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If such crafts are constructed on a large scale, we shall be able not to spend our holidays enjoying the underwater life, but also grow and cultivate sea plants, fish and pearls. It will be possible provided scientists, designers and politicians from all over the world join their efforts and solve the most important problems in this field.
1.transparent plastic hull — прозрачный пластмассовый корпус
2.versatility — свобода передвижения
3.cycloid rotor — несущий винт циклоидного типа
4.marine-propeller screw — судовой гребной винт
5.breakthrough — радикальное решение
6.sensory manipulator system — сенсорная система манипу-
лятора
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст 9А и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is the text about? 2. What is a submersible? 3. Who was the first to think of a submersible vehicle? 4.What writer wrote about a submersible? 5. What special systems will be used on a new submersible? 6. What are the characteristics of the manipulator system?
7.What kind of submersible is being designed at present?
8.What do you think of the future of such vehicles? 9. What is the name of the famous French scientist, an explorer of the ocean?
10. Have you seen his film? Have you read his books?
Упражнение 10. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 9А. Исправьте неправильные.
1. We know very little about the ocean yet. 2. The dream of exploring the underwater life is very old. 3. It was Jules Verne who was the first to write about a submersible vehicle. 4. Only Japanese scientists are developing deep water submersible crafts. 5. A new submersible craft looks and moves like an underwater helicopter.
6. A new submersible is provided with a manipulator that is designed to lift 120 tons. 7. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glass and drew pictures. 8.
When completed, the world’s deepest manned submersible will be capable of submerging to the depth of 21,000 feet. 9. This craft will189be driven by a battery-operated electric motor.
Упражнение 11. Найдите в тексте 9А условные придаточные предложения; сделайте, где возможно, их бессоюзными.
Упражнение 12. Найдите условные придаточные предложения, выражающие нереальные действия. Переведите.
you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust the pressure. 4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star, we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were traffic controlled by computers, cars could travel with safety and speed. 6. Had submersibles been developed since the time of Alexander the Great, mankind would have used natural resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7. Had all submersibles had autonomous principle of operation, they would have become much more useful. 8. If fire-arms had not been invented, the secret of Damascus steel would not have been lost. 9. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed about 300 km per hour, it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere.
Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различ-
ные значения слов provide, if (whether).
1. Specialists reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the Earth. 3. Drivers don’t know yet whether radars will be mounted on the next car models. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don’t leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot is provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can remain at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours or, if needed, as long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at the present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a few years.
Упражнение 14. Переведите предложения с союзом unless и запомните
особенности его перевода.
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been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton’s laws of motion had been studied. 7. With heat generated by friction of the air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would increase to almost
1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical means.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15. Образуйте от следующих слов: а) глаголы
usage, subdivision, indication, complication, difference, large, systematisation, appearance, changeable, measurable;
б) существительные
noiseless, powerful, deep, dangerous, perform, realise, lighten.
Упражнение 16. Образуйте производные от следующих слов:
manipulate, compress, move.
Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
исследовать — exploration, explorer, to explore; точно — exactness, exactly, exact, exaction;
погруженный — submergence, submerge, submerged, submersion; направлять — navigate, navigable, navigation;
стойкий — resistance, to resist, resistant, resistor; ширина — wide, width, widely, widen.
Упражнение 18. Найдите: а) синонимы
to finish, to submerge, to work, craft, to build, to descend, vehicle, to operate, rapid, fast, to construct, to complete;
б) антонимы
to lift, difficult, to complete, after, to descend, before, easy, to start.
Упражнение 19. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова; переведите предложения.
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energy due to its position. helicopters MI -26 which lift
5. Russia possesses the world’s heaviest and transport cargoes up to 20 tons.
Упражнение 20. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов before и after в функции предлога и союза.
1. There was no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 2. After World War 1 dirigibles gradually lost their significance as a means of transportation. 3. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the sun.
4. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770, many car designers wanted to make a better automobile. 5. Before each flight pilots must ask for the information about the weather expected during the planned route. 6. The «night vision» system enables drivers to see better after dark. 7. Before the industrial production of materials in space can be started, it is necessary to create special space stations. 8. Soon after Karl Marx’s arrival in England he became a daily visitor of the
Reading Room of the British Museum.
Упражнение 21. Выберите соответствующий глагол из приведенных в скобках.
1.A young physicist can (get, get up) a prize for his work.
2.Designers tested a new engine to (find, find out) whether the ceramics it was made of could withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C.
3.It is difficult to (get, get up) early in winter. 4. Many specialists are working at the problem of developing a new kind of telephone which we
(call, call for) «video phone». 5. The projects in Siberia (call, call for) the most effective means of transporting various cargoes over long distances.
6.Specialists wanted to (find, find out) whether telephone communication was reliable or not. 7. Further development (call, call for) new specialists who are able to generate new technical ideas. 8. New generation materials which we (call, call for) composite materials will allow to lighten the aircraft.
9.To translate this text, we must (find, find out) some words in a
dictionary.
Упражнение19222. Укажите предложения, где выделенное слово имеет сле-
дующее значение:
— действуя
1.They should know in what direction this force is acting.
2.Acting upon the body the force changes. 3. They should find the force,
acting upon the body.
—имеет дело, рассматривает
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the transformation of heat into work. 2. The experience of France dealing with environmental problems is very important. 3. Now Russia is dealing very seriously with the problem of Baikal protection.
—используя
1. Using thermomagnetic alloys in the turbine rotor allows to develop a lot of various sensors. 2. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of various sensors. 3. Many American companies began using submersibles for tourism.
—совершенствование
1. Construction specialists are working at improving the design of metro escalators. 2. While improving the design of metro escalators specialists developed a two speed escalator. 3. Our design bureau has developed spiral escalators improving the construction of public buildings.
—превышающий
1. A car exceeding its speed, the indicators show it on the display. 2. Exceeding the speed limit the driver should be very attentive. 3. There are relatively few cargoes exceeding 400 tons.
Упражнение 23. А. Прочитайте текст без словаря.
Three Stonecutters
Three stonecutters (каменотес) were working hard. A man who was passing by watched them for a few minutes and then, turning to the first stonecutter, he asked: «What are you doing, my friend?» «I am working like a slave (раб). Look at my hands. Did you think I was playing?», he replied. The passer-by then looked at the second workman. «And what are you doing?», he asked. The stone-cutter answered quickly, «I am earning seven dollars and fifty cents a day. I hope to receive at least nine dollars a day in a very near future.» The visitor studied the face of the third stonecutter. Once more, he asked, «And what are you doing, my friend?» The stonecutter’s face lighted up as he replied, «I am helping to
erect a magnificent building. Look at the colour in this piece of marble. I
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was just thinking how beautiful it will be when it is thoroughly polished. This building will last for hundreds of years and its beauty will inspire everyone who sees it.»
1.The first stonecutter was the 1. he saw beauty and joy in his
unhappiest of the three because |
work. |
2. The second one was happier |
2. he thought that all work was |
than the first stonecutter because |
hard and dull. |
3.The third stonecutter was the 3. he thought that honest work
happiest of the three because brings advancement.
В. Составьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А.
Упражнение 24. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. drawn,
grew, feeling, wake up, drank, cutting, sink.
Упражнение 25. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.
Deep Trouble
An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because of breakage. Each time sharks’ (акула) teeth were found in the damaged cable. Though the cable contains optical fibres transmitting signals in the form of light, it carries a very small amount of electrical wires. It is known that electricity attracts sharks. Therefore, ordinary electric power cables are usually provided with some kind of protection to stop their being attacked by sharks. However, it was not expected that it was necessary to mount this expensive protection on the new cable. But provided the designers had used this conventional protection on the new cable, the sharks would not have approached it.
CONVERSATION
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean depths at present? (non-military submersibles) 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan)
3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible) 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (21,000 feet) 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor) 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic manipulators) 7. What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls)
1. A new one-passenger submer- |
4. It can move in water environ- |
194 |
|
sible is designed for performing |
ment |
2.This submersible is a spherical 5. While exploring the ocean floor
transparent plastic apparatus |
6. The apparatus is capable to |
3. It looks like |
descend |
7.A special feature of this manned miniature video cameras and mi-
submersible is |
crophones. |
1.an underwater helicopter. 5. accurate scientific explorations.
2.to the depth of 3,300 feet. 6. due to the use of rotor instead of
3.this apparatus will move like a conventional propeller.
sports car. |
7. mounted on a metal platform. |
4.its sensory manipulator with
Exercise 3. Read and learn.
Hiking in the Mountains
Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of running water. Let’s stand and look at the stream.
Jane: Why only look? I’m thirsty (хочу пить) and nothing tastes so good as cool mountain water.
М.: But passing the same water through the pores of the skin does
the body fifteen times as much good as it does when you drink it. Put your hands and arms into the deepest place and keep them for a while and you’ll feel so wonderful.
J.: I can’t stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface of the stream. Water is beautiful.
М.: And perhaps, the most beautiful thing about it is its use. It helps all living things in one way or another.
J.: I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water.
М.: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the weather. J.: How does it do this?
М.: By circulation it keeps your body at the same temperature all the time.
J.: I’ve read that water has the most interesting properties of all liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest to heat.
М.: In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by circulat
ing evenly to all parts. In the heat of summer it passes off through the million of pores of your skin. This keeps you cool and takes away toxic material at the same time.
J.: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of the195 na ture’s great provisions.
М.: Sure, especially taking into consideration (принимать во
внимание) that the human being can live only within the narrow range (диапазон) in body temperature of a very few degrees Fahrenheit. Have you had enough water?
J.: Yes, I have. Usually I drink at least six glassfuls of water daily.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
1.
2.
An advanced manned submersible.
Practical applications of manned submersibles.
Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to realize a dream, underwater exploration, to penetrate, a submersible vehicle, to descend to a depth up to, to perform tasks, collecting samples of minerals and marine life, to work for nine hours, to join efforts.
Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.
Scientists cannot afford (позволить себе) to be interested in things not connected with their subject.
One point of view: There is no alternative to narrow (узкий) specialization, everybody has a limited amount of time, it is unrealistic to expect a scientist to be interested in other fields than his own, a person who is interested in many things is sure to become a dilettante.
A contrary point of view : It is impossible to understand a particular science in complete isolation, the scientist should not be treated as a machine for solving specialized problems, a narrow specialist may tend to become a narrow -minded person, really great scientists have always had wide interests.
What do you think about it? Why?
Exercise 6. A. Read and say what you think about tea and what it does for you.
Tea
The English know how to make tea and what it does for you. Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; nine cups will put you to sleep at night.
If you are hot, tea will cool you off, and if you are cold, it will warm you up.
If you take it in the middle of the morning, it will stimulate you for further work; if you drink it in the afternoon, it will relax you for further thought. Then, of course, you drink lots of it in off hours (свободное время).
The test of good tea is simple. If a spoon stands in it, then it is strong enough. 196
В. Use the following phrases.
1.
2.
3.
If you ask me, tea...
If you want my opinion, tea...
I entirely / quite agree with the idea that...
4.That’s exactly my opinion / that’s exactly what I feel...
5.I don’t like tea because...
Exercise 7. Read and smile.
A Fable from Aesop ['i:sop]
While sitting together one time, a group of animals was discussing the popularity of the elephant. They all agreed that the elephant was the most popular animal in the forest, but none of them could give a satisfactory explanation of this fact. Yet they all had certain comments to offer.
The giraffe [d5i'ra:f] said, «If the elephant had a long neck like mine, then it would be easy to understand his popularity. He would be the tallest animal in the forest».
The peacock (павлин) said, «If he possessed my beautiful tail, it would be easy to understand. He would be the most beautiful creature in the forest».
The rabbit said, «If he could run as fast as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the fastest animal in the forest».
The bear said, «If he was as strong as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the strongest animal in the forest».
Suddenly the elephant himself appeared. He was larger and stronger than any of the other animals, and he was also superior in many ways. But he was always quiet and modest about his many accomplishments. This, after all, was the real explanation for his popularity.
An American lady got into a smoking carriage (вагон) where an Englishman was smoking a pipe.
She began doing everything to show him she objected to his smoking.
At last, seeing that the man paid no attention, she said, «If you were a gentleman, you would stop smoking when a lady got into the carriage».
«If you were a lady», replied the Englishman, «you would not get into a smoking carriage».
«If you were my husband», said the American lady angrily, «I would give you poison (яд)».
«Well,» said the Englishman at last, «if I were your husband, I would
take it». |
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Text 9B |
Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Какую новую информацию вы нашли в тексте?
За счет чего можно устранить недостатки в существующих погружаемых аппаратах?
Now most submersibles are connected with a support ship on the surface. This connection is an armoured cable measuring an inch or two in diameter and weighing up to 10 tons and it transmits power and navigational commands to the submersible, as well as sends sensor data and television images back to the support ship. Cables allow submersibles to transmit data at a great speed, but they limit the range of territory studied and have many disadvantages in operation.
Autonomous underwater submersibles can move freely. Controlled by on-board microprocessors or by acoustic signals transmitted by a ship on the surface, battery-operated submersibles can cover much greater areas. They can operate under ice and in very deep water. Such three-ton unmanned crafts can submerge to the depth of almost 20,000 feet and stay there for up to seven hours. High quality images of the ocean bottom can be transmitted to the support ship in three to four seconds (because of the slow speed — about 5,000 feet per second through water — acoustic data transmission is much less quick than signals sent via cable which travel at the speed of light).
But even these most advanced submersibles have definite disadvantages: batteries are heavy, data transmission is slow and computer programs are primitive. Future submersibles may overcome those difficulties. Some may be propelled by nuclear power or by fuel cells (топливные элементы) that use oxygen from the sea water. Many of them will rely on signalcompression techniques to speed up acoustic data links. Computerized systems will enable some submersibles to repair damaged telephone cables or oil platforms. If research work in this field continues to expand at its present rate, the number of radically different kind of more efficient crafts will appear very soon.
Text 9C
Прочитайте текст. Назовите особенности современного спасательного средства на воде198и принцип его действия.
Lifeboats
Even though we now have ships of a kind unknown in earlier centuries, we are still very far from mastering the sea. The Greek sailor who was shipwrecked (терпеть кораблекрушение) on his way home from Troy