- •«Финансовый университет
- •Предисловие
- •Часть 1:
- •Часть 2:
- •Into the Modern Era (1950s – Present)
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Violence in Schools
- •Ian says:
- •Unit II
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b What are Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Text a The system of higher education in the United States
- •Text b Education in the United States
- •Community Colleges
- •The Ivy League
- •Glossary
- •Unit III
- •Opportunity Costs
- •Vocabulary list
- •Planned Economies
- •Market Economies
- •Vocabulary list
- •Mixed Economy
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •How to Choose a University Course
- •Unit IV Part 1 Competition
- •Vocabulary List
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 TextA
- •Strengths and Weaknesses of a Student
- •How to be motivated to start studying
- •Instructions:
- •Tips & warnings
- •How to be a good student
- •Instructions:
- •Unit V Part 1 Money: History and Functions
- •History of the word “money”
- •Functions of money
- •Money as a medium of exchange
- •Money as a store of value
- •Money as a unit of account
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Money and the Meaning of Life
- •Respect & recognition
- •Personal satisfaction
- •Unit VI Part 1 Forms of Money
- •Commodity money
- •Metallic money
- •Metallic coins
- •History Paper money
- •Obligations
- •Gold Standard
- •Gold Exchange Standard
- •Vocabulary List
- •Intrinsic value, bill of exchange, scarcity, durability, fiat money, nominal value, gold standard, legal tender
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •It’s All Who You Know
- •The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students
- •Unit VII
- •Movements in individual prices and in the general price level
- •Measurement issues
- •Consumer Price Index
- •Measurement problems
- •Nominal and real variables
- •Vocabulary list
- •Hyperinflation
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 From College to Career
- •Navigate Change: 3 Tips to Manage the Transition from College to Career
- •1. Small Steps
- •2. Small Dreams
- •3. Big Belief
- •1. Do you prefer to study…
- •2. Do you study best…
- •3. Do you prefer to work…
- •Goldsmith to Banker
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b The Bank of England
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Career: Economist
- •Unit IX Part 1 Globalization
- •The Pros and Cons of Globalization
- •Vocabularylist
- •Interaction, globalization, cross-border, controversial, vulnerability, interdependence, integration
- •Text b Russia and Globalization
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Part 2 Why learn languages?
- •10 Good reasons why you should be learning a foreign language
- •Text a British educational and foreign language policy
- •I. Single European Market
- •II. European Monetary Institute
- •III. Ecb and the euro
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Defining a 21st Century Education: At a Glance
- •Appendix I Communication Skills
- •Greetings and Introductions
- •Introductions – Social Language
- •Informal Greetings: Arriving
- •Informal Greetings: Departing
- •Travel Greetings - Social Language
- •Social Contacts: Starting a Conversation
- •Five Basic Facts
- •Hobbies / Free Time
- •Social Contacts: Speaking to Strangers; Special Days
- •Interrupting
- •Special Days
- •Social Contacts: Small Talk
- •Social Contacts: First Name, Last Name Or Title?
- •Expressing opinion
- •Making Suggestions
- •Construction
- •Stating a Preference
- •Construction
- •Disagreeing
- •Giving Advice
- •Construction
- •Contrasting Ideas
- •Construction
- •Asking for Information and Explanations
- •Construction
- •Task: Make up short dialogues using the above constructions. Demanding Explanations
- •Construction
- •Telephoning (I) Telephone English - Important Phrases
- •Telephone English - Leaving Messages
- •Telephoning (II) Business Telephone Conversation Patterns
- •Interrupting
- •Negotiations
- •Glossary
- •Negotiations Stages. The language
- •1 Opening the Negotiations
- •2 Clarifying Proposals
- •3 Exploring the Zone of Bargaining and Options
- •4 Bargaining
- •5 Entering the Critical Phase
- •Identifying obstacles:
- •6 Closing
- •The Negotiation Process
- •Language to use to show understanding/agreement on a point:
- •Language to use for objection on a point or offer:
- •Markus Opens the Negotiations
- •Appendix II
- •Summary Writing
- •If you must use the words of the author, cite them.
- •Gist Writing
- •Getting the gist
- •Appendix III
- •I. Preparation and Planning
- •I.1 Essential Preparation and Planning Checklist
- •I.2 Other questions concerning physical aspects.
- •II. Structure of an Oral Presentation
- •II.1.D Give title and introduce subject
- •II.1.E Give your objectives (purpose, aim, goals)
- •II.1.F Announce your outline.
- •II.3 The end or conclusion
- •II.3.A Content
- •II.3.B Dealing with difficult questions
- •Summary of Part II
- •III. Visuals
- •Vocabulary of graphs/chart
- •IV. A Relationship with the Audience
- •V. Body Language
- •VI. Voice and Pronunciation
- •Заключение
- •List of Literature
- •Internet sources:
- •Благодарности
- •Contents
Vocabulary List
to indicate – указывать, определять
productdifferentiation – дифференциация продукции
applicationofcompetitionpolicy – применение конкурентной политики
tobedeterredfromdoingsmth – удерживаться от чего-либо, бояться
intheshortrun – в краткосрочной перспективе
inthelongrun – в долгосрочной перспективе
starting point – отправная точка
contestability – конкурентоспособность
Notes
to strive against each other – боротьсядругсдругом
to secure customers – зд. привлечьпокупателей
fromawiderpublic-interestangle – с точки зрения интересов общества
costlessly – без потерь, без издержек
underlying – лежащий в основе
incumbentfirms – зд. компании, уже занявшие места на рынке
…shouldlargeprofitsbemade – зд. если есть возможность получения высоких прибылей
homogeneous products – однородные продукты
marginal revenue – предельный доход
marginal-costpricing – ценообразование на основе предельных издержек
actual competitors – реальные конкуренты
Ex 1. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
active rivalry of firms for customers; price variations; product differentiation strategies; market performance; new entrants; minimum-cost production; entry barriers; an individual impact on market force; costlessly enter and exit the industry; the outputs traded.
Ex 2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
Competition is referred to as a process whereby firms …… to …… for their products.
In the …… run, perfect competition is efficient for the ……, because it ensures that no consumer will …… buying something which he values more than it …… to make.
The simple perfect competition model provides a good …… for illuminating the forces …… the real behavior of firms.
It is possible for an efficient …… to exist while no …… prevents other firms from competing.
Ex 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
определить тип рынка; изменение цен; результаты деятельности рынка; непосредственно относиться к; размещение ресурсов; торговать однородной продукцией; никаких препятствий для входа; эффективное производство; реально существующие конкуренты.
Ex 4.Match each term with the appropriate explanation.
perfect competition, free competition, differentiation, monopolistic competition, contestability
Making one’s product as different as possible from its competitors by means of brand names, attractive packaging, etc. so that buyers may recognize and buy the product of their choice.
The degree of ease with which firms can enter or leave an industry.
A state of competition in which the price of a good is the same throughout the market because buyers and sellers have a perfect knowledge of market conditions, there is complete freedom of movement of factors of production from one industry to another, and there are no transport costs.
An economy in which there is complete freedom from interference by the state, and in which prices are more according to the forces of supply and demand.
That form of competition where sellers can influence buyers or appearance of the goods they produce. (Syn. Imperfect competition)
Ex 5. Answer the questions and do the assignments.
What does the notion “competition” signify?
Enumerate the features characterizing a perfectly competitive industry. Expand on each.
Is perfect competition economically efficient? In what ways?
What does contestability theory imply?
Show the difference between perfect competition and contestability.
Ex 6.Find in the text above words or phrases that mean:
the way in which a market is organized;
a type of market structure that is characterized by few firms andmany buyers, homogenous or differentiated products, difficultmarket entry;
an element of market conduct that denotes the ways in which suppliers attempt to distinguish their own product from those ofcompetitors;
the efficiency of a market in utilizing scarce resources to meetcustomers' demands for goods and services; that is, how well amarket has contributed to the optimization of economic welfare;
a policy concerned with promoting the efficient use of economicresources and protecting the interests of consumers;
the addition to total revenue from the sale of one extra unit of output;
the money value of a unit of a good, service, asset or factor input;
the setting of a price for a product which is based upon the marginalcost of producing and distributing it.
Ex 7. Increase your vocabulary.
Study the word combinations with the word “competition”. Use them is the sentences of your own.
to meet competition – выдерживать конкуренцию
keen competition – острая конкуренция
animated competition – оживленная конкуренция
(un)workablecompetition – (не)эффективная конкуренция
unrestrained competition – неограниченная конкуренция
to be in competition with somebody - конкурироватьскем-либо
aggravation of competition – обострениеконкуренции
beyond competition – вне конкуренции
intrabranch competition – внутриотраслевая конкуренция
competitive prices – конкурентные цены
Other adjectives: latent, fierce, cut-throat, (un)fair, free, global, active, actual, predatory, intraindustry, interindustry, (un)healthy.
Verbs: to face, to defy, to win, to eliminate, to meet with, to stand, to sustain, to provoke, to enter in, to avoid.
Translate the sentences:
В результате обострения конкуренции на рынке мобильной связи цены на услуги операторов упали.
Продукция этой фирмы вне конкуренции.
В странах с рыночной экономикой компании конкурируют между собой за потребителей и долю рынка.
Не всем компаниям удается выдерживать ожесточенную конкуренцию.
Войдя на рынок, наша фирма столкнулась с недобросовестной конкуренцией со стороны компаний, производящих подобный товар гораздо более низкого качества.
Чтобы избежать конкуренции в своем сегменте рынка, нашей компании пришлось расширить ассортимент продукции.
Внутриотраслевая конкуренция привела к заметному понижению цен на продукцию в отрасли.
Здоровая конкуренция обычно идет на пользу покупателям: они имеют возможность более широкого выбора товаров по конкурентным ценам.