orlovskaya

promotion [pre'meujen] n содействие в особенность, отличительная черта, продаже; продвижение, повышение в отличие (специализация)

Что Вы понимаете под словом «закон»? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

What Is Law?

The word «law» refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws, laws which prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast drivers should drive. Some of such laws are customs, that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. And some of them are precise laws made by individual nations, governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.

The purpose of government-made laws is social control (without laws there would be anarchy in society) and the implementation of justice. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law.

The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. But the law today is, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent national systems. Despite major revisions over the centuries, the legal system of England and Wales is one of the oldest still operating in the modern world. English law has directly influenced the law of former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part in everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. In addition, although the legal systems of Western Europe and Japan come from rather different traditions, there are enough similarities in principle and institution. 421

Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. But it should be said that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law,

and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of

continental Europe, Latin America and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan’s legal system. In these countries Continental systems have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of precise, detailed codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life.

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Какие слова и термины из области правопорядка и преступлений Вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Law, Order, Crime

When somebody breaks the law and does something against the law the police must investigate who is responsible for a crime. If they find the person who committed the crime, they arrest him or her. At the police station the person is questioned and charged with the crime. He must then be sent to court for trial.

The person charged with the crime is now called the defendant or accused. In court, he must try to prove that he is innocent. The jury listens to all the evidence for and against the defendant and then makes their decision.

If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge will give the sentence. For example, if a person is convicted of murder, the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomes a prisoner and the place he lives in is called a cell. For minor offences (that is, crime that is not serious, e.g. illegal parking), the punishment is usually a fine. To fight crime the courts now give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences). There is capital punishment (death by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. If a person convicted of a crime is put on probation, instead of punishment, he must behave well for a period of 1—3 years. If he is convicted of another crime while on probation, he will also be punished for

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the original crime. Suspended sentence is a prison sentence of less than two years which does not take effect unless the convicted person commits another crime during the period specified by the court. Corporal punishment consists of causing a person to physical pain, e.g. by

whipping. A community service order2 is a court order to a person convicted of a crime to do a certain number of hours of work without pay in the local community instead of another form of punishment.

Common offences like theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting; more serious offences such as murder, manslaughter and rape, crimes against public morals, pollution and traffic offences are aris

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ing every day in the courts. Thief, robber, burglar, shoplifter, murderer, rapist are criminals.

People who defend criminals and present evidence are called barristers (lawyers) or attorneys (in Am Eng).

Notes to the Text

1.Suspended sentence — отсрочка исполнения приговора или наказания

2.community service order — направление на общественные работы

Упражнение 1. Поставьте следующие события в правильной последовательности.

1.You are convicted of an offence.

2.You are sentenced to punishment for an offence.

3.You are tried for an offence.

4.You are suspected of an offence.

6.You are arrested for an offence.

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.

1. The ... must decide if the accused is innocent or... 2. The police were sure the man was a ..., but it would be difficult to ... it in court. 3. Two months later the defendant was sent to court for ...

4. If the accused is convicted of rape, the ... may be at least ten years in ...

5.... defend people and present... 6. If you park your car illegally, you will have to pay a ... 7. In Britain it is ... the law to drive a motor vehicle without insurance. 8. Fortunately, it was only a minor ... and we were not taken to the police station. 9. The ... sentences people. 10. I have never ...

the law and ... a crime.

11. Police are allowed to stop anyone in the street and ... them.

3.commit a crime

4.arrest

5.evidence

a.

punishment

b.provide facts

c.kill someone by intention

d.question

e.

investigate

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accident

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски.

1. We think the driver of a BMW will be charged with ... because he did not mean to kill the boy. 2. Did he kill his partner? Yes, he has been charged with ... 3. He took the money from women’s bags. He has been charged with ... 4. She stole things from a supermarket, so she will be charged with... 5. Two boys have been charged with ... because they broke into a shop in the middle of the night and took money.

Упражнение 5. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания близкими по значению словами или словосочетаниями.

1. If someone commits a crime, the police must try to find out what happened. 2. When the police find the persons responsible for the crime they take them to the police station and ask them a lot of questions. 3.

To reach their decision, the jury must listen carefully to the information about the crime for and against the accused. 4. It was only a minor offence and a driver had to pay money. 5. If you do something wrong, then you commit a crime. 6. Death sentence is a comparatively rare event

now. 7. What can government do to stop crime?

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Упражнение б. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.

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