orlovskaya

it to change a decision or a sentence of a lower court is known to be called an ... 3. To ... means to take a question to a higher court for rehearing and a new decision. 4. An ... is a person giving a decision on a legal problem in an industrial dispute. 5. The judicial... implies that judges in the higher courts have more authority than those in the lower courts. 6. Labour ... is laws concerning the employment of workers. 7. ...

is the settlement of a dispute between parties by an outside person, chosen by both parties. 8. He lost his ... for damages against the company. 9. Industrial ... are courts which can decide in disputes between employers and employees.

10. Industrial or labour ... are arguments between management and workers. 11. ... precedent is a decision of a higher court which has to be followed by a judge in a lower court.

Упражнение 3. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.

4.resolve / f. with power

a.interests

5.bind

6.establish

7.settle / resolve

8.treat

a.express disagreement

b.consider, deal with

c.legally force to do smth.

d.put an end to

e.say

«yes», be of the same opinion

f.keep away from, escape

g.set up

h.decide, determine

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Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Judicial institutions and courts».

В.Speak about:

1.The difference between courts of first instance and appellate

courts.

2.The purpose of tribunals and arbitration.

3.The advantages of arbitration.

Text 5

Какие требования предъявляют к квалификации юриста в современном обществе? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The Profession of Lawyers

The word «lawyer» describes a person who practices law, who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.

A distinctive feature of the legal profession in England is that it is divided into two groups: barristers and solicitors. Barristers are lawyers who specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have an exclusive right to be heard, the right of audience1, in all law courts in England, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors are lawyers who do much of the initial preparation for cases. They prepare legal documents (e.g. wills, sale of land or buildings), advise clients on legal matters, and speak on their behalf 2 in lower courts. In other words, a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients and making investigations. Many people in England believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated, as it has already happened in Australia. 443

In both the United States and other industrialized countries, lawyers are becoming more and more specialized. Working in small firms, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work and

lawyers working in large law firms or employed in the law departments of a large commercial enterprise work on highly specific areas of law.

How to enter the profession of lawyers? Lawyers are subject to standardized examination and other controls to regulate their cornpetence. In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is necessary to obtain a university degree in law. However, in others, a degree may be insufficient; professional examinations must be passed. In Britain, the main requirement is to have passed the Bar Final examination (for barristers) or the Law Society Final examination (for solicitors). Someone with a university degree in a subject other than law needs first to take a preparatory course. Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final examination, but this will take several years. In most countries, lawyers would say that the time they spent studying for their law finals was one of the worst period of their life. This is because an enormous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law must be memorized. In Japan, where there are relatively few lawyers, the examinations are supposed to be particularly hard: less than 5 percent of candidates pass.

A solicitor in England must then spend two years as an articled clerk3, during which time his work is closely supervised by an experienced solicitor, and then he must take further courses. A barrister spends a similar year serving as a pupil under an experienced barrister.

In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his service. There are also insurance provisions so that if a lawyer is ever successfully sued by a client for professional incompetence, there will be funds available to enable him to pay damages. Even if a lawyer is very competent, he must take care not to break the many rules of procedure and ethics set by the body which regulates his profession. In England, the body regulating the conduct of solicitors is the Law Society. There is also a Solicitor’s Disciplinary

Tribunal with the power to suspend or even disqualify a solicitor.

In most legal systems, conversations between a lawyer and his client are

privileged: the client should know that what he says will not be passed on

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to someone else without his permission. In theory, it could pose difficult ethical problems for a lawyer. For instance, what should he do in a criminal case if he believes his client guilty? In any case, it is the prosecution’s job to prove guilt, not the defence’s to prove innocence. A

lawyer could therefore defend his client simply by trying to point out weaknesses in the prosecution case.

Notes to the Text

1.the right of audience — право выступать в суде

2.on their behalf — от их имени

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3. articled clerk — служащий конторы солиситора, выполняющий свою работу в порядке платы за обучение профессии солиситора

Упражнение 1. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.

5.give e. examinations

9.get/ obtain i. guilt/ innocence j. a case

Упражнение 2. Назовите 5 словосочетаний со словами law и legal. Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски.

1. ... is a general term for a member of the legal profession, e.g. a judge, barrister, solicitor, law teacher, etc. 2. The common purpose of a barrister and a solicitor is to provide professional service and advice on legal... 3. Barrister is a lawyer who can speak and ... a case in one of the higher courts. 4. Attorneys are persons who are legally allowed to act on ... of someone else. 5. Solicitors may now have a right of... in certain courts. 6. At present a solicitor may choose any ... to advise his client or to appear for the client in court. 7. ... is a clerk who has passed the examination to become a solicitor but has to work in a solicitor’s office for some years to learn the law. 8.... means protected by privilege, e.g. a letter from a client to his lawyer. 9. Jurors are members of a ... 10. Jurist is an expert in... 11. Jurisprudence is446science and philosophy of human...

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: legal, legally, legalize, legalization.

1. To ... is to make something legal. 2. To sue means to take ... action against someone in a civil court. 3. The directors of large commercial

enterprises are ... responsible. 4. The ... of labour relations is reflected in the law of employment.

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How to become a lawyer in different countries. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

To be read after Text 2

Computer crime

Computers can be used to commit all kinds of crimes. It is suggested that

one could commit murder by computer if one hacked

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