orlovskaya

Упражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Road transport».

В. Speak about:

1.The current public transport problems in your city or town, its safety, speed and comfort.

2.The role and importance of a private car in your own life.

3.The changes in technology (manual assembly — mass assembly lines — robotics — computerized production).

4.Offer your own ideas on traffic management improvement in your

area.

LESSON 8

Герундий Значения as и by Суффикс -ize (-ise) Префикс over-

Text 8A. A New Era for Aircraft Text 8B. The Return of the Dirigibles

Text 8C. Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going?

Text 8D. New York

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Найдите в предложениях герундий по его признакам, переведите.

1. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 2. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the «night vision system»160. 3. One of the main problems of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires has recently been developed. 5. Before starting a car one must examine it carefully. 6.

Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 7.

Alexander Bell’s being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission. 8. Samuel Morse’s hobby was experimenting with electricity. 9. Driving a truck in the city is difficult.

Упражнение 2. Определите формы и функции герундия.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 3. On being turned on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-moving objects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 5. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffic. 6. On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket design. 7. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 8. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 9. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed. 11. By picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an imageprocessing system produces different images of objects. 12. On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch over to some other activity.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения и запомните значения выделенных слов.

A.1. When the first self-propelled vehicles appeared, measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries. 2. His having measured the distance will enable him to calculate the intensity of light.

3.The universal system of measures and weights was worked out by the French Academy of Science in 1791. 4. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was measured, one-fourth was taken and divided into ten million equal parts. One of these parts was called a «measure» or «a meter».

B.1. One of the earliest ideas to propel a vehicle using161 mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. 2. Having used a steamdriven engine a French engineer built a three-wheeled vehicle for two

passengers. 3. At the end of the 19th century the use of cars was still very limited. 4. Constant efforts are made to use standard components for the cars. 5. The use of multi-cylinder engines greatly increased the speed of cars. 6. N. Otto having used the gasoline engine, motor cars got the standard shape and appearance.

C. 1. Many times Alexander Bell wanted to stop his experiments being unable to get any results. 2. Since ancient times people dreamt of flying. 3. Four times five is equal to twenty. 4. There is much more lithium on the earth than zinc, 130 times more than cadmium. 5. The magnesiumlithium alloy is 1.5 times lighter than aluminium and 4.5 times lighter than iron.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения и запомните различные значения

as.

1. People no longer think of the radio and television as something fantastic. 2. It was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean as there was no radio or satellites at that time. 3. Rocket launching, concerts, football and tennis matches can be seen on TV as they occur. 4. As the operation of integrated circuits depends on microscopic components, the purity of all materials at the plant must be very high. 5. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors. 6. President T. Jefferson offered his personal library as the basis for the national library.

7. It is difficult for the first-year students to study at the institute as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time. 8. No system of the past was as simple as the metric system. 9. Such metals as iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more magnetic than any other known substances. 10. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen are used to cool the aircraft surface. 11. Metallurgists are trying to make composite materials as strong and light as possible. 12. Measures must be taken to keep Moscow air as clean as possible. 13. Engineers are working at the problem of making computers as small as possible.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, учитывая различные значения предлога by. 162

1. It should be said that according to estimates the production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars by 2030. 2. The best way to study before the exam is by changing one’s activity every 30 minutes. 3. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia was made by Kulibin in the 18-th

['fju:zila:3], horizontal stabilizer ['steibilaiza], rocket, distance, meter ['mi :ta], diameter [dai'aemita], cabin, technological, problem, thermodynamics ['09:m9udai'naemiks], aerodynamics

['earaudai'naemiks], per cent, efficiency [I'fijansi], extreme [iks'tri:m], temperature ['tempritfa], cryogenic ['kraiedjenik].

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

supersonic ['sju: po'sonik], hypersonic ['haipa'somk], Paris ['paeris], Tokyo ['teukjeu], plane [plein], hours ['auez], reliable [ri'laiabl],

combined [kam'baind], engine ['endjin], heat-insulating [hi:t 'insjuleitirj, extreme [iks'tri:m], generate ['c&enareit], generation, in general, require [rx'kwaia], fuel [fjual], liquid ['likwid], hydrogen ['haidricfcen], surface ['sa:fis], vaporize ['veiparaiz], inject [in'cfcekt], combustion [kam'bASt|an], chamber ['tfeimbe], percentage [pa'senticfe].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

stress п — напряжение

apart from — помимо, кроме way out — выход

Text 8А

with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by one-third6.

Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants7 and propellants. The fuel flowing through the aircraft’s skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes before being injected into combustion chamber.

In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in8 solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller of ten fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experimental passenger plane.

1.Le Bourget airfield — аэропорт Jle Бурже

2.the looks — внешний вид

3.can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)

4.heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы

5.accounting for — составляя

6.by one-third — на одну треть

7.coolant — охлаждающая жидкость

8.succeeded in — удалось

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?

Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. Today’s aircraft will be replaced with a new form of supersonic transport in a few years’ time. 2. The new hypersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will166 cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The future superliner of this class will have large windows that will allow passengers to watch the panorama of the Earth. 4.

Airliner’s routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere because the air

resistance in the lower atmosphere is too great. 5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermodynamic calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane. 6. It is possible to lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metal alloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as both coolants and propellants. 8. The great advantage of propeller planes is that they fly faster than jet planes.

Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см. 3, 4 и S-й абзацы). Упражнение 13. Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведи-

те предложения.

tects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft’s surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated thermodynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance system a driver will be able to make long journeys without concentrating on the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic problems without using the achievements of the scientific and technological progress.

Упражнение 14. Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.

1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to its solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discovery167 into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technological task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires more effort than making it.