orlovskaya

them the Nobel Prize, research in superconductivity, research became especially active, the achieved record of 23 K.

исследования особенно активизировались; исследования в области сверхпроводимости; теория, за которую они получили Нобелевскую премию; привести человечество к ...; преимущество в науке; открытия в области физики; достигнутая рекордная отметка в 23 К; открытия, которые привели к...; преимущество могла бы получить нация (страна); ртутная проволока; вернуться в обычное состояние; пропуская электрический ток; внести большой вклад; неожиданное явление; они предложили (ввели) модель; прикладывая магнитное поле; модель оказалась эффективной.

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

prestige [pres'ti:з], nation ['neijen], Nobel prize [nau'bel praiz], absolute zero ['aebsalu:t 'ziarau], phenomenon [fi'nominan], normal, magnetic, electromagnetic, theory ['Qiari], theorists ['Giarists], fundamental theory, physics, physicist, model ['modi], metallic [mi'taelik], ceramic [si'raemik], colleagues ['koli:gz], laboratory, critical temperature, fabricate, extremely [iks'tri:mli], process ['preuses].

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов:

latest ['leitist], spectacular [spek'taekjula], breakthrough ['breik'Qru:], compare [kam'pea], award [a'wo:d], research [ri'saitf], mercury

['me:kjuri], wire ['waia], below [bilau], 5 °C ['faiv di'gri:z 'sentigreid], completely [kam'pli:tli], return [ri'ta:n], either ['aide], finally ['fainali], Zurich ['zjuarik], previously ['pri:vjasli], throughout [0ru:'aut], liquid ['likwid], nitrogen ['naitradjan], lose [lu:z], moreover [mo:'rauva], lack [laek].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM2 scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above3 the previously achieved record of 23 K.

It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality is often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes develop-

ing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how superconductivity is produced in new materials.

Notes to the Text

1.spectacular breakthroughs — захватывающие открытия,

достижения (переворот)

2.IBM — компания Ай Би Эм

3.well above — намного выше

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 11А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of superconductivity? 3. Who was the first to discover the phenomenon?

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4. What scientists do you know who have worked in the field of superconductivity? 5. What materials are the best superconductors?

6. Is it possible to return superconducting materials to the normal state? 7.

How can it be done? 8. In what fields of science and technology can the phenomenon of superconductivity be used?

Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 11 А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in superconductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire disappears when cooled below 4 K. 5. A superconducting material cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. 7. Scientists from IBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23 K. 8. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical.

Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 11А инфинитивные конструкции. Упражнение 13. Сравните пары предложений, переведите.

1. Designers report a new manned craft to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. 2. We know radio navigation stations to be located at different places around the world to guide the pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located all over the world to guide the pilots. 3. People considered dirigibles to be too slow and unreliable, that is why they were not used for a long time. Dirigibles were considered to be slow and unreliable. 4. Experts expect the new submersible craft to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. The new submersible craft is expected to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. 5. Scientists in many countries consider propeller engines to be much more economical. Propeller engines are considered to be much more economical.

6. We know propeller planes to fly slower than jet planes, therefore, a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built. But as propeller planes are known to fly slower than jet planes a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been232 built.

Упражнение 14. Найдите предложения со сложным подлежащим, переведите.

1. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discovered as early as 1911. 2. Before 1911 superconductivity was as-

sumed to be impossible. 3. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting materials and for practical applications of the phenomenon. 4. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry. 5. Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 6. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices. 7. M. Faraday supposed a light beam to reverse its polarisation as it passed through a magnetised crystal.

8. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don’t even think of at present. 9. A Dutch physicist found a superconducting material to return to normal state when a strong magnetic field was applied. 10. Properties of materials obtained in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth. 11. There are prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations. 12. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire was found to disappear when cooled to —269 °C.

13. Additional radio transmitters let the pilot make his approach to an airport by watching his flight instruments. 14. There seems to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain conditions.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 15. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.

resistant, resist, resistance, resistor, resistivity; superconductivity, superconductive, superconductor, superconducting; theory, theorist, theoretical, theorize; physics, physicist, physical, physically; explain, explainable, explanation; store, storage, storable.

Упражнение 16. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

достижение — achievable, achievement, achieve; электронный — electronics, electronic, electron; легче — easily, easy, easier;

удовлетворять — satisfy, satisfactory, satisfaction; действительно — reality, realise, really.

Упражнение 17. Переведите слова с суффиксом -ward (-wards),233 обозна-

чающим направление.

toward(s), forward(s), backward(s), afterward(s), downward(s), outward(s), northward(s), southward(s), rearward(s), homeward^),

sideward(s), windward(s), upward(s).

Упражнение 18. Найдите слова с нестандартным образованием множественного числа.

There are a few words taken over from Latin and Greek that still retain their original plurals in English. In some cases we can use either. Formulas is seen more often than formulae. Antenna — antennae (pi). Many think that media, strata and phenomena are all singular. They aren’t. Data, a plural, is used both ways.

Here are some foreign singular and plural forms of words often used in English. Latin: medium (a means of mass communication) — media, nucleus (ядро атома) — nuclei; Greek: analysis — analyses; axis — axes; crisis — crises; hypothesis — hypotheses; phenomenon — phenomena.

Упражнение 19. Найдите синонимы и антонимы.

below — above; useful — useless; easy — difficult; field — sphere; to meet demands — to meet requirements (needs); full — complete; to use — to apply; to get — to obtain; moreover — besides; sufficient — enough; likely — unlikely; to continue — to discontinue; conductivity — nonconductivity; to vary — to change; to lead to — to result in; recent — latest; advantage — disadvantage;

low — high; believable — unbelievable; to lose — to find; tiny — huge; liquid — solid; unexpected — expected; common — ordinary.

Упражнение 20. Запомните выделенные слова и словосочетания.

1. The climate in this part of the world is the most suitable for people to live in. It is neither too hot, nor too cold. 2. Many lasers give off invisible radiation either infrared or ultraviolet. 3. There is the tropical zone on either side of the Equator. 4. It is possible to divide all countries into classes: developed and developing countries. Various criteria may be used to include a particular country in either of the two categories. 5. The numbers are either odd or even.

6. Such satellites can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to Earth.

«I see you are not a scientific person, my friend». «Why do you234say that?»

«You do not take good care of your car. You have no water in your radiator».

«I thought that I had plenty of water».

«You have no oil either. You will ruin your car if you run it without

oil».

«Have I plenty of water in the storage battery?» «No, you haven’t a drop».

«I haven’t any air in my spare tire, either». «Have you any extra tubes?»

«No, I haven’t, but I have a good tube in the spare tire. I had four new tubes when I met a man who was having tire trouble. He hadn’t an extra tube. I let him have my tubes. I suppose he was not a scientific person either. His car was in a worse condition than mine is.»

How Did It All Begin?

Do you ever wonder why people do or wear, or say certain things? Why do they shake hands when they meet? Many things you say and do could have reasons that date back thousands of years.

For example, it is very strange to think that shaking hands — a friendly custom (обычай) today — was originally a means of keeping a stranger’s (незнакомец) weapon hand where it could do no harm.

In primitive times, man never went about without some weapon of defence — usually a club (дубинка). Upon meeting a stranger a man could either stand and fight or turn away before discovering if the stranger was a friend or an enemy, or greet the stranger and possibly become friends.

But how could he be sure the stranger would be friendly and how could the stranger trust in return? There was only one way to show friendly intentions and that was for both men to lay down their weapons and hold out empty hands. For added insurance, each would reach for the other’s right hand. As long as both men’s hands were safely clasped, neither could harm the other. Therefore, a handshake originally was a means of self-defence.

Упражнение 21. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов и запомните их.

teach, fighting, wore, frozen, letting, carried on, laid down.

Упражнение 22. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

The ancient Greeks are known to have been great watchers of the sky and also great thinkers. As they watched the sky night after night, it was natural for them to think that the Earth stood and the stars,235planets, sun and moon were moving round the earth in space. They thought the sun to be between Venus and Mars. To explain the movement of the planets,

however, was very difficult. Then one day a young scientist named Copernicus at Krakow University in Poland supposed that the sun and not the Earth should be the centre of everything. He was the first to explain properly our solar system. The ancient Greeks had made the mistake of thinking that because the stars and planets seemed to move as they looked at the sky, the Earth must stand. If you sat in a train and looked out at the trees, it would be easy to understand their mistake. The trees seem to be moving backwards, but really it is the train that is moving forwards.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What field of science studies the phenomenon of superconductivity? (physics) 2. What can a nation have if it is the first to master this new field of science? (prestige, scientific advantage, economic and military benefits) 3. What is superconductivity? (the loss of electrical resistivity by a material on being cooled to temperatures near absolute zero) 4. What is absolute zero? (0 Kelvin or —273 °C) 5. What scientists worked in the field of superconductivity research? (Dutch physicist K. Onnes, Russian physicists L. Landau and V. Ginzburg, and a number of American scientists) 6. What materials are the best super conductors? (ceramic materials)

7. What are the potential technical uses of superconductivity? (nuclear research, power generation, electronics, etc.)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1.Recent achievements in superactive

3.Superconductivity is known to 2. found the electrical resistivity of

4.While carrying out his low mercury to disappear when cooled

5.For 50 years after the discovery 3. to the development of super-

7.Research in the field of superand technology.

conductivity became especially 6. since the discovery of a super-

7.physics discoveries that led to nuclear power.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Professor Brown: Hello, glad to meet you, prof. Smith, haven’t seen you for ages, since I left the University.

Prof. Smith: How do you do, prof. Brown, I haven’t expected to

see you here. Are you interested in superconductivity problems? By the way, how are you making your living? I haven’t heard anything about your work lately. I spent the last two years in Geneva as a member of a special UN committee.

Pr. В.: I am with Bell Telephone company. It is a global leader in electrical engineering. And I deal with new technologies.

Pr. S.: Oh, your work is so important nowadays. Mankind needs energy f producing light, heat and transportation. This is the basis of o civilization.

Pr. B.: Sure, that’s so. And as the population grows, so does the demand f better quality of life. Energy consumption increases daily.

Pr. S.: But with it the threat to clean air, pure water and soil increases too. The natural resources are not inexhaustible.

Pr. B.: Of course. We are developing new industrial systems to impro productivity, reducing the amount of raw materials and energy requir Our new advanced systems help to conserve energy too.

Pr. S.: In Geneva one of the problems I studied was the problem to genera transmit and distribute energy with great efficiency. I think Doctor Carte work in this field is the most promising. From the Agenda (повестка дн we have all just received you can see that Dr. Carter will speak on his wo tomorrow.

Pr.B.: I have already seen this paper on the program. I won’t miss

(пропустить) it. Have you attended the morning session? Pr. S.: The most interesting was the discussion on the problems of the balan

between the needs of mankind and the conservation of the natu

resources.

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Pr. B.: Have you taken part in it?

Pr. S.: Certainly. I’ve spoken about clean and efficient technology in the field electrical engineering.

Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.

The teaching routine procedures (заведенный порядок, общеизвестная и установившаяся практика) ought to be the main aim of education.

One point of view: Routine makes life and experiments easier, it saves energy; experience of past generations takes on the form of routine; routine helps us to avoid risks; thanks to routine we don’t have to rediscover things; routine ensures efficiency while experimenting, it enables us to achieve a high level of predictability.

A contrary point of view : Routine kills invention and discovery, it is opposite to creativity; it is necessary to avoid routine so that the world can be changed for the better; young people ought to develop their imagination, but not learn routine; routine is the exact opposite of youthfulness; routine is boring; the best idea would be to combine routine with improvisation.

Exercise 5. Conduct a round-table discussion on «Superconductivity Research».

Use texts 11 А, В, С as a basis for the preparation of oral talks and discussion. Useful words and phrases of scientific communication are given in exercise 5 (see Lesson 10 «Conversation»).

Exercise 6. Read and smile.

For a long time Edison’s visitors wondered (удивлялись) why the gate (калитка) to his garden was so difficult to open.

Once his friend said: «The gate to your garden is so heavy. I have to use all my strength to open it. I cannot understand this. You are such a brilliant man. You can invent something better». «The gate seems to be all right», Edison answered with a smile. «The fact is that it is a brilliant invention.» «You are laughing at me, sir!» «No, I am not. The gate is connected to a pump. Everybody who comes in pumps twenty litres of water out of the well (колодец).»

An absent-minded (рассеянный) professor was once travelling by electric train, and when the conductor came the professor couldn’t find his ticket.

«It’s all right, sir», said the conductor who knew the professor very well, «I’ll come at the next station».

But at the next station there was the same difficulty, the professor couldn’t find his ticket anywhere.

«It’s all right, sir, it doesn’t matter (не имеет значения)», said the

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conductor. «No, no I must find the ticket, I must know where I’m going to!»

Text 11B

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