- •Material efficiency in clean energy transitions
- •Abstract
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Clean energy transitions require decoupling of economic growth from material demand
- •Further ambitions on material efficiency can reduce deployment needs for low-carbon industrial process technologies and achieve emissions reduction throughout value chains
- •Policy and stakeholder efforts are needed to improve material efficiency
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Policy recommendations
- •Historical demand trends for materials
- •Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •Energy and CO2 emissions
- •Buildings construction value chain
- •Vehicles value chain
- •Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Technical analysis
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Historical demand trends for materials
- •References
- •3. Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Material efficiency strategies
- •Design stage
- •Fabrication or construction stage
- •Use stage
- •End-of-life stage
- •References
- •4. Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand outlook by scenario
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •CO2 emissions and energy implications of material efficiency
- •References
- •5. Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction
- •Material needs across the buildings and construction value chain
- •Material efficiency strategies for buildings
- •Outlook and implications for steel and cement use in buildings
- •References
- •6. Value chain deep dive #2: Vehicles
- •Material needs of vehicles
- •Material efficiency strategies for vehicles
- •Outlook and implications for vehicle material use and life-cycle emissions
- •EV battery materials
- •Battery materials supply
- •CO2 emissions from battery production
- •Battery recycling
- •References
- •7. Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Challenges and costs of material efficiency
- •Policy and action priorities
- •Increase data collection, life-cycle assessment and benchmarking
- •Improve consideration of the life-cycle impact at the design stage and in CO2 emissions regulations
- •Increase end-of-life repurposing, reuse and recycling
- •Develop regulatory frameworks and incentives to support material efficiency
- •Adopt business models and practices that advance circular economy objectives
- •Train, build capacity and share best practices
- •Shift behaviour towards material efficiency
- •References
- •General annexes
- •Annex I. Reference and Clean Technology Scenarios
- •Annex II. Energy Technology and Policy modelling framework
- •Combining analysis of energy supply and demand
- •ETP–TIMES supply model
- •ETP-TIMES industry model
- •Global buildings sector model
- •Modelling of the transport sector in the MoMo
- •Overview
- •Data sources
- •Calibration of historical data with energy balances
- •Vehicle platform, components and technology costs
- •Infrastructure and fuel costs
- •Elasticities
- •Framework assumptions
- •Technology approach
- •References
- •Annex III. Material demand and efficiency modelling
- •Overview of material demand modelling methodology
- •Buildings value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Vehicles value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Transport infrastructure value chain assumptions, modelling methodology and preliminary findings
- •Material intensity of transport infrastructure
- •Rail
- •Roads
- •Material use in transport infrastructure in the RTS and CTS
- •Material efficiency strategies for transport infrastructure
- •References
- •Annex IV. Transport policies assumptions and impact on activity levels
- •References
- •Abbreviations, acronyms, units of measure and regional definitions
- •Abbreviations and acronyms
- •Units of measure
- •Regional definitions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of boxes
- •List of tables
Material efficiency in clean energy transitions |
Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction |
References
Beccali, M. et al. (2013), "Energy retrofit of a single-family house: Life cycle net energy saving and environmental benefits", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 27, pp. 283-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.040.
Block, P. et al. (2017), "NEST HiLo: Investigating lightweight construction and adaptive energy systems", Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 12/June, pp. 332-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.06.013.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (2018), " The skyscraper center: The global tall building database of the CBTUH", www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings (accessed January 23, 2019).
Dunant, C.F. et al. (2018), "Regularity and optimisation practice in steel structural frames in real design cases", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 134/January, pp. 294-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.009.
Gaspar, P.L. and A.L. Santos (2015), "Embodied energy on refurbishment vs. demolition: A southern Europe case study", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 87, pp. 386-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.040.
Geyer, R., J.R. Jambeck and K.L. Law (2017), "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made", Science Advances, Vol. 3/7, p. e1700782, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
Hong L., et al. (2014), “Modeling China’s Building Floor-Area Growth and the Implications for Building Materials and Energy Demand”, ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 10, p.146157, https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/10-230.pdf
Latawiec, R., P. Woyciechowski and K. Kowalski (2018), "Sustainable concrete performance – CO2 emission", Environments, Vol. 5/2, p. 27, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5020027.
Malmqvist, T. et al. (2018), "Design and construction strategies for reducing embodied impacts from buildings – Case study analysis", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 166, pp. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.033.
MPA the Concrete Centre (2018), "Material efficiency: Design guidance for doing more with less, using concrete and masonry", www.concretecentre.com/Publications-Software/Publications/Material- Efficiency.aspx (accessed January 24, 2019).
NSG Group (2019), “The glass industry”, https://www.nsg.com/en/nsg/about-nsg/whatwedo (accessed February 28, 2019).
Schlueter, A. et al. (2016), "3for2: Realizing spatial, material, and energy savings through integrated design", CTBUH Journal, 2, pp. 40-45, http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/2783- 3for2-realizing-spatial-material-and-energy-savings-through-integrated-design.pdf (accessed January 24, 2019).
Shanghai Statistical Bureau (2015), Shanghai Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press, Shanghai, www.chinayearbooks.com/shanghai-statistical-yearbook.html.
Transparency Market Research (2016), "Glass fiber market – Global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends, and forecast 2016-2024", www.transparencymarketresearch.com/glass-fibers-market.html (accessed January 24, 2019).
Wang, T. et al. (2015), "Concrete transformation of buildings in China and implications for the steel cycle", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 103, pp. 205-215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.021.
Page | 66
Material efficiency in clean energy transitions |
Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction |
De Wolf, C. (2017), "Low carbon pathways for structural design: Embodied life cycle impacts of building structures", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111491%0A (accessed January 24, 2019).
World Aluminium (2017), "Global aluminium mass flow model", www.world-aluminium.org/publications/ (accessed January 24, 2019).
Page | 67