- •Material efficiency in clean energy transitions
- •Abstract
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Clean energy transitions require decoupling of economic growth from material demand
- •Further ambitions on material efficiency can reduce deployment needs for low-carbon industrial process technologies and achieve emissions reduction throughout value chains
- •Policy and stakeholder efforts are needed to improve material efficiency
- •Findings and recommendations
- •Policy recommendations
- •Historical demand trends for materials
- •Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •Energy and CO2 emissions
- •Buildings construction value chain
- •Vehicles value chain
- •Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Technical analysis
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Historical demand trends for materials
- •References
- •3. Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use
- •Material efficiency strategies
- •Design stage
- •Fabrication or construction stage
- •Use stage
- •End-of-life stage
- •References
- •4. Implications of deploying further material efficiency strategies
- •Material demand outlook by scenario
- •Steel
- •Cement
- •Aluminium
- •CO2 emissions and energy implications of material efficiency
- •References
- •5. Value chain deep dive #1: Buildings construction
- •Material needs across the buildings and construction value chain
- •Material efficiency strategies for buildings
- •Outlook and implications for steel and cement use in buildings
- •References
- •6. Value chain deep dive #2: Vehicles
- •Material needs of vehicles
- •Material efficiency strategies for vehicles
- •Outlook and implications for vehicle material use and life-cycle emissions
- •EV battery materials
- •Battery materials supply
- •CO2 emissions from battery production
- •Battery recycling
- •References
- •7. Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Challenges and costs of material efficiency
- •Policy and action priorities
- •Increase data collection, life-cycle assessment and benchmarking
- •Improve consideration of the life-cycle impact at the design stage and in CO2 emissions regulations
- •Increase end-of-life repurposing, reuse and recycling
- •Develop regulatory frameworks and incentives to support material efficiency
- •Adopt business models and practices that advance circular economy objectives
- •Train, build capacity and share best practices
- •Shift behaviour towards material efficiency
- •References
- •General annexes
- •Annex I. Reference and Clean Technology Scenarios
- •Annex II. Energy Technology and Policy modelling framework
- •Combining analysis of energy supply and demand
- •ETP–TIMES supply model
- •ETP-TIMES industry model
- •Global buildings sector model
- •Modelling of the transport sector in the MoMo
- •Overview
- •Data sources
- •Calibration of historical data with energy balances
- •Vehicle platform, components and technology costs
- •Infrastructure and fuel costs
- •Elasticities
- •Framework assumptions
- •Technology approach
- •References
- •Annex III. Material demand and efficiency modelling
- •Overview of material demand modelling methodology
- •Buildings value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Vehicles value chain assumptions and modelling methodology
- •Transport infrastructure value chain assumptions, modelling methodology and preliminary findings
- •Material intensity of transport infrastructure
- •Rail
- •Roads
- •Material use in transport infrastructure in the RTS and CTS
- •Material efficiency strategies for transport infrastructure
- •References
- •Annex IV. Transport policies assumptions and impact on activity levels
- •References
- •Abbreviations, acronyms, units of measure and regional definitions
- •Abbreviations and acronyms
- •Units of measure
- •Regional definitions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of boxes
- •List of tables
Material efficiency in clean energy transitions |
Enabling strategies to move towards more sustainable material use |
three times less energy on average compared to producing primary crude steel. Recycling rates6 are already high for some materials: steel and aluminium at about 80% and paper at around 60%. However, improved collection rates are still possible, particularly in developing economies where there are less-effective recycling frameworks.
References
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Cooper, D.R. and J.M. Allwood (2012), "Reusing steel and aluminum components at end of product life",
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Despeisse, M. and S. Ford (2015), "Advances in production management systems: Innovative production management towards sustainable growth", Centre for Technology Management Working Paper Series, Vol. 3/June, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22759-7_15.
Geissbauer, R., J. Wunderlin and J. Lehr (2017), "The future of spare parts is 3D: A look at the challenges and opportunities of 3D printing", www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/The-future-of-spare- parts-is-3D.pdf (accessed January 23, 2019).
Holcim (2018), "Susteno: Der ressourcenschonende Zement (English translation: Susteno: The resourceconserving cement)", www.holcimpartner.ch/de/know-how/spezialprodukte/artikel/1e89-ec6c- bdea7401-8309-0242ac110002 (accessed January 23, 2019).
Lotfi, S. and P. Rem (2016), "Recycling of end-of-life concrete fines into hardened cement and clean sand",
Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 07/06, pp. 934-950, https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.76083.
United Nations General Assembly (2015), "Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development", www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (accessed January 24, 2019).
6 The recycling rate is defined as the collection rate for recycling after initial use.
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