Книги по МРТ КТ на английском языке / The Embryonic Human Brain An Atlas of Developmental Stages. Third Edition. 2006. By Ronan O'Rahilly
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GLOSSARY |
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339 |
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Situs neuroporicus (Fig. 12-7): The site of final closure of |
the original components of the primordial plexiform |
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the rostral neuropore. It corresponds later to an area |
layer are believed neither to decrease nor to disappear, |
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within the commissural plate (O’Rahilly and Muller,¨ |
but rather to undergo a significant and progressive di- |
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1989a, 2002). |
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lution (Mar´ın-Padilla, 1988a). The early subplate cells |
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Stalk, |
hemispheric: The |
original |
connection |
undergo regressive changes and they are progressively |
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replaced by new projection neurons (Mar´ın-Padilla, |
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(Streifenhugelstiel,¨ |
Hemispharenstiel:¨ |
His, 1904) |
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1988a). |
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between the diencephalon and the telencephalon, |
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which becomes a stalk from about stage 17. It becomes |
Sulcus, hypothalamic (Table 20-1): An internal groove be- |
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greatly enlarged by fibers and tracts, especially by |
tween the thalamus sensu lato (comprising the dorsal |
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the continuation of the internal capsule (Figs. 21-6, |
and ventral thalami) and the hypothalamus sensu |
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22-10, and 22-11), namely the lateral prosencephalic |
lato (comprising the subthalamus and hypothalamus |
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fasciculus (q.v.). See Sharp (1959) and Richter (1965). |
sensu stricto). It begins and ends in the diencephalon |
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Stammbundel¨ : The term used by His for the fibers (lateral |
(Fig. 17-4 inset). |
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prosencephalic fasciculus, q.v.) connecting the dorsal |
Sulcus, intereminential: A term used by the present au- |
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thalamus and telencephalon and continuing also to |
thors for the slight groove that appears at stage 18 |
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the epithalamus and to the mesencephalon. |
between the lateral and medial ventricular eminences |
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Stem cells, neural: The pluripotential stem cells of the |
(Fig. 22-6A). |
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mammalian brain develop in the ventricular layer of |
Sulcus limitans (Fig. 21-7 and 21-8): An internal groove |
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the embryo and fetus, as well as from the neural crest. |
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found bilaterally in the developing mesencephalon, |
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These cells develop into both neurons and glia. Neu- |
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rhombencephalon, and spinal cord. It is present at |
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ronal stem cells persist in the adult mammalian cen- |
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stage 12 and is the boundary between the alar and |
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tral nervous system (e.g., in the ependyma) and partic- |
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basal laminae (q.v.). In the human embryo the sul- |
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ipate in plasticity and regeneration, but they have the |
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cus limitans ends rostrally near the rostral end of the |
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immunocytochemical markers of glia. The only site |
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mesencephalon (Fig. 17-4). This point was long dis- |
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in the adult peripheral nervous system where produc- |
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puted in the past (Fig. 21-8). See also Laminae, alar and |
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tion of neural stem cells is documented is the olfactory |
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basal. |
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neuroepithelium. A pool of progenitor cells within the |
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Swellings, cerebellar: Bulges that are parts of the cere- |
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human dentate gyrus continues to produce new gran- |
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bellar plate, i.e., the alar lamina of the isthmic seg- |
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ule cells throughout life. Adult glial progenitors de- |
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ment together with that of rhombomere 1. The earlier |
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velop into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes (Comptson |
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appearing internal cerebellar swelling (innerer Klein- |
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et al., 1997). However, studies of embryonic and adult |
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hirnwulst of Hochstetter, 1929) is inside the fourth |
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stem cells still contain “red herrings” (Quesenberry |
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ventricle (Fig. 17-4). The external cerebellar swelling |
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et al., 2005) and much further work remains to be |
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(ausserer¨ Kleinhirnwulst) forms as an expansion at |
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done. |
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the site of the rhombic lip (Fig. 17-3). It is delimited |
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Subplate (Figs. 21-7 and 23-22): A derivative of the pri- |
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by a groove that corresponds to the later posterolat- |
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mordial plexiform layer (q.v.), which may participate |
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eral fissure of the cerebellum. The internal and ex- |
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in the specification of the cortical plate (q.v.). It has |
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ternal cerebellar swellings are sometimes referred to, |
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been termed a waiting compartment for incoming af- |
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respectively, as the intraventricular and extraventric- |
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ferent axons (Rakic). Catecholamine axons enter the |
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ular portions of the developing cerebellum. |
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telencephalic wall and occupy the subplate and (al- |
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Synencephalon (Fig. 13-8): The caudalmost part of the |
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though more sparsely) the marginal (subpial) layer |
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diencephalon, the portion that gives rise to the pre- |
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during the embryonic period (Verney et al. 2002). It |
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rubrum and the pretectum. It is delineated |
ros- |
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is possible, therefore, that an initial contact between |
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trally by the habenulo-interpeduncular tract (fascicu- |
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catecholaminergic fibers and GABA-positive neurons |
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lus retroflexus) and caudally by the di-mesencephalic |
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is established early (Zecevic and Milosevic, 1997; Ver- |
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borderline passing between the two constituents of the |
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ney et al. 2002). However, several classes of afferent |
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posterior commissure. |
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fibers wait for weeks before penetrating the cortical |
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plate, and the role they play in the transitory synaptic |
Telencephalon medium or impar: The first part of the te- |
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organization of the subplate is still unclear. |
lencephalon to appear (at stage 10, Fig. 10-3) is lateral |
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A clear anatomical separation does not exist be- |
in position. Only later (stage 14) do the lateral walls |
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tween the subplate and the intermediate layer; both |
become domed and form the future cerebral hemi- |
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are characterized by an abundance of fibers (Figs. 23- |
spheres (Muller¨ |
and O’Rahilly, 1985). The median part |
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21 and 23-22). The subplate gradually disappears dur- |
of the telencephalon persists throughout life, so that |
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ing early infancy (Kostovic´ and Rakic, 1990). However, |
a portion of the third ventricle remains telencephalic. |
342 |
1 |
1 |
WEEKS (STAGES 9–16) |
A p p e n d i x 1 : CHANGING LENGTHS OF THE BRAIN AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS FROM 3 /2 |
TO 5 /2 |
Figure A–1. (B) Changes in length given as percentages of the total length of the brain, based on the authors’ studies of 91 embryos. The vertical rectangles in the rhombencephalon show the level of the otic primordia (Ot.) A-D, early (primary) neuromeres. 1-8, rhombomeres.
COMPUTER RANKING OF THE SEQUENCE OF APPEARANCE OF FEATURES OF THE BRAIN |
345 |
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Stage |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
Total |
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Total number |
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40 |
56 |
44 |
140 |
Good quality |
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26 |
39 |
32 |
97 |
Silver-treated |
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5 |
3 |
5 |
13 |
Greatest length (mm) |
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7.4 ± 0.3 |
9.3 ± 1.5 |
12.6 ± 1.2 |
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Age (weeks) |
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5 |
5 1 |
6 |
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2 |
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50. Amygdaloid part of basal nuclei |
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14/27 |
21/22 |
+ |
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51. Lens vesicle separated from surface ectoderm |
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13/36 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
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52. Fibers of 8 (vestibular) to otic vesicle |
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11/27 |
24/24 |
+ |
+ |
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53. Preoptico-hypothalamic tract |
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13/25 |
23/24 |
+ |
+ |
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54. 6 leaves rhombencephalon |
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10/34 |
24/25 |
+ |
+ |
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55. Common afferent tract |
0/14 |
6/34 |
25/26 |
+ |
+ |
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56. Future cerebral hemispheres |
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11/28 |
25/26 |
+ |
+ |
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57. Habenular nucleus |
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24/25 |
37/37 |
+ |
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58. Primordial plexiform layer in future cerebral |
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23/24 |
+ |
+ |
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hemispheres |
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59. Dorsal roots of C N 1 and 2 contain nerve fibers |
0/17 |
11/30 |
24/26 |
+ |
+ |
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60. Dorsolateral nucleus of 5 |
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9/29 |
22/24 |
+ |
+ |
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61. Retinal pigment |
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20/23 |
+ |
+ |
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62. Utriculo-endolymphatic fold |
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21/25 |
+ |
+ |
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63. Ventral roots of C N 1 and 2 contain nerve fibers |
1/15 |
14/34 |
21/26 |
+ |
+ |
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64. Decussation of mesencephalic root of 5 |
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8/11 |
24/24 |
+ |
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65. Preoptic sulcus |
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12/16 |
6/12 |
17/17 |
+ |
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66. Decussation of 4 |
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2/34 |
21/24 |
37/39 |
+ |
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67. Nasal pit |
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2/35 |
20/26 |
+ |
+ |
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68. Fibers in amygdaloid part of basal nuclei |
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11/15 |
35/35 |
+ |
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69. Nerve fibers in habenular nucleus |
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19/24 |
31/33 |
+ |
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70. Ventral thalamus and subthalamus are loose peripherally |
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10/18 |
36/36 |
+ |
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71. Trochlear fibers leave isthmus rhombencephali |
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0/34 |
9/13 |
35/37 |
+ |
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72. Zona limitans intrathalamica |
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7/12 |
17/17 |
+ |
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73. Mesencephalic root of 5 |
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9/21 |
27/28 |
+ |
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74. Basilar artery |
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2/26 |
13/18 |
28/34 |
+ |
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75. Basement membranes (adenohypophysis and |
13/20 |
15/30 |
8/25 |
+ |
+ |
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hypo-thalamus) are in contact |
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76. Interpeduncular nucleus |
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11/16 |
25/31 |
24/25 |
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77. Decussation of superior colliculi |
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0/32 |
7/15 |
30/35 |
21/21 |
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78. Nucleus of mamillary body |
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16/24 |
28/36 |
+ |
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79. Dorsolateral nucleus of 9 |
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3/23 |
9/26 |
29/35 |
+ |
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80. Rostral olfactory elevation |
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7/19 |
4/4 |
29/30 |
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81. Caudal olfactory elevation |
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0/16 |
34/34 |
30/30 |
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82. Cells of cochlear ganglion are different from those |
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0/34 |
10/20 |
25/30 |
21/28 |
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of vestibular ganglion |
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83. Rostrolateral groove of vestibular pouch |
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3/9 |
14/21 |
+ |
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84. Hypothalamotegmental tract |
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2/34 |
4/13 |
12/22 |
26/27 |
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85. Supramamillary commissure |
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6/13 |
13/27 |
22/24 |
|
86. Medial forebrain bundle |
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3/10 |
10/13 |
23/23 |
|
87. Basal nuclei protrude into ventricle |
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36/37 |
+ |
|
88. Caudolateral groove of vestibular pouch |
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2/9 |
21/25 |
+ |
|
89. Crossed tectobulbar tract |
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29/31 |
28/28 |
|
90. Sulcus limitans hippocampi |
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3/16 |
25/34 |
23/24 |
|
91. Area epithelialis |
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6/20 |
22/33 |
26/27 |
|
92. Ventrolateral and dorsolateral nuclei of 10 |
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30/32 |
28/28 |
|
93. Tractus solitarius separates from common afferent tract |
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4/24 |
24/37 |
+ |
|
94. Hippocampal thickening |
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2/16 |
23/33 |
31/31 |
|
95. Common afferent tract reaches more rostrally than |
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|
29/29 |
+ |
|
entrance of 5 |
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96. Atrial fossa of otic vesicle |
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2/14 |
16/30 |
31/31 |
|
97. Olfactory fibers enter telencephalon |
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3/16 |
17/32 |
+ |
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346 |
A p p e n d i x 2 : COMPUTER RANKING OF THE SEQUENCE OF APPEARANCE OF FEATURES OF THE BRAIN |
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Stage |
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
Total |
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|
|
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Total number |
|
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40 |
56 |
44 |
140 |
|
Good quality |
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|
26 |
39 |
32 |
97 |
|
Silver-treated |
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|
5 |
3 |
5 |
13 |
|
Greatest length (mm) |
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|
7.4 ± 0.3 |
9.3 ± 1.5 |
12.6 ± 1.2 |
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Age (weeks) |
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5 |
5 1 |
6 |
|
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2 |
|
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98. Mamillotegmental tract |
|
|
11/23 |
13/31 |
28/31 |
|
|
99. Dorsolateral nucleus of 7 |
|
0/24 |
4/26 |
22/36 |
28/28 |
|
|
100. Fibers in alar plate of rhombomere 1 |
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9/20 |
21/32 |
19/27 |
|
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101. Migrating cells in hippocampus |
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21/31 |
+ |
|
|
102. Neurohypophysial evagination |
|
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2/23 |
16/37 |
30/31 |
|
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103. Mesenchyme between lens vesicle and surface ectoderm |
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|
14/35 |
32/32 |
|
|
104. Hypothalamo-thalamic tract |
|
3/23 |
4/12 |
2/8 |
8/12 |
|
|
105. Posterior commissure |
|
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6/14 |
6/34 |
30/31 |
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Stage |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
Total |
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Total number |
40 |
56 |
44 |
48 |
36 |
224 |
Good quality |
26 |
39 |
32 |
35 |
23 |
155 |
Silver-treated |
5 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
7 |
27 |
Greatest length (mm) |
7.4 ± 0.3 |
9.3 ± 1.5 |
12.6 ± 1.2 |
15 ± 1.5 |
18.4 ± 1.5 |
|
Age (weeks) |
5 |
5 1 |
6 |
|
6 |
1 |
|
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2 |
|
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2 |
106. Cell islands in olfactory tubercle |
|
13/31 |
28/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
107. Mesenchymal skeleton in pharyngeal arch 2 |
|
7/37 |
29/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
108. Blind nasal sac |
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4/39 |
31/32 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
109. Primary lens fibers |
|
5/35 |
27/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
110. Crescentic lens cavity |
|
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29/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
111. Fibers from olfactory field to amygdaloid body |
|
5/10 |
9/23 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
112. Habenulo-interpeduncular tract |
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4/16 |
14/24 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
113. Intermediate layer in tectum mesencephali |
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22/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
114. Cortical nucleus in amygdaloid body |
|
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22/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
115. Definitive special visceral nucleus of 5 |
|
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18/31 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
116. Capillaries between adenohypophysis and |
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15/32 |
34/35 |
23/23 |
|
hypothalamus |
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|
117. Dorsal thalamus with intermediate layer |
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9/28 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
118. Commissure of nerve 3 |
|
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4/32 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
119. Tractus solitarius separated |
|
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3/32 |
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
120. Olfactory bulb and fibers from bulb to |
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3/25 |
25/26 |
23/23 |
|
olfactory tubercle |
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|
121. First signs of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle |
|
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2/32 |
34/35 |
23/23 |
|
122. First signs of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle |
|
|
2/32 |
31/35 |
23/23 |
|
123. Follicles in epiphysis cerebri |
|
|
3/32 |
25/31 |
20/21 |
|
124. Adenohypophysis separated from pharynx |
|
1/39 |
1/32 |
27/35 |
23/23 |
|
125. Nerve fibers in retina |
|
|
2/29 |
18/33 |
23/23 |
|
126. Supraoptic commissure |
|
|
2/32 |
15/32 |
22/23 |
|
127. Vomeronasal ganglion |
|
|
|
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
128. Nucleus isthmi sends fibers to cerebellum |
|
|
|
34/34 |
23/23 |
|
129. Primordium of stapes surrounds stapedial a. |
|
|
|
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
130. Sensory nucleus of 5 |
|
|
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32/32 |
23/23 |
|
131. Internal cerebellar swelling |
|
|
|
35/35 |
23/23 |
|
|
|
|
|
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COMPUTER RANKING OF THE SEQUENCE OF APPEARANCE OF FEATURES OF THE BRAIN |
347 |
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Stage |
15 |
16 |
|
17 |
18 |
19 |
Total |
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|
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|
Total number |
40 |
56 |
|
44 |
48 |
36 |
224 |
Good quality |
26 |
39 |
|
32 |
35 |
23 |
155 |
Silver-treated |
5 |
3 |
|
5 |
7 |
7 |
27 |
Greatest length (mm) |
7.4 ± 0.3 |
9.3 ± 1.5 |
12.6 ± 1.2 |
15 ± 1.5 |
18.4 ± 1.5 |
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Age (weeks) |
5 |
5 |
1 |
6 |
|
6 |
1 |
|
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2 |
|
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|
2 |
132. Dentate nucleus |
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|
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33/33 |
23/23 |
|
133. Bucconasal membrane |
|
|
|
|
34/35 |
23/23 |
|
134. Medial ventricular elevation extends to |
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32/33 |
23/23 |
|
preoptic sulcus |
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|
135. Vomeronasal organ |
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|
|
33/35 |
23/23 |
|
136. Mesenchymal nasal septum is condensed |
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|
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33/35 |
23/23 |
|
137. Nasolacrimal duct |
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|
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33/35 |
23/23 |
|
138. External cerebellar swelling and posterolateral |
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28/32 |
23/23 |
|
fissure |
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139. Walls of neurohypophysis are folded |
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34/35 |
19/23 |
|
140. At least two semicircular ducts have become |
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2/31 |
29/35 |
23/23 |
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individualized |
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141. Medial ventricular elevation reaches septal |
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25/30 |
22/23 |
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area |
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142. Olfactory bulb shows ventricular recess |
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22/34 |
20/23 |
|
143. Cell migration in area dentata |
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24/30 |
12/23 |
|
144. Plexus of fourth ventricle contains villi |
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14/35 |
23/23 |
|
145. Cavity of lens vesicle slitlike or disappeared |
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18/35 |
17/23 |
|
146. Mamillothalamic tract |
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|
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11/32 |
19/22 |
|
147. Choana |
|
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|
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7/35 |
19/23 |
|
148. Styloid process is cartilaginous |
|
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|
|
5/35 |
19/23 |
|
149. Globus pallidus externus |
|
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|
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2/25 |
22/23 |
|
150. Area of nucleus accumbens projects into |
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16/16 |
|
ventricle |
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151. Nuclei of forebrain septum |
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22/23 |
|
152. Subcommissural organ |
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16/17 |
|
153. Cochlear nuclei |
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|
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22/23 |
|
154. Ganglion of nervus terminalis |
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20/23 |
|
155. Orbital wing of sphenoid is cartilaginous |
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|
|
19/23 |
|
156. Stria medullaris thalami |
|
|
|
|
5/35 |
13/23 |
|
157. Plexus of lateral ventricle possesses villi |
|
|
|
|
1/35 |
16/23 |
|
158. Cochlear duct turned “upward” |
|
|
|
|
2/35 |
13/22 |
|
159. Paraphysis is present as a button |
|
|
|
|
|
16/22 |
|
160. Mandible begins to ossify |
|
|
|
|
|
15/23 |
|
161. Thalamostriatal fibers |
|
|
|
|
1/35 |
13/23 |
|
162. Medial accessory olivary nucleus |
|
|
|
|
|
13/23 |
|
163. Fibers in optic chiasma |
|
|
|
|
|
7/18 |
|
164. Paraphysis with opening to ventricular cavity |
|
|
|
|
|
8/22 |
|
165. Maxilla is ossifying |
|
|
|
|
|
5/23 |
|
166. Stapedial artery is regressing |
|
|
|
|
|
4/23 |
|
167. Habenular commissure |
|
|
|
|
|
2/17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|