- •«Финансовый университет
- •Предисловие
- •Часть 1:
- •Часть 2:
- •Into the Modern Era (1950s – Present)
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Violence in Schools
- •Ian says:
- •Unit II
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b What are Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Text a The system of higher education in the United States
- •Text b Education in the United States
- •Community Colleges
- •The Ivy League
- •Glossary
- •Unit III
- •Opportunity Costs
- •Vocabulary list
- •Planned Economies
- •Market Economies
- •Vocabulary list
- •Mixed Economy
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •How to Choose a University Course
- •Unit IV Part 1 Competition
- •Vocabulary List
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 TextA
- •Strengths and Weaknesses of a Student
- •How to be motivated to start studying
- •Instructions:
- •Tips & warnings
- •How to be a good student
- •Instructions:
- •Unit V Part 1 Money: History and Functions
- •History of the word “money”
- •Functions of money
- •Money as a medium of exchange
- •Money as a store of value
- •Money as a unit of account
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Money and the Meaning of Life
- •Respect & recognition
- •Personal satisfaction
- •Unit VI Part 1 Forms of Money
- •Commodity money
- •Metallic money
- •Metallic coins
- •History Paper money
- •Obligations
- •Gold Standard
- •Gold Exchange Standard
- •Vocabulary List
- •Intrinsic value, bill of exchange, scarcity, durability, fiat money, nominal value, gold standard, legal tender
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •It’s All Who You Know
- •The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students
- •Unit VII
- •Movements in individual prices and in the general price level
- •Measurement issues
- •Consumer Price Index
- •Measurement problems
- •Nominal and real variables
- •Vocabulary list
- •Hyperinflation
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 From College to Career
- •Navigate Change: 3 Tips to Manage the Transition from College to Career
- •1. Small Steps
- •2. Small Dreams
- •3. Big Belief
- •1. Do you prefer to study…
- •2. Do you study best…
- •3. Do you prefer to work…
- •Goldsmith to Banker
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b The Bank of England
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Career: Economist
- •Unit IX Part 1 Globalization
- •The Pros and Cons of Globalization
- •Vocabularylist
- •Interaction, globalization, cross-border, controversial, vulnerability, interdependence, integration
- •Text b Russia and Globalization
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Part 2 Why learn languages?
- •10 Good reasons why you should be learning a foreign language
- •Text a British educational and foreign language policy
- •I. Single European Market
- •II. European Monetary Institute
- •III. Ecb and the euro
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Defining a 21st Century Education: At a Glance
- •Appendix I Communication Skills
- •Greetings and Introductions
- •Introductions – Social Language
- •Informal Greetings: Arriving
- •Informal Greetings: Departing
- •Travel Greetings - Social Language
- •Social Contacts: Starting a Conversation
- •Five Basic Facts
- •Hobbies / Free Time
- •Social Contacts: Speaking to Strangers; Special Days
- •Interrupting
- •Special Days
- •Social Contacts: Small Talk
- •Social Contacts: First Name, Last Name Or Title?
- •Expressing opinion
- •Making Suggestions
- •Construction
- •Stating a Preference
- •Construction
- •Disagreeing
- •Giving Advice
- •Construction
- •Contrasting Ideas
- •Construction
- •Asking for Information and Explanations
- •Construction
- •Task: Make up short dialogues using the above constructions. Demanding Explanations
- •Construction
- •Telephoning (I) Telephone English - Important Phrases
- •Telephone English - Leaving Messages
- •Telephoning (II) Business Telephone Conversation Patterns
- •Interrupting
- •Negotiations
- •Glossary
- •Negotiations Stages. The language
- •1 Opening the Negotiations
- •2 Clarifying Proposals
- •3 Exploring the Zone of Bargaining and Options
- •4 Bargaining
- •5 Entering the Critical Phase
- •Identifying obstacles:
- •6 Closing
- •The Negotiation Process
- •Language to use to show understanding/agreement on a point:
- •Language to use for objection on a point or offer:
- •Markus Opens the Negotiations
- •Appendix II
- •Summary Writing
- •If you must use the words of the author, cite them.
- •Gist Writing
- •Getting the gist
- •Appendix III
- •I. Preparation and Planning
- •I.1 Essential Preparation and Planning Checklist
- •I.2 Other questions concerning physical aspects.
- •II. Structure of an Oral Presentation
- •II.1.D Give title and introduce subject
- •II.1.E Give your objectives (purpose, aim, goals)
- •II.1.F Announce your outline.
- •II.3 The end or conclusion
- •II.3.A Content
- •II.3.B Dealing with difficult questions
- •Summary of Part II
- •III. Visuals
- •Vocabulary of graphs/chart
- •IV. A Relationship with the Audience
- •V. Body Language
- •VI. Voice and Pronunciation
- •Заключение
- •List of Literature
- •Internet sources:
- •Благодарности
- •Contents
Gold Exchange Standard
The British gold standard finally collapsed in 1931, but the system was revived at the 1944 international conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Here, a revised gold standard was agreed upon: the exchange rates of the national currencies of the major economic powers were pegged to the dollar and the dollar was convertible into gold at a fixed price of USD 35 per ounce. The Bretton Woods monetary system is therefore sometimes called the gold exchange standard. Central banks stood ready to provide dollars in exchange for their national currency and vice versa.
The Bretton Woods monetary system collapsed in 1971 and since then the currencies of the major economies have remained pure fiat money. In addition, most countries have allowed the exchange rates of their currencies to float.
The evolution of money has not stopped. These days, various forms of intangible money have emerged, among them so-called “electronic money” (“e-money”), or electronic means of payment, which first appeared in the 1990s. This kind of money can be used to pay for goods and services on the internet or using other electronic media.
Upon receiving authorization from the buyer for the payment to take place, the vendor contacts the issuing bank and is transferred the funds. At present there are various card-based electronic money schemes in Europe, generally operated by financial institutions.
Vocabulary List
portable – легкий, переносимый
durable - прочный, долговременный
to decay - портиться
divisible – делимый
fiatmoney – неразменные (декретные) деньги (выпускаются правительством, не имеют реальной стоимости)
todecline – приходить в упадок, снижаться
to certify – удостоверять; ручаться
indebtedness – задолженность, сумма долга
obligation – обязательство, долг; долговое обязательство
to take on, assume obligation
billofexchange – переводной вексель, тратта (финансовый документ – приказ должнику уплатить указанному лицу определенную сумму)
to undergo – испытывать, подвергаться
legal tender – законное платежное средство
nominalvalue – номинальная стоимость
syn. facevalue
GoldStandard – Золотой Стандарт (денежная система, при которой все денежные единицы страны могут обмениваться на золото)
circulation – обращение
v. to circulate
nationalgoldreserves – официальные резервы государства в форме золотых слитков
Notes
GoldExchangeStandard – золотовалютный (золотодевизный) стандарт
fiduciarypapernotes – деньги общественного доверия (деньги, обеспеченные золотым или серебряным резервом)
tobeconvertedintogoldatafixedparity – обмениваться на золото по фиксированной стоимости
to suspend – приостанавливать, временно прекращать
tobepegged (to) – быть «привязанным» к определенному уровню (о цене или курсе)
to float – плавать, свободно колебаться
Ex 1. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
their original purpose; to be stored conveniently and easily; to be easily portable and durable; these goods came to be accepted as money; money without intrinsic value; certificates of indebtedness; to trade obligations; the bi-metal scheme; the adoption of fiat money; the system has undergone great change; legal tender; to ensure the creditability of currency; the exchange rate of pounds into gold; to be balanced by the national gold reserves; to be pegged to the dollar; to float; intangible money.
Ex 2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
It is widely agreed that what at times became … was often not the same as ……
The evolution of money depends on a number of factor, such as ……
The introduction of metallic money was a way by which …… tried to overcome the problem …… as money
Paper money in China was …… around 15000 A.D. when Chinese society ……
The Italian city-states were the first …… as a means of payment.
For a long time, the nation states held …… in their central banks …… - a system known as the Gold Standard.
Whit the start of WWI, many countries began …… in order …… of the war.
These days, various forms of …… have emerged, among them so-called ……, or …….
Ex 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
играть основную (ключевую) роль (2), изначальная цель, решать проблемы, внести в обращение стандартизированные и сертифицированные монеты, города-государства, содержание серебра, широко использоваться, заменять серебро и золото сплавами, не иметь товарной (потребительской) стоимости, долговые обязательства (3), приход бумажных денег, законное платежное средство, иметь строго определенную номинальную стоимость, конвертироваться в золото по установленной цене, уравновешиваться национальным золотым запасом, золотодевизный стандарт, деньги, не имеющие материальной формы.
Ex 4. Match each term with the appropriate explanation.