- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •About the Editors
- •Contributors
- •1: Tracheobronchial Anatomy
- •Trachea
- •Introduction
- •External Morphology
- •Internal Morphology
- •Mucous Layer
- •Blood Supply
- •Anatomo-Clinical Relationships
- •Bronchi
- •Main Bronchi
- •Bronchial Division
- •Left Main Bronchus (LMB)
- •Right Main Bronchus (RMB)
- •Blood Supply
- •References
- •2: Flexible Bronchoscopy
- •Introduction
- •History
- •Description
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Absolute Contraindications
- •Procedure Preparation
- •Technique of FB Procedure
- •Complications of FB Procedure
- •Basic Diagnostic Procedures
- •Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
- •Transbronchial Lung Biopsy (TBLB)
- •Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (TBNA)
- •Bronchial Brushings
- •Advanced Diagnostic Bronchoscopy
- •EBUS-TBNA
- •Ultrathin Bronchoscopy
- •Transbronchial Lung Cryobiobsy (TBLC)
- •Therapeutic Procedures Via FB
- •LASER Bronchoscopy
- •Electrocautery
- •Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC)
- •Cryotherapy
- •Photodynamic Therapy
- •Airway Stent Placement
- •Endobronchial Valve Placement
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Procedure Description
- •Procedure Planning
- •Target Approximation
- •Sampling
- •Complications
- •Future Directions
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •4: Rigid Broncoscopy
- •Innovations
- •Ancillary Equipment
- •Rigid Bronchoscopy Applications
- •Laser Bronchoscopy
- •Tracheobronchial Prosthesis
- •Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (TBNA)
- •Rigid Bronchoscope in Other Treatments for Bronchial Obstruction
- •Mechanical Debridement
- •Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy
- •Tracheobronchial Dilatation
- •Foreign Bodies Removal
- •Other Indications
- •Complications
- •The Procedure
- •Some Conclusions
- •References
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Preprocedural Evaluation and Preparation
- •Physical Examination
- •Procedure-Related Indications
- •Application of the Technique
- •Topical Anesthesia
- •Anesthesia of the Nasal Mucosa and Nasopharynx
- •Anesthesia of the Mouth and Oropharynx
- •Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block
- •Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Block (RLN)
- •Conscious Sedation
- •Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)
- •General Anesthesia
- •Monitoring the Depth of Anesthesia
- •Interventional Bronchoscopy Suites
- •Airway Devices
- •Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)
- •Endotracheal Tube (ETT)
- •Rigid Bronchoscope
- •Modes of Ventilation
- •Spontaneous Ventilation
- •Assisted Ventilation
- •Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIV)
- •Positive Pressure Controlled Mechanical Ventilation
- •Jet Ventilation
- •Electronic Mechanical Jet Ventilation
- •Postprocedure Care
- •Special Consideration
- •Anesthesia for Peripheral Diagnostic and Therapeutic Bronchoscopy
- •Anesthesia for Interventional Bronchoscopic Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Background
- •Curricular Structure and Delivery
- •What Is a Bronchoscopy Curriculum?
- •Tradition, Teaching Styles, and Beliefs
- •Using Assessment Tools to Guide the Educational Process
- •The Ethics of Teaching
- •When Learners Teach: The Journey from Novice to Mastery and Back Again
- •The Future Is Now
- •References
- •Interventional Procedure
- •Assessment of Flow–Volume Curve
- •Dyspnea
- •Analysis of Pressure–Pressure Curve
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Adaptations of the IP Department
- •Environmental Control
- •Personal Protective Equipment
- •Procedure Performance
- •Bronchoscopy in Intubated Patients
- •Other Procedures in IP Unit
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Safety
- •Patient Safety
- •Provider Safety
- •Patient Selection and Screening
- •Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Staging
- •Inpatients
- •COVID-19 Clearance
- •COVID Clearance: A Role for Bronchoscopy
- •Long COVID: A Role for Bronchoscopy
- •Preparing for the Next Pandemic
- •References
- •Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •History and Historical Perspectives
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Benign and Malignant Tumors
- •Tumors with Uncertain Prognosis
- •Application of the Technique
- •Evidence Based Review
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •12: Cryotherapy and Cryospray
- •Introduction
- •Historical Perspective
- •Equipment
- •Cryoadhesion
- •Indications
- •Cryorecanalization
- •Cryoadhesion and Foreign Body Removal
- •Cryoadhesion and Mucus Plugs/Blood Clot Retrieval
- •Endobronchial Cryobiopsy
- •Transbronchial Cryobiopsy for Lung Cancer
- •Safety Concerns and Contraindications
- •Cryoablation
- •Indications
- •Evidence
- •Safety Concerns and Contraindications
- •Cryospray
- •Indications
- •Evidence
- •Safety Concerns and Contraindications
- •Advantages of Cryotherapy
- •Limitations
- •Future Research Directions
- •References
- •13: Brachytherapy
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Application of the Technique
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Adjuvant Treatment
- •Palliative Treatment
- •Complications
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •14: Photodynamic Therapy
- •Introduction
- •Photosensitizers
- •First-Generation Photosensitizers
- •M-Tetrahidroxofenil Cloro (mTHPC) (Foscan®)
- •PDT Reaction
- •Tumor Damage Process
- •Procedure
- •Indications
- •Curative PDT Indications
- •Palliative PDT Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Rationale for Use in Early-Stage Lung Cancer
- •Rationale
- •PDT in Combination with Other Techniques for Advanced-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
- •Commentary
- •Complementary Endoscopic Methods for PDT Applications
- •New Perspectives
- •Other PDT Applications
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •15: Benign Airways Stenosis
- •Etiology
- •Congenital Tracheal Stenosis
- •Iatrogenic
- •Infectious
- •Idiopathic Tracheal Stenosis
- •Distal Bronchial Stenosis
- •Diagnosis Methods
- •Patient History
- •Imaging Techniques
- •Bronchoscopy
- •Pulmonary Function Test
- •Treatment
- •Endoscopic Treatment
- •Dilatation
- •Laser Therapy
- •Stents
- •How to Proceed
- •Stent Placement
- •Placing a Montgomery T Tube
- •The Rule of Twos for Benign Tracheal Stenosis (Fig. 15.23)
- •Surgery
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •16: Endobronchial Prostheses
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Extrinsic Compression
- •Intraluminal Obstruction
- •Stump Fistulas
- •Esophago-respiratory Fistulas (ERF)
- •Expiratory Central Airway Collapse
- •Physiologic Rationale for Airway Stent Insertion
- •Stent Selection Criteria
- •Stent-Related Complications
- •Granulation Tissue
- •Stent Fracture
- •Migration
- •Contraindications
- •Follow-Up and Patient Education
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Overdiagnosis
- •False Positives
- •Radiation
- •Risk of Complications
- •Lung Cancer Screening Around the World
- •Incidental Lung Nodules
- •Management of Lung Nodules
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Minimally Invasive Procedures
- •Mediastinoscopy
- •CT-Guided Transthoracic Biopsy
- •Fluoroscopy-Guided Transthoracic Biopsies
- •US-Guided Transthoracic Biopsy
- •Thoracentesis and Pleural Biopsy
- •Thoracentesis
- •Pleural Biopsy
- •Surgical or Medical Thoracoscopy
- •Image-Guided Pleural Biopsy
- •Closed Pleural Biopsy
- •Image-Guided Biopsies for Extrathoracic Metastases
- •Tissue Acquisition, Handling and Processing
- •Implications of Tissue Acquisition
- •Guideline Recommendations for Tissue Acquisition in Mediastinal Staging
- •Methods to Overcome Challenges in Tissue Acquisition and Genotyping
- •Rapid on-Site Evaluation (ROSE)
- •Sensitive Genotyping Assays
- •Liquid Biopsy
- •Summary, Recommendations and Highlights
- •References
- •History
- •Data Source and Methodology
- •Tumor Size
- •Involvement of the Main Bronchus
- •Atelectasis/Pneumonitis
- •Nodal Staging
- •Proposal for the Revision of Stage Groupings
- •Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
- •Discussion
- •Methodology
- •T Descriptors
- •N Descriptors
- •M Descriptors
- •Summary
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Historical Perspective
- •Fluoroscopy
- •Radial EBUS Mini Probe (rEBUS)
- •Ultrasound Bronchoscope (EBUS)
- •Virtual Bronchoscopy
- •Trans-Parenchymal Access
- •Cone Beam CT (CBCT)
- •Lung Vision
- •Sampling Instruments
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Narrow Band Imaging (NBI)
- •Dual Red Imaging (DRI)
- •Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)
- •Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy and Endocytoscopy
- •Raman Spectrophotometry
- •Application of the Technique
- •Supplemental Technology for Diagnostic Bronchoscopy
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Summary and Recommendations, Highlight of the Developments During the Last Three Years (2013 on)
- •References
- •Introduction
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Endoscopic AF-OCT System
- •Preclinical Studies
- •Clinical Studies
- •Lung Cancer
- •Asthma
- •Airway and Lumen Calibration
- •Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •Future Applications
- •Summary
- •References
- •23: Endobronchial Ultrasound
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Equipment
- •Technique
- •Indication, Application, and Evidence
- •Convex Probe Ultrasound
- •Equipment
- •Technique
- •Indication, Application, and Evidence
- •CP-EBUS for Malignant Mediastinal or Hilar Adenopathy
- •CP-EBUS for the Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
- •CP-EBUS for Restaging NSCLC After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
- •Complications
- •Summary
- •References
- •Introduction
- •What Is Electromagnetic Navigation?
- •SuperDimension Navigation System (EMN-SD)
- •Computerized Tomography
- •Computer Interphase
- •The Edge Catheter: Extended Working Channel (EWC)
- •Procedural Steps
- •Planning
- •Detecting Anatomical Landmarks
- •Pathway Planning
- •Saving the Plan and Exiting
- •Registration
- •Real-Time Navigation
- •SPiN System Veran Medical Technologies (EMN-VM)
- •Procedure
- •Planning
- •Navigation
- •Biopsy
- •Complications
- •Limitations
- •Summary
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Image Acquisition
- •Hardware
- •Practical Considerations
- •Radiation Dose
- •Mobile CT Studies
- •Future Directions
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •26: Robotic Assisted Bronchoscopy
- •Historical Perspective
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Diagnostic Yield
- •Monarch RAB
- •Ion Endoluminal Robotic System
- •Summary
- •References
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •General
- •Application of the Technique
- •Preoperative Care
- •Patient’s Position and Operative Field
- •Incision and Initial Dissection
- •Palpation
- •Biopsy
- •Control of Haemostasis and Closure
- •Postoperative Care
- •Complications
- •Technical Variants
- •Extended Cervical Mediastinoscopy
- •Mediastinoscopic Biopsy of Scalene Lymph Nodes
- •Inferior Mediastinoscopy
- •Mediastino-Thoracoscopy
- •Video-Assisted Mediastinoscopic Lymphadenectomy
- •Transcervical Extended Mediastinal Lymphadenectomy
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Case 1
- •Adrenal and Hepatic Metastases
- •Brain
- •Bone
- •Case 1 Continued
- •Biomarkers
- •Case 1 Concluded
- •Case 2
- •Chest X-Ray
- •Computerized Tomography
- •Positive Emission Tomography
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Endobronchial Ultrasound with Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
- •Transthoracic Needle Aspiration
- •Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
- •Endoscopic Ultrasound with Needle Aspiration
- •Combined EUS-FNA and EBUS-TBNA
- •Case 2 Concluded
- •Case 3
- •Standard Cervical Mediastinoscopy
- •Extended Cervical Mediastinoscopy
- •Anterior Mediastinoscopy
- •Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
- •Case 3 Concluded
- •Case 4
- •Summary
- •References
- •29: Pleural Anatomy
- •Pleural Embryonic Development
- •Pleural Histology
- •Cytological Characteristics
- •Mesothelial Cells Functions
- •Pleural Space Defense Mechanism
- •Pleura Macroscopic Anatomy
- •Visceral Pleura (Pleura Visceralis or Pulmonalis)
- •Parietal Pleura (Pleura Parietalis)
- •Costal Parietal Pleura (Costalis)
- •Pleural Cavity (Cavitas Thoracis)
- •Pleural Apex or Superior Pleural Sinus [12–15]
- •Anterior Costal-Phrenic Sinus or Cardio-Phrenic Sinus
- •Posterior Costal-Phrenic Sinus
- •Cost-Diaphragmatic Sinus or Lateral Cost-Phrenic Sinus
- •Fissures18
- •Pleural Vascularization
- •Parietal Pleura Lymphatic Drainage
- •Visceral Pleura Lymphatic Drainage
- •Pleural Innervation
- •References
- •30: Chest Ultrasound
- •Introduction
- •The Technique
- •The Normal Thorax
- •Chest Wall Pathology
- •Pleural Pathology
- •Pleural Thickening
- •Pneumothorax
- •Pulmonary Pathology
- •Extrathoracic Lymph Nodes
- •COVID and Chest Ultrasound
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •History of Chest Tubes
- •Overview of Chest Tubes
- •Contraindications for Chest Tube Placement
- •Chest Tube Procedural Technique
- •Special Considerations
- •Pneumothorax
- •Empyema
- •Hemothorax
- •Chest Tube Size Considerations
- •Pleural Drainage Systems
- •History of and Introduction to Indwelling Pleural Catheters
- •Indications and Contraindications for IPC Placement
- •Special Considerations
- •Non-expandable Lung
- •Chylothorax
- •Pleurodesis
- •Follow-Up and IPC Removal
- •IPC-Related Complications and Management
- •Competency and Training
- •Summary
- •References
- •32: Empyema Thoracis
- •Historical Perspectives
- •Incidence
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Radiologic Evaluation
- •Biochemical Analysis
- •Microbiology
- •Non-operative Management
- •Prognostication
- •Surgical Management
- •Survivorship
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •Evaluation
- •Initial Intervention
- •Pleural Interventions for Recurrent Symptomatic MPE
- •Especial Circumstances
- •References
- •34: Medical Thoracoscopy
- •Introduction
- •Diagnostic Indications for Medical Thoracoscopy
- •Lung Cancer
- •Mesothelioma
- •Other Tumors
- •Tuberculosis
- •Therapeutic Indications
- •Pleurodesis of Pneumothorax
- •Thoracoscopic Drainage
- •Drug Delivery
- •Procedural Safety and Contraindications
- •Equipment
- •Procedure
- •Pre-procedural Preparations and Considerations
- •Procedural Technique [32]
- •Medical Thoracoscopy Versus VATS
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Historical Perspective
- •Indications and Contraindications
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Endobronchial Valves
- •Airway Bypass Tracts
- •Coils
- •Other Methods of ELVR
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •36: Bronchial Thermoplasty
- •Introduction
- •Mechanism of Action
- •Trials
- •Long Term: Ten-Year Study
- •Patient Selection
- •Bronchial Thermoplasty Procedure
- •Equipment
- •Pre-procedure
- •Bronchoscopy
- •Post-procedure
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
- •Technical Aspects of BAL Procedure
- •ILD Cell Patterns and Diagnosis from BAL
- •Technical Advises for Conventional TLB and TLB-C in ILD
- •Future Directions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Pediatric Airway
- •Advanced Diagnostic Procedures
- •Endobronchial Ultrasound
- •Virtual Navigational Bronchoscopy
- •Cryobiopsy
- •Therapeutic Procedures
- •Dilation Procedures
- •Thermal Techniques
- •Mechanical Debridement
- •Endobronchial Airway Stents
- •Metallic Stents
- •Silastic Stents
- •Novel Stents
- •Endobronchial Valves
- •Bronchial Thermoplasty
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Etiology
- •Congenital ADF
- •Malignant ADF
- •Cancer Treatment-Related ADF
- •Benign ADF
- •Iatrogenic ADF
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment Options
- •Endoscopic Techniques
- •Stents
- •Clinical Results
- •Stent Complications
- •Other Available Stents
- •Other Endoscopic Methods
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Anatomy and Physiology of Swallowing
- •Functional Physiology of Swallowing
- •Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- •Types of Foreign Bodies
- •Organic
- •Inorganic
- •Mineral
- •Miscellaneous
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Acute FB
- •Retained FB
- •Radiologic Findings
- •Bronchoscopy
- •Airway Management
- •Rigid Vs. Flexible Bronchoscopy
- •Retrieval Procedure
- •Instruments
- •Grasping Forceps
- •Baskets
- •Balloons
- •Suction Instruments
- •Ablative Therapies
- •Cryotherapy
- •Laser Therapy
- •Electrocautery and APC
- •Surgical Management
- •Complications
- •Bleeding and Hemoptysis
- •Distal Airway Impaction
- •Iron Pill Aspiration
- •Follow-Up and Sequelae
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Vascular Origin of Hemoptysis
- •History and Historical Perspective
- •Diagnostic Bronchoscopy
- •Therapeutic Bronchoscopy
- •General Measures
- •Therapeutic Bronchoscopy
- •Evidence-Based Review
- •Summary
- •Recommendations
- •References
- •History
- •“The Glottiscope” (1807)
- •“The Esophagoscope” (1895)
- •The Rigid Bronchoscope (1897–)
- •The Flexible Bronchoscope (1968–)
- •Transbronchial Lung Biopsy (1972) (Fig. 42.7)
- •Laser Therapy (1981–)
- •Endobronchial Stents (1990–)
- •Electromagnetic Navigation (2003–)
- •Bronchial Thermoplasty (2006–)
- •Endobronchial Microwave Therapy (2004–)
- •American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (AABIP) and Journal of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (JOBIP) (1992–)
- •References
- •Index
About the Editors
José Pablo Díaz-Jiménez, MD, PhD, is a Pulmonary Physician, dedicated to Interventional Pulmonology (IP) for more than 35 years. He trained as a Pulmonary Physician at Bellvitge University Hospital in Barcelona, Spain, and then he completed his interventional training with Dr. Dumon at Marseille (France) and Dr. Cortese at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (USA).
He was Head of the Interventional Pulmonary Department at Bellvitge University from 1991, organizing training programs, international courses, and congresses in Interventional Pulmonology for more than 25 years. He is Adjunct Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine-Research, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (USA).
He is recognized as one of the leaders of IP around the world. He is Former Chairman of the World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP) and Former President of the World Bronchology Foundation (WBF). He is also recipient of Dumon Award and Killian Centenary Medal for the World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP).
Alicia N. Rodríguez, MD, has been a Pulmonary Physician for more than 20 years. She trained in Internal Medicine and then completed her training in Pulmonary Medicine with Dr. Beamis at the Lahey Clinic in Burlington, MA (USA), and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine with Dr. Díaz-Jiménez at Bellvitge University Hospital in Barcelona (Spain). She settled in Mar del Plata (Argentina), where she became Head of the Pulmonary and Respiratory Endoscopy Department in Clinica Colón. She has taken part in many multicentric research projects and is also
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About the Editors |
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performing independent research and teaching at the University of Mar del Plata Medical School.
She belongs to many scienti c societies, such as the Argentinian Association of Respiratory Medicine (AAMR), the Argentinian Association of Bronchoesophagologhy (AABE), and Women in Interventional Pulmonology (WIIP).
She is a respected Senior Pulmonary Consultant, well known for both her academic work and dedication to her patients.
Contributors
Juan Antonio Moya Amorós Department de Ciències Clíniques, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Univeritari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
A. Christine Argento Department of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital/Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Harmeet Bedi Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Michela Bezzi Pneumologia a Indirizzo Endoscopico, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Semra Bilaceroglu Izmir Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Suat Seren Training and Research Hospital for Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
António Bugalho Pulmonology Department, CUF Tejo Hospital and CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
Sergi Call Thoracic Surgery Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Spain
Department of Morphological Sciences, Medical School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
Roberto F. Casal Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Juan Alejandro Cascón Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
Henri G. Colt, MD, FAWM University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
Rosa Cordovilla Interventional Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Tarek Dammad Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA
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José Pablo Díaz-Jiménez Interventional Pulmonary Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
George A. Eapen Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Bianka Eperjesiova University of Florida, Health Shands Hospital System and VA, Gainesville, FL, USA
Travis L. Ferguson Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Marta Díez Ferrer Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Claudia Freitas Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João and Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laura K. Frye Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Stefano Gasparini Department of Public Health and Biomedical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda “Ospedali Riuniti”, Ancona, Italy
Michael Ghobrial Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Christopher R. Gilbert Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
Center for Lung Research in Honor of Wayne Gittinger, Seattle, WA, USA
Alberto A. Goizueta Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Ana Gruss ILD Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Fernando Guedes Pulmonology Department, Centre Hospitalier du Nord, Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Ileana Iftimia Radiation Oncology, TUSM, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Bilal A. Jalil Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care at West Virginia, University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, US
Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Carlos A. Jiménez Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Enambir Josan The Ohio State University Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Danai Khemasuwan Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Stephen Lam Cancer Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Rosa López Lisbona Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Anna Ureña Lluveras Departament de Ciències Clíniques, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Elizabeth S. Malsin Department of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital/Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Marta Marín Pulmonary Medicine Service, Hospital Clinico-Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
Atul C. Mehta Lerner College of Medicine, Buoncore Family Endowed Chair in Lung Transplantation, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Rachid Tazi Mezalek Bronchoscopy Unit and Interventional Pulmonology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
Gerència Metropolitana Nord, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
Gaëtane C. Michaud Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Teruomi Miyazawa Division of Respiratory and Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, St Mariana University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
María Molina-Molina ILD Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Rodolfo F. Morice Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Septimiu Dan Murgu The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL,
USA
Tejaswi R. Nadig Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Takahiro Nakajima Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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Contributors |
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Hiroki Nishine Division of Respiratory and Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, St Mariana University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
KeriAnn Van Nostrand Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Hamid Pahlevaninezhad Cancer Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Tanmay S. Panchabhai Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Jasleen Pannu The Ohio State University Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Ramón Rami-Porta Thoracic Surgery Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Spain
Network of Centres for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Lung Cancer Group, Terrassa, Spain
Alicia N. Rodríguez School of Medicine, National University of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Antoni Rosell Hospital Universitari Germans Trias, Barcelona, Spain
Gerència Metropolitana Nord, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
Anastasiia Rudkovskaia Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Bruce F. Sabath The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Pere Trias Sabrià Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Mona Sarkiss Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Audra J. Schwalk Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Luis M. Seijo Maceiras Pulmonary Department, University Clinic, Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Sara Shadchehr Interventional Pulmonology, TUSM, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Vickie R. Shannon Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Contributors |
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David Shore Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
Gerard A. Silvestri Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Nathaniel Silvestri Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Michael Simoff Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology, Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Vishal Singh, MD Department of Critical Care Medicine At AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, USA
Sean Stoy North Memorial Health, Robbinsdale, MN, USA
Jennifer W. Toth Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
Melissa Tukey Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Lonny B. Yarmus Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kazuhiro Yasufuku Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Ekaterina Yavarovich Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Burlington, MA, USA
Lina Zuccatosta Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda “Ospedali Riuniti”, Ancona, Italy
Javier J. Zulueta Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Part I
Basic Bronchoscopy Procedures