

radiation dosages, 447 radiation dose, 440 robotic bronchoscopy, 445 VBN technology, 445

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), 27–28, 84 Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) system, 371 Congenital tracheal stenosis, 228

Conventional cryotherapy, 30

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), 310

Convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS) for biomarker testing, 409

complications, 410 equipment, 395, 398–400

for malignant mediastinal/hilar adenopathy, 403, 404 for non-malignant mediastinal/hilar

adenopathy, 402, 403 NSCLC, 404–409

scanning technique, 399–402 Cook® Thal-Quick chest tube, 549

Cook® Wayne Pneumothorax catheter, 547, 548 Coronavirus disease (COVID), 127

administrative and organizational measures, 118 airway and aerosol-generating procedures, 117 bronchoscopy for outpatients, 130

clearance, 131–132, 136 CUS, 539, 540

environmental control, 118–122 equipment processing, 135–136 foreign body aspiration, 125 infectivity, 142

inpatients, 131

intubated patients, 123–124

lung cancer diagnosis and staging, 129–130 massive haemoptysis, 125

non-intubated COVID-19 patient, 134–135 non-intubated patients, 123

optimization of circuits, 122 pandemic, 49, 663, 664 patient safety, 128

patient selection, 129–131 personal protective equipment, 122 preparing for next pandemic, 137 provider safety, 128–129

Coronavirus disease (COVID) (cont.) recommendations, 125 respiratory failure, 132–134 room turnover, 135–136 SARS-CoV2, 127

screening, 129–131

severe central airway obstruction, 125 specimen handling, 135–136

type and prioritization of IP procedures, 121 universal screening of asymptomatic

patients, 131 Cox, Gerard, 741 Cryoablation, 169, 180–182 Cryoadhesion, 169, 172, 173 Cryoadhesive effect, 173 Cryobiopsy, 21 Cryoextraction, 176 Cryoprobes, 171 Cryorecanalization, 175

Cryotherapy and cryospray, 30, 174, 176, 244, 245 advantages of, 185

blood clot removal, 177 contraindications, 184–185 cryoablation, 180–182 cryoadhesion

contraindications of, 179 cryorecanalization, 174–175 endobronchial cryobiopsy, 176, 177, 179 and foreign body removal, 175–176 indications, 174

mucus plugs/blood clot retrieval, 176 safety concerns, 179–180

TBLC, 179

endobronchial cryobiopsy, 178 equipment, 170–172 evidence, 184

history, 169–170 indications, 182–184 limitations, 185–186 mechanism of action, 172 safety concerns, 184–185

thermal ablation therapies, 186 Cryotherapy equipment, 170

Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP), 644 Cuffink-shaped prosthesis (DJstula stent), 680 Culmen bronchus, 12

Curvilinear probe EBUS (CP-EBUS), 493

D

Decortication, 574, 577, 580, 581 Dental prosthesis, 65 Dexmedetomidine, 80

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), 643 Digital simulation, 88

Diode laser, 57, 162

Distal bronchial stenosis, 231, 232 Dumon, J.-F., 738

Dumon-Harrel rigid bronchoscope, 53 Dumon-Harrel system innovation, 53 Dutau-Novatech rigid bronchoscope (DNRB), 54 Dyspnea, 109

E

Early-stage lung cancer (ESLC), 212–214

EdgeTM catheter-extended working channel (EWC), 418, 419

Electrocautery (EC), 30, 60, 156, 244, 245 Electromagnetic guidance transthoracic needle aspiration

(ETTNA), 426

Electromagnetic navigation (EMN), 740, 741 complications, 428, 429

de nition, 416 diagnostic yield, 423–426

EMN-SD (see SuperDimension™ Navigation System (EMN-SD))

EMN-VM, 422, 423 ETTNA, 426

therapeutic interventions, 426–428 Electromagnetic navigation (ENB), 84 Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (EMN), 16,

350, 351

Electronic mechanical jet ventilation, 83–84 Empyema, 549

Empyema thoracis

biochemical analysis, 575, 576 classi cation, 571, 572 clinical presentation, 574 epidemiology, 573

history, 572 incidence, 572

microbiology, 576, 577 non-operative management

antibiotic selection, 577 intrapleural brinolytic therapy, 578 multi-center trial, 578, 579 thoracentesis, 577, 578

tube thoracostomy, 578 pathogenesis, 573, 574 prognostication, 579 radiologic evaluation, 574, 575 surgical management

decortication, 580, 581 exudative effusions, 579brinopurulent effusions, 580 survivorship, 581

VATS, 580 Endobronchial airway stents

absorbable/biodegradable stents, 661 CAO, 659

indications, 659 metallic stents, 659, 660 silicone stents, 660–662

Endobronchial approach, 186 Endobronchial brachytherapy (EBBT)

adjuvant treatment, 197 anterior-posterior digitally reconstructed

radiograph, 193

application of the technique, 192–196 brachytherapy catheter, 190 complications, 198 contraindications, 192

de nition, 189–190 equipment needed, 190–192

evidence-based review, 196–197

HDRafterloading technique, 191 history, 190

indications, 192 palliative treatment, 198

recommendations, 192, 198 standard de nitive therapy, 198 tumor debulking, 189

Endobronchial cryobiopsy, 176–179 Endobronchial cryotherapy, 169, 182 Endobronchial microwave therapy, 742 Endobronchial Nd-YAG laser, 156 Endobronchial tumors, 164

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), 16, 21, 179, 368 bronchoscope, 81, 82

CP-EBUS (see Convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS))

history, 393

internal body structures, 393, 394 RP-EBUS (see Radial probe endobronchial

ultrasound (RP-EBUS))

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided ne needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA), 466

Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), 94, 309, 310, 493, 653, 654

Endobronchial valve placement, 31 Endobronchial valves, 622–624, 662, 663 Endocytoscopy system (ECS), 371 Endoluminal obstruction, 155 Endoluminal polypoid tumors, 166 Endoscopic chemocauterization, 681

Endoscopic images of video-mediastinoscopy, 474 Endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR)

airway bypass tracts, 624, 625

biologic/polymer lung volume reduction, 625, 627 bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation, 629

coils, 627, 628 COPD, 629 de nition, 619, 620

endobronchial valves, 622–624 equipment, 621

history, 620

indications and contraindications, 620, 621 Endoscopic ultrasound with ne needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), 310, 495, 496

Endotracheal tube (ETT), 68, 82 Enlarged lymph nodes, 3

ERBE probe cryotherapy systems, 170 ERBECRYO® 2 console, 171 Esophagoglottal closure refex (EGCR), 687 Esophago-respiratory stulas (ERF), 267–269 European Respiratory Society (ERS), 128

European Respiratory Society and the American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS), 73

European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), 129 European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS)

guidelines, 466, 473 Evident hemoptysis, 719 Exophytic tumors, 208

Expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC), 269–271 Extended cervical mediastinoscopy (ECM), 475–476,

494, 497

Extent of pleural carcinomatosis (EPC), 607 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 147 Extrathoracic stenosis, 112

F

Fixed intrathoracic stenosis, 111, 112 Flexible Alair catheter, 636, 637 Flexible bronchoscopy (FB), 37, 51

advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy, 24–28 anesthesia and monitoring, 20 complications of, 21–22 contraindications, 18, 19

diagnostic procedures, 22–24 equipment, 19

fexible bronchoscope, 16 history of, 15

indications for, 18 patient preparation, 19 personnel, 19 technique of, 21

therapeutic procedures, 28–31 uses and applications of, 15

Flexible cryotherapy probes, 171, 174 Flow-limiting segment (FLS), 109 Flow–volume curve, 110 Fluoroscopy, 42, 44

Fowler's lobule, 518

Fraction inspired oxygen (FiO2), 80

G

GammaMediX, 191 General anesthesia, 79

German Respiratory Society (DGP), 128 GMEDiX HDR remote afterloader, 191 Goblet mucous cells, 7

Grasping forceps, 702–704

Ground glass/lepidc pattern (GG/L), 329, 330

H

Hemoptoic expectoration, 719 Hemoptysis

airway protection, 722–724 bronchoscopy

diagnosis, 716–720 location, 716

de nition, 713 equipment, 721 etiology, 713–715

evidence-based review, 727 history, 715, 716 management, 721, 722 therapeutic bronchoscopy, 720

advantage, 723

bronchial blockade systems, 725, 726 instillation of hemostatic drugs, 725 laser coagulation, 726

rigid bronchoscope, 724

selective bronchial blockage, 724, 725 Hemothorax, 549, 550

High magni cation bronchovideoscope (HMB), 365, 366, 368

High-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy (HDR-­ EBBT), 192

monotherapy CT-based plan, 194 procedure, 193, 194

treatment, 194 Holinger, Paul H., 735 Hypoxemia, 76

I

Iatrogenic tracheal stenosis, 228–230 Idiopathic tracheal stenosis (ITS), 230, 231 Ikeda, Shigeto, 736

Incidental lung nodules awareness, 301 follow-up, 301 incidence, 301 management, 302 screening pathway, 302

Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) chylothorax, 562, 563 competency and training, 565, 566 complications, 560

complications and management, 564, 565 follow-up and removal, 563, 564

history, 552, 553

indications and contraindications, 553 MPEs, 560, 561

catheter related infections, 595, 596 dislodged catheter, 597

during placement, bleeding, 594 kinked IPC, 595

mechanical complications, 597 non-expandable lung, 589, 599, 600 pain, 597

pleurodesis, 598, 599 pneumothorax, 594, 595 quality of life, 594 safety pro le, 594

tumor seeding of insertion tract, 597, 598 NMPE, 561, 562

non-expandable lung, 561 pleurodesis, 563

procedural technique and necessary equipment, 553–560

Inferior mediastinoscopy, 476 Infammatory disease, 160

Inoperable central airway stenosis, 109 Intensive care units (ICU), 63 Intermediate bronchus, 12 Intermedius bronchus, 10

International Society for Infectious Disease (ISID), 128 Interstitial lung diseases (ILD), 534, 641

BAL

cell patterns and diagnosis, 643, 644 de nition, 641, 642

technical aspects, 642, 643 BRAVE clinical trials, 648

DNA and protein microarrays, 648 pathogenesis, 648

sarcoidosis, 646, 648 TLB-C, 644–647

Interventional bronchoscopy

anesthesia of the mouth and oropharynx, 76 ASA physical status, 73

assessment of fow-volume curve, 109 assessment of lateral airway pressure, 110–112 benzodiazepines, 77

cardiovascular system exam, 74 conscious sedation, 77–79 contraindications, 73–79 dental inspection, 74 dexmedetomidine, 80

during COVID-19 pandemic, 85 dyspnea, 109

equipment needed, 81–84 FiO2, 80

fow limitation, 109 general anesthesia, 79 history, 72 indications, 73–79 informed consent, 75 ketamine, 80 laboratory testing, 74 MAC, 79

medical history, 73

modes of ventilation, 82–84

monitoring the depth of anesthesia, 80–81 muscle relaxants, 80

nasal mucosa and nasopharynx, 76 opioids, 78

peripheral diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy, 84–85

pharmacodynamics of, 78 physical examination, 73–75

positive pressure controlled mechanical ventilation, 83 postprocedure care, 84

pressure-pressure curve, 112–113 procedure-related indications, 75 propofol, 79

pulmonary function tests, 75 radiographic studies, 74

recurrent laryngeal nerve block, 77 remifentanil, 80

respiratory system assessment, 74 side effects of local anesthetics, 75–76 superior laryngeal nerve, 76

superior Laryngeal nerve block, 77 TIVA, 79

topical anesthesia, 75 Interventional pulmonology (IP)

bronchial thermoplasty, 663 bronchoscopy (see Bronchoscopy) COVID-19 pandemic, 663, 664 de nition, 651

diagnostic procedures cryobiopsy, 654, 655 EBUS-TBNA, 653, 654

virtual navigational bronchoscopy, 654, 655 endobronchial valves, 662, 663

history AABIP, 743 AFI, 742

bronchial thermoplasty, 741

bronchoscopic lung volume reduction, 741, 742 convex probe ultrasound, 740, 741

EMN, 740, 741 endobronchial APC, 738

endobronchial microwave therapy, 742 endobronchial stents, 738 esophagoscope, 733

fexible bronchoscope, 736 fexible TBNA, 737, 738 glottiscope, 733 innovation, 743

JOBIP, 743

laser therapy, 738

lung transplantation, 739

optical coherence tomography, 742 radial probe ultrasound, 739, 740 rigid bronchoscope, 733–736 transbronchial lung biopsy, 736, 737

pediatric airway, 652, 653 therapeutic procedures

CAO, 655, 656

dilation procedures, 656, 657

endobronchial airway stents (see Endobronchial airway stents)

mechanical debridement, 658, 659 thermal techniques, 657, 658

training programs, 651 Intrathoracic stenosis, 113 Inverse square law, 191 Ion endoluminal system

description and design, 458 diagnostic yield, 461

Iron pill aspiration, 708, 709

J

Jackson, Chevalier, 734, 735 Jet ventilation, 83 Joule-Thompson effect, 172

Journal of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (JOBIP), 743

K

Ketamine, 80

Killian, Gustav, 733, 734

Kirstein, Alfred, 733

Kultschitzsky cells, 159

L

Laryngeal adductor refex, 687

Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 81–82, 185

Laser assisted mechanical resection (LAMR), 156, 157, 163

Laser bronchoscopy adjacent lung tumor, 151 airway obstruction, 152

application of technique, 163–166 benign and malignant tumors, 157–159 clinical presentation, 152

diagnosis, 152–153

endobronchial coagulation and disobstruction, 152 endotracheal intubation, 151

equipment needed, 160–163 evidence based review, 166–167 history, 156–157

infammatory disease, 160

infammatory tracheo-bronchial strictures, 152 treatment, 153–156

tumors with uncertain prognosis, 159–160 LASER bronchoscopy, 28

Laser bronchoscopy application, 57, 58 Laser energy, 162

Laser power, 162 Laser resection, 164 Laser therapy, 16, 156 Laser vaporization, 164

Laser-assisted bronchoscopy, 157 Lateral airway pressure, 111 Left atrium dilatation, 3

Left lower lobe bronchus, 10, 12 Left main bronchus (LMB), 10, 12 Left parasternal mediastinotomy, 475 Left pulmonary artery, 13

Left upper lobe bronchus, 10, 12 Lidocaine, 65

Lingular bronchus, 12 Local anesthesia, 71, 72

Long-lasting COVID19 symptoms, 136 Lower lobe bronchus, 10

Lung cancer

adrenal and hepatic metastases, 487 anterior mediastinoscopy, 497, 498 biomarkers, 488–490

bone, 487, 488 brain, 487, 488 chest x-ray, 490

computrized tomography, 490, 491 early detection

AFB, 364, 365, 370, 371 application, 367, 372 classi cation, 373, 374 CLE system, 371 contraindications, 368–370 EBUS, 368 endocytoscopy system, 371

evidence-based review, 372, 373 HMB, 365, 366, 368 indications, 368–370

NBI, 364–366 OCT, 368

Raman spectrophotometry, 371, 372 EBUS-TBNA, 493

ECM, 494, 497

Lung cancer (Cont.) EUS-FNA, 495, 496 extrathoracic disease, 486

history and physical examination, 307, 308, 485 incidence, 484

magnetic resonance imaging, 492, 493 medical thoracoscopy, 607

navigational and robotic bronchoscopy, 493–495 NSCLC, 485

OCT, 384, 385 oligometastatic lesion, 486 paraneoplastic syndromes, 485

patient history, 485, 487, 489, 490, 496–499 PET-CT, 486

pleura and pleural effusion, 486, 487 positive emission tomography, 491, 492 SCM, 496, 497

surgical vs. minimally invasive techniques, 498, 499 TBNA, 495, 496

TNM, 484

transthoracic needle aspiration, 495 VATS, 498

Lung cancer screening

bene ts and risks, 297, 298, 300 in China, 301

eligibility criteria, 300 in Europe, 300

historical review, 294–297 incidental ndings, 302, 303 incidental lung nodules, 301, 302 in Japan, 300, 301

in South Korea, 301 in US, 300

Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS), 539 LungPoint®, 42

Lymph node biopsies, 472, 473

M

Main bronchi, 10 Main left bronchus, 13

Main right bronchus, 13

Malignant central airway obstruction (CAO), 151, 265–267

Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs), 550, 560, 561 chylothorax, 600, 601

clinical manifestation, imaging studies, and diagnosis, 587–589

de nition, 585, 586 evaluation, 590, 591

initial intervention, 590, 592, 593 IPC

catheter related infections, 595, 596 dislodged catheter, 597

during placement, bleeding, 594 kinked IPC, 595

mechanical complications, 597 non-expandable lung, 589, 599, 600 pain, 597

pleurodesis, 598, 599

pneumothorax, 594, 595 quality of life, 594 safety pro le, 594

tumor seeding of insertion tract, 597, 598 longitudinal management, 593

parietal pleurectomy, decortication, and pleuro-­ pneumonectomy, 600

pathogenesis, 585, 586 repeated thoracenteses, 593

Mallampati classi cation, 73, 74 Massive airway bleeding, 176 Mechanical ventilation, 141 Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 109 Mediastinoscopic biopsy, 476 Mediastinoscopy

biopsies, 472, 473 complications, 475 contraindications, 466–467

control of haemostasis and closure, 473–475 conventional mediastinoscopy versus video-­

mediastinoscopy, 479 de nition, 465

equipment needed, 467–469

extended cervical mediastinoscopy, 475–476 history, 465–466

incision and initial dissection, 471 indications, 466–467

inferior mediastinoscopy, 476 insertion of mediastinoscope, 472 mediastinal inspection, 472 mediastinoscopic biopsy, 476 mediastino-thoracoscopy, 476–477 operative eld, 470

palpation, 471–472 patient’s position, 470 postoperative care, 475 preoperative care, 469–470 recommendations, 480 staging values, 479–480 technical variants of, 475 TEMLA, 479

VAMLA, 477–479 Mediastino-thoracoscopy, 476–477 Medical thoracoscopy

de nition, 605 diagnostic indications

hematologic malignancy and breast cancer, 608 lung cancer, 607

mesothelioma, 607 tuberculosis, 608

equipment, 610, 611 history, 605

pleural effusions, 606, 607

pre-procedural preparations and considerations, 611 prevalence, 605

procedural safety and contraindications, 610 procedural technique, 611–613

therapeutic indications drug delivery, 610

pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion, 609

pleurodesis of pneumothorax, 609 thoracoscopic drainage, 609, 610

vs. VATS, 613 Medical training, 87

Mesothelioma, medical thoracoscopy, 607 Metallic stents, 659, 660 Methemoglobinemia, 76

Microbacterial resistance, 220 Middle lobe bronchus, 12 Minimally invasive procedures

CT-guided transthoracic biopsy, 312 EBUS-TBNA, 309, 310 EUS-FNA, 310

extrathoracic metastases, 313, 314 fuoroscopy-guided transthoracic biopsies, 312 mediastinoscopy, 308, 309

navigational bronchoscopy-guided procedures, 311, 312

pleural biopsy, 313

radial-probe EBUS-guided procedures, 310, 311 TBNA, 310

thoracentesis, 313

US-guided transthoracic biopsy, 312, 313 Mitral stenosis, 3

Moderate sedation/analgesia, 71 Molecular testing, 318, 319 Monarch platform

description and design, 454–457 diagnostic yield, 461

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC), 72, 79–85 Monophonic wheezing, 152 M-tetrahidroxofenil cloro (mTHPC), 204–205 Multidetector CT (MDCT), 435, 436 Multiple papillomatous lesions, 157

N

Nanoparticles, 205

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 205 Narrow band imaging (NBI), 21, 364–366 N-Aspartyl Chlorin e6 (NPE6), 204

National emphysema treatment trial (NETT), 619 Navigational bronchoscopy, 21

Nd:YAG laser, 161, 166, 197, 215–218 Nd:YAP laser, 162

Near infrared-photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), 221 Neck fexibility, 470

Neoadjuvant therapy, 219 Neoplastic consolidation, 534 New sensitizers, 219, 220

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), 83, 123, 124, 163–164 Non-malignant pleural effusions (NMPE), 561, 562 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 404–409 Nothing per os (NPO), 75

O

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 387

Oesophageal ultrasound-guided FNA (EUS-FNA), 466 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 219, 368

airway and lumen calibration, 387 asthma, 385

COPD, 386

diagnostic bronchoscopy, 379, 380

endoscopic AF-OCT system, 381–383, 387, 388 history, 380, 381

lung cancer, 384, 385 OSA, 387

preclinical studies, 383 PS-OCT, 387

P

Palpation, 472

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 76 Parapneumonic effusions, see Empyema thoracis Pediatric rigid bronchoscopy, 61–62 Percutaneous tracheostomy

airway security, 141 contraindications, 143 equipment needed, 143–144 evidence-based review, 146–147 lessens airway resistance, 141 mechanical ventilation, 142 modi cations, 144–145

patient selection, 142 procedural technique, 144–145 recommendations, 147

tracheostomy-related evidence, 143 Peripheral pulmonary lesion (PPL), 493

cone beam CT, 352 de nition, 341 EBUS, 349, 350 EMN, 350, 351 fuoroscopy, 344–347

historical perspective, 342, 343 LungVision system, 352, 353 rEBUS, 347, 348

ROSE, 358, 359

sampling instruments, 354–358 trans-parenchymal access, 351, 352 virtual bronchoscopy, 349

Personal protection equipment (PPE), 128 Pharyngoglottal closure refex (PGCR), 687 Photo-chemical internalization (PCI), 220 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 30, 205, 206, 695, 696

advanced lung cancer

advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer, 217, 218

commentary, 218

complementary endoscopic methods, 219 Nd-YAG laser, 215–217

rationale, 215

anti-tumor immune response, 220, 221 complementary endoscopic methods, 218, 219 contraindications, 212

curative PDT indications, 210 early-stage lung cancer, 212–214rst generation photosensitizers, 203

investigation of new sensitizers, 219, 220

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) (Cont.) microbacterial resistance, 220 Nd-Yag Laser, 216

NIR-PIT, 221

palliative PDT indications, 211 photosensitizer agents, 201–203 procedure, 207–209

second generation photosensitizers ALA, 204

BPD, 204 mTHPC, 204–205 NPE6, 204

solo therapy, 201

third generation of photosensitizers nanoparticles, 205

PDT reaction, 205, 206 tumor destruction, 206, 207

Photofrin®, 203, 207, 216 Photosensitivity, 209 Photosensitizer agents, 201–203 Photothermal therapy, 221 Pleural anatomy

cavity

anterior costal-phrenic sinus/cardio-phrenic sinus, 516

cost-diaphragmatic sinus/lateral cost-phrenic sinus, 516

ssures, 516–518

pleural apex/superior pleural sinus, 516 posterior costal-phrenic sinus, 516

embryonic development, 507–509 histology

cytological characteristics, 512 mesothelial cells functions, 512 parietal pleura structure, 512

pleural space defense mechanism, 512, 513 visceral pleura structure, 511

innervation, 519 macroscopic anatomy, 513

costal parietal pleura, 514, 515 diaphragmatic parietal pleura, 514, 515 mediastinal parietal pleura, 514 visceral pleura, 513, 514

molecular biology, 509–511 vascularization

arterial and venous irrigation, 517–519 parietal pleura lymphatic drainage, 518 visceral pleura lymphatic drainage, 518, 519

Pleural drainage systems, 551, 552 Pleural effusions, 527–530 Pleural thickening, 530, 531 Pleurodesis, 563, 598

Pneumonia, 533

Pneumothorax, 48, 531, 532, 549, 550, 594, 595 Polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT), 381, 387 Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), 205

Por mer Sodium (Photofrin®), 203 Positron emission tomography (PET), 466 Postintubation tracheal stenosis, 151

Postoperative tracheal stenosis (POTS), 264, 265

Potassium chloride (KCL), 694 Problem-oriented BronchAtlas™ video series, 97 Propofol, 79

Pulmonary airway, 715

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), 643 Pulmonary embolism/lung infarction, 535 Pulmonary parenchyma, 715

Pulmonary vascular, 715

R

Radial endobronchial ultrasound (rEBUS), 84, 347, 348 Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (RP-EBUS), 21,

25–26, 493 complications, 410 equipment, 394

indication, application, and evidence, 396–398 scanning technique, 394–396

Radiation therapy, 212

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE), 317, 358, 359 Recurrent laryngeal nerve block (RLN), 77 RejuvenAir® system, 184

Remifentanil, 80

Research in Severe Asthma (RISA), 634 Residual pleural thickening (RPT), 581 Right main bronchus, 10, 12

Right upper lobe bronchus, 10, 12

Rigid bronchoscope (RB), 51, 64, 72, 82, 154, 160 airway obstruction, 52

applications and contraindications, 57 complications, 63, 64

equipment, 161 esophagoscope, 51

foreign bodies removal, 62–63 hemorrhagic accidents, 52 ICU, 63

indications, 57, 63 innovations, 52–56

laser bronchoscopy application, 57, 58 mechanical debridement, 60–61

open tube, 51

pediatric rigid bronchoscopy, 61–62 procedure, 64, 65

suction catheters, 56 TBNA, 59–60

tracheobronchial dilatation, 62 tracheobronchial prosthesis, 58–59 treatments for bronchial obstruction, 60

Rigid cryoprobes, 172

Risk prediction models, 300

Robot assisted navigation bronchoscopy (RANB), 186 Robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB), 84

history, 453, 454

ion endoluminal system description and design, 458 diagnostic yield, 461

Monarch platform

description and design, 454, 455 diagnostic yield, 461

procedure and technique, 459, 460

safety and feasibility, 460 therapy, 462

Rocuronium, 80

S

Schieppati, Eduardo, 737 Schwarz, Yehuda, 741

Sebileau suspensory apparatus, 516 Seldinger technique, 144

Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS), 264, 659, 660, 675 Self-expandable silicone stents, 264

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), 117, 127, 135

Silicone stents, 660–662 Silicone Y stent, 112

Simbionix bronch mentor (EBUS module), 96 Simple diagnostic bronchoscopy, 71 Simultaneous laser coagulation, 164 Single-step dilator, 145

Size-adjusted sponge, 681

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 334, 335 Small subepithelial glands, 7

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), 205

SPiN System® Veran Medical Technologies (EMN-VM), 422, 423

Spontaneous ventilation, 82

Spray cryotherapy (SCT), 169, 170, 182–184 Sputum cytology, 314

Squamous cell carcinoma, 319, 320 Stage I disease, 212

Standard cervical mediastinoscopy (SCM), 496, 497 Stents airway foreign body aspiration, 695 Submucosal brin injections, 681

Succinylcholine, 80 Suction catheters, 56

SuperDimension™ Navigation System (EMN-SD) computer interphase, 416, 418

computerized tomography, 416 EWC, 418, 419

patient position, 416 planning, 419

real-time navigation, 420–423 registration, 419–421

retractable micro-sensor probe, 416, 417 Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 76 Surgical tracheostomy, 142

Swallowing

functional physiology, 686, 687

upper airway embryological development and anatomy, 686

upper airway protective refexes, 687, 688

T

Temporomandibular disorders, 64

Tetracaine, 65

Tetraphenylsulfonate (TPPS), 203

Thoracentesis, 535

Thoracic trachea, 12

Thoracoscopy, 125 Thulium laser, 163 Tissue acquisition

cytology vs. histology, 315, 316 genotyping

challenges, 316, 317 liquid biopsy, 318 ROSE, 317

sensitive genotyping assays, 317, 318 techniques, 316

guidelines, 315 implications, 314, 315

Toma, Tudor, 741

Topical anesthesia, 41, 65, 75

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), 20, 79 Toty, Lucien, 738

Trachea, 12

Tracheal mucous gland, 8 Tracheal obstruction, 110, 111 Tracheobronchial anatomy

anatomo-clinical relationships, 7–10 blood supply, 7

bronchial arterial supply, 13 bronchial division, 10–11

bronchial tree and anatomical relationships, 11–13 external tracheal con guration, 3

internal morphology, 6–7 main bronchi, 10

Tracheobronchial bifurcation, 8, 11 Tracheobronchial dilatation, 62 Tracheobronchial prosthesis, 58–59 Tracheobronchial stenosis, 153 Tracheostomy, 471

Transbronchial cryobiopsy, 16

Transbronchial lung biopsy (TLB), 20, 22–23, 644–647 Transbronchial lung biopsy through cryoprobes

(TLB-C), 641, 644–647

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC), 26–27, 179 Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), 23, 59–60,

466, 495, 496, 737, 738

Transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy (TEMLA), 479

Trans-parenchymal nodule access, 343 Transthoracic needle aspiration, 495 Treatment planning system (TPS), 193 TruFreeze® system, 182, 183 TruFreeze® system console, 183 Tsuboi's classi cation, 47

Tube thoracostomy, 577, 578, 582 Tuberculosis (TB), 608

Tumor destruction, 206, 207 Tumor-node-metastases (TNM) staging system

data source, 328 history, 327

M descriptors, 333, 336 N descriptors, 336

nodal staging, 331, 332 overview, 330, 331

retrospective sources, 335 SCLC, 334, 335

Tumor-node-metastases (TNM) staging system (Cont.) stage groupings, 329, 333, 334

T descriptors, 328, 335, 336 atelectasis/pneumonitis, 329 bronchus involvement, 328 diaphragm involvement, 329 GG/L, 329, 330

pneumonic type in ltrates, 329, 330 tumor size, 328

treatment algorithms, 335 Tunnel tract infection, 565

U

Ultrasound bronchoscope (EBUS), 349, 350 Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis skills and tasks

assessment test (UGSTAT), 566 Ultrathin bronchoscopy, 26

complications, 48 contraindications, 39–41 conventional bronchoscopes, 37 equipment needed, 41–42 exploration of cavitated lesions, 39 history, 38–39

indications, 39–41

intra and extrabronchial lesions, 49 in peripheral airways, 46 peripheral pulmonary nodule, 48 position veri cation, 45–47 procedure description, 42–48 procedure plani cation, 43 procedure planning, 42–43

sampling, 47–48 sampling instruments, 48

target approximation, 43–45

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES), 686–688 Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 644

V

Video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy (VAMLA), 477–479

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), , , , , , , ), 498, 580

Videobronchoscopes, 88 Video-mediastinoscopes, 467, 479

Virtual bronchoscopic navigation systems, 45 Virtual navigation (VBN) technology, 445 Vocal cords, 12

W

Wang, Ko-Pen, 737

White hemithorax, 534

Wrisberg azygos lobe, 517

Y

Yasufuku, Kazuhiro, 740, 741

Z

Zenkel's diverticulum, 671

Zephyr device, 623