- •Material efficiency in clean energy transitions
- •Abstract
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Clean energy transitions require decoupling of economic growth from material demand
- •Further ambitions on material efficiency can reduce deployment needs for low-carbon industrial process technologies and achieve emissions reduction throughout value chains
- •Policy and stakeholder efforts are needed to improve material efficiency
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Policy recommendations
- •Historical demand trends for materials
- •Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •Energy and CO2 emissions
- •Buildings construction value chain
- •Vehicles value chain
- •Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Technical analysis
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Historical demand trends for materials
- •References
- •3. Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Material efficiency strategies
- •Design stage
- •Fabrication or construction stage
- •Use stage
- •End-of-life stage
- •References
- •4. Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand outlook by scenario
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •CO2 emissions and energy implications of material efficiency
- •References
- •5. Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction
- •Material needs across the buildings and construction value chain
- •Material efficiency strategies for buildings
- •Outlook and implications for steel and cement use in buildings
- •References
- •6. Value chain deep dive #2: Vehicles
- •Material needs of vehicles
- •Material efficiency strategies for vehicles
- •Outlook and implications for vehicle material use and life-cycle emissions
- •EV battery materials
- •Battery materials supply
- •CO2 emissions from battery production
- •Battery recycling
- •References
- •7. Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Challenges and costs of material efficiency
- •Policy and action priorities
- •Increase data collection, life-cycle assessment and benchmarking
- •Improve consideration of the life-cycle impact at the design stage and in CO2 emissions regulations
- •Increase end-of-life repurposing, reuse and recycling
- •Develop regulatory frameworks and incentives to support material efficiency
- •Adopt business models and practices that advance circular economy objectives
- •Train, build capacity and share best practices
- •Shift behaviour towards material efficiency
- •References
- •General annexes
- •Annex I. Reference and Clean Technology Scenarios
- •Annex II. Energy Technology and Policy modelling framework
- •Combining analysis of energy supply and demand
- •ETP–TIMES supply model
- •ETP-TIMES industry model
- •Global buildings sector model
- •Modelling of the transport sector in the MoMo
- •Overview
- •Data sources
- •Calibration of historical data with energy balances
- •Vehicle platform, components and technology costs
- •Infrastructure and fuel costs
- •Elasticities
- •Framework assumptions
- •Technology approach
- •References
- •Annex III. Material demand and efficiency modelling
- •Overview of material demand modelling methodology
- •Buildings value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Vehicles value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Transport infrastructure value chain assumptions, modelling methodology and preliminary findings
- •Material intensity of transport infrastructure
- •Rail
- •Roads
- •Material use in transport infrastructure in the RTS and CTS
- •Material efficiency strategies for transport infrastructure
- •References
- •Annex IV. Transport policies assumptions and impact on activity levels
- •References
- •Abbreviations, acronyms, units of measure and regional definitions
- •Abbreviations and acronyms
- •Units of measure
- •Regional definitions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of boxes
- •List of tables
Material efficiency in clean energy transitions |
Table of contents |
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks under the direction of David Turk and Mechthild Wörsdörfer, in co-operation with other directorates and offices of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The lead authors were Araceli Fernandez Pales, Jacob Teter, Thibaut Abergel and Tiffany Vass. The report benefited from valuable inputs and comments from other experts within the IEA, including Adam Baylin-Stern, Cecilia Tam, Hugo Salamanca, Hugo Signollet, Jacopo Tattini, Joe Ritchie, John Dulac, Laszlo Varro, Marine Gorner, Peter Levi, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Timur Gül and Uwe Remme.
Caren Brown carried editorial responsibility. The IEA Communication and Information Office assisted and contributed to the production of the final report and website materials, particularly Astrid Dumond, Therese Walsh, Clara Vallois and Tom Allen-Olivar. Diana Browne provided essential support to the peer review process.
Several experts from outside the IEA were consulted during the data and information collection process, commented on the underlying data assumptions, and reviewed the report. Their contributions were of great value. Those experts include: Alice Moncaster, (Open University), Andrew Purvis (World Steel Association), Antonio Pflüger (German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy [BMWi]), Arpad Horvath (University of California, Berkeley), Aurelie Favier (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [ETH Zurich]), Catherine De Wolf (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Claude Lorea (Global Cement and Concrete Association [GCCA]), Colin Hamilton (BMO Capital Markets), Cyrille Dunant (University of Cambridge), Danielle Densley Tingley (University of Sheffield), Duncan Cox (Thornton Tomasetti), Eng Kenichiro Fujimoto (Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal), Eric Masanet (Northwestern University), Evi Petavratzi (British Geological Survey), Francesco Pomponi (Edinburgh Napier University), Gang Liu (University of Southern Denmark), Gen Saito (Nissan), Gregory Keolian (University of Michigan), Guillaume Habert (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [ETH Zurich]), Gus Gunn (British Geological Survey), Harpa Brigisdottir (Aalborg University), Henk Reimink (World Steel Association), Hidemi Nakamura (Taiheiyo Cement), Hiroyuki Tezuka (JFE Steel Corporation), Jason Luk (Environmental Commissioner of Ontario), Jean Theo Ghenda (EUROFER), JeanPierre Birat (IF Steelman), Kai Neborg (Ford), Kathrina Simonen (University of Washington), Hui Li (Tongji University), Luca De Giovanetti (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), Lynn Price (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Mara Neef (Volkswagen), Markus Steinhäusler (voestalpine), Masanobu Nakamizu (The Japanese Iron and Steel Federation [JISF]), Michael Scharpf (LafargeHolcim), Michal Drewniok (University of Cambridge), Mikhail Chester (Arizona State University), Nikolas Hill (Ricardo Energy & Environment), Nina Khanna (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Olivier Martina (Aurubis), Richard Pearson (BP plc), Rolf Frischknecht (Treeze Ltd.), Ruben Bibas (OECD Environment Directorate), Russell Balzer (WorldAutoSteel), Seongwon Seo (University of Melbourne), Shoshanna Saxe (University of Toronto), Stefan Pauliuk (University of Freiburg, Germany), Stefania Tron (Austrian Society for Environment and Technology [OGUT]), Stephane de la Rue du Can (Total), Thomas Gibon (Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology), Thomas Matschei (HTW Dresden), Toru Ono (The Japan Iron and Steel Federation [JISF]), Yvonne Leung (World Business Council for Sustainable Development [WBCSD]), Wil Srubar (University of Colorado) and Wulf-Peter Schmidt (Ford).
The work could not have been achieved without the support provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi).
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