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- •Material efficiency in clean energy transitions
- •Abstract
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Clean energy transitions require decoupling of economic growth from material demand
- •Further ambitions on material efficiency can reduce deployment needs for low-carbon industrial process technologies and achieve emissions reduction throughout value chains
- •Policy and stakeholder efforts are needed to improve material efficiency
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Policy recommendations
- •Historical demand trends for materials
- •Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •Energy and CO2 emissions
- •Buildings construction value chain
- •Vehicles value chain
- •Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Technical analysis
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Historical demand trends for materials
- •References
- •3. Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Material efficiency strategies
- •Design stage
- •Fabrication or construction stage
- •Use stage
- •End-of-life stage
- •References
- •4. Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand outlook by scenario
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •CO2 emissions and energy implications of material efficiency
- •References
- •5. Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction
- •Material needs across the buildings and construction value chain
- •Material efficiency strategies for buildings
- •Outlook and implications for steel and cement use in buildings
- •References
- •6. Value chain deep dive #2: Vehicles
- •Material needs of vehicles
- •Material efficiency strategies for vehicles
- •Outlook and implications for vehicle material use and life-cycle emissions
- •EV battery materials
- •Battery materials supply
- •CO2 emissions from battery production
- •Battery recycling
- •References
- •7. Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Challenges and costs of material efficiency
- •Policy and action priorities
- •Increase data collection, life-cycle assessment and benchmarking
- •Improve consideration of the life-cycle impact at the design stage and in CO2 emissions regulations
- •Increase end-of-life repurposing, reuse and recycling
- •Develop regulatory frameworks and incentives to support material efficiency
- •Adopt business models and practices that advance circular economy objectives
- •Train, build capacity and share best practices
- •Shift behaviour towards material efficiency
- •References
- •General annexes
- •Annex I. Reference and Clean Technology Scenarios
- •Annex II. Energy Technology and Policy modelling framework
- •Combining analysis of energy supply and demand
- •ETP–TIMES supply model
- •ETP-TIMES industry model
- •Global buildings sector model
- •Modelling of the transport sector in the MoMo
- •Overview
- •Data sources
- •Calibration of historical data with energy balances
- •Vehicle platform, components and technology costs
- •Infrastructure and fuel costs
- •Elasticities
- •Framework assumptions
- •Technology approach
- •References
- •Annex III. Material demand and efficiency modelling
- •Overview of material demand modelling methodology
- •Buildings value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Vehicles value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Transport infrastructure value chain assumptions, modelling methodology and preliminary findings
- •Material intensity of transport infrastructure
- •Rail
- •Roads
- •Material use in transport infrastructure in the RTS and CTS
- •Material efficiency strategies for transport infrastructure
- •References
- •Annex IV. Transport policies assumptions and impact on activity levels
- •References
- •Abbreviations, acronyms, units of measure and regional definitions
- •Abbreviations and acronyms
- •Units of measure
- •Regional definitions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of boxes
- •List of tables
Material efficiency in clean energy transitions |
Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies |
References
Gibon, T. et al. (2017), "Health benefits, ecological threats of low-carbon electricity", Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 12/3, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6047.
IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2018), "World economic outlook database", www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx (accessed January 23, 2019).
United States Geological Survey (2018), "2015 minerals yearbook: Cement", https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/myb1-2015-cemen.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019).
Worldsteel (2018), "Steel statistical yearbook 2018", www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:e5a8eda5-4b46- 4892-856b-00908b5ab492/SSY_2018.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019).
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