- •Куроченко ю. С., Махиня н. В.
- •Preface
- •Introductory phonetic-orthoepic course
- •Introduction
- •Introductory text*
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. We use certain expressions in different social situations.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in brackets.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Match the sentences with the correct photos. The first was done for you.
- •1. Address the following people.
- •2. Insert a suitable form of address.
- •3. Fill in prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the conversations with the correct expressions.
- •3. Make up your own dialogues with the following word combinations.
- •4. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Match the story with the correct words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Translate the anecdotes into English.
- •Horoscope Chart
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the suitable words. More than one answer is possible.
- •3. Complete the sentences with the correct words.
- •4. From these jumbled words, find combinations to describe people, as in the example. Some of the combinations are hyphenated. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •1. You want to know about the following: someone’s general appearance / their height / their weight.
- •2. How would you describe a person in each of these cases?
- •3. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •4. Study the article and do the following activities.
- •Does Mother Nature Know Better?
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Read the following dialogue. An Apartment to Let
- •4. Act as interpreter, translate Ukrainian lines into English. Examining an Apartment
- •1. Imagine you’ve just moved into a new flat, and for the first six months you can only have six of the following. Which would you choose?
- •2. Study the advertisements and find the following.
- •Introductory text
- •Everything about Time
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Tell what’s the time:
- •3. Read the following dialogues.
- •4. Complete the dialogue.
- •1. Can you complete these sentences with the correct number?
- •2. Read the poem and tell what happened to Solomon Grundy during a week.
- •4. Speak about yourself and your country completing these sentences.
- •5. Read the joke and say how you personally appreciate time.
- •Introductory text
- •Do-It-Yourself-Forecast
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Say the following in one word.
- •Seasonal Affective Disorder
- •Introductory text
- •Natural Destruction
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Bank, resources, global, tropical, acid, ozone, industrial, car exhaust
- •If we want to look after the environment, there are certain things we should and shouldn’t do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways.
- •Survive, extinct, green, countryside, endangered, fumes, pollution, farmland
- •Improving Zoos
- •It’s Getting Hotter
- •Rethink Rubbish
- •An Ant’s Eye View
- •Introductory text
- •Telegraph and Telephone
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •3. Find the synonyms to the following words.
- •4. Make the annotation of the text, completing the following sentences.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •People – the great communicators
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Fill the gaps in these phone conversations with suitable words or phrases.
- •1. Study the information and express your ideas.
- •Basic Cell Phone Etiquette
- •2. Add other advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phone from your own experience.
- •Modern means of communication
- •4. Read the article and tell if there should be adopted restrictions on cell phone use in our country.
- •5. What do you think about the following statement?
- •Internet Craze
- •Introductory text
- •Our Lives and Computer Technology
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •2. Complete the following sentences.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •1. Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common ‘computer’ words and phrases.
- •2. Can you remember what these symbols mean?
- •3. Complete the text with the words in the box.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •5. Read, smile and find in the Internet similar computer jokes either in English or in Ukrainian.
- •1. Read the following dialogue. Hooking Up My Computer
- •2. Read the dialogue and fill in the missing words. The first letter of each missing word is given.
- •3. Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields.
- •4. Study the information and express your ideas on the topic. Computer Effects on Human Health
- •1. Read the text and do the following tasks.
- •Computer – a Miraculous Device
- •2. Study the article and answer the questions.
- •Do Computers Rule Our Lives?
- •3. In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area.
- •4. Mini-project.
- •Help Box
- •Introductory text
- •Juvenile Crime
- •Decide whether the following statements about the text are true or false.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Perceptions of youth and adulthood
- •Break, hear, come, leave, go Teenage Party Ends in Tears
- •1. Read the following dialogue. The Generation Gap: Myth or Reality?
- •2. What is your opinion of the following statements? Agree or disagree.
- •4. Read the text and do the activities that follow. Coping With Stress
- •1 ______________________________________________
- •3 ______________________________________________
- •1. Read the text and express your ideas on the offered questions.
- •2. Study the information about youth subcultures and tell…
- •3. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime and the court case using topical vocabulary.
- •Introductory text
- •The Best Shopping Street in the World
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •3. Match up the shop (departments) with the appropriate goods. Give answers in the box.
- •4. Say the same in one word or a phrase.
- •5. Fill in the blank with the corresponding words.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Complete these lines from the conversations.
- •4. Explain clothing idioms and find equivalents in your native language. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Comparing shopping.
- •1. Read the text and check your ideas. Understanding the Information on the Label
- •2. Read the text and do the activities that follow. The best places to go shopping in the world, and how to pick up a bargain when you get there
- •4. Do the shopping crossword and check how easy it is.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Ukrainian Cuisine
- •Things go better with Coca-Cola
- •To make, to become, to grow, to eat, to open (2), to call, to prefer, to give, to buy History of the Hamburger
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Which symptoms indicate these diseases?
- •3. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words.
- •4. Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
- •5. What advice does the doctor give?
- •6. Translate the sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate words from the box.
- •3. Below is step-to-step guide to artificial respiration. Put the jumbled sentences in the right order by numbering them (1 – 7). The Kiss of Life
- •4. Put the words into the gaps in the text.
- •5. Put the correct words from the table below in the above article.
- •6. Look through the article and state whether the sentences given after it true (t) or false (f).
- •Chocolate is Good for Your Health
- •2. Study the article and discuss the following:
- •Cleopatra’s Eye Make-Up Had Health Benefits
- •3. Read the article about eating disorders and tell whether you agree / disagree with the following statements:
- •Introductory text
- •The Use of Leisure
- •Vocabualary practice
- •4. Organize these words and put them in the correct columns below.
- •Valuable, afford, traditional, weird, video arcades, rhythm
- •Music Festivals
- •American County Fairs
- •Let’s Get Wet
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •2. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Read the sayings of famous people about art and decide which definition appeals to you most. You may choose several sayings to complete your own definition.
- •5. Read the following dialogue and discuss the after-dialogue questions.
- •1. Read the lines of a comic vaudeville ‘Romantic Fools’ by Rich Orloff.
- •2. What word or phrase is being defined?
- •3. Fill in the blanks below with the words in the box.
- •Blockbusters
- •4. Study the inside structure of a theatre. Which seats are the most prestigious / convenient / cheap / expensive?
- •5. Write out music styles mentioned in the text. Think of other styles, give their definition or description.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •American Graffiti
- •What’s the Point?
- •In the town (Directions, Street Notices)
- •Introductory text
- •Car Driving and Traffic Regulations
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Make up the words out of the given letters.
- •2. Find the topic-connected words among jumbled letters in the box.
- •3. Match the words or word combinations with their definitions.
- •4. Match the sign with the correct word below.
- •5. Choose a proper word from the box to complete the sentences.
- •School zone, pedestrian, one way, speed limit, yield, railroad tracks, left turn, u-turn, tollbooth, stop, enter, right turn, median, exit, speed limit
- •6. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Fill in the gaps of the text using the words in right-hand column.
- •3. You are at point X in the map. Follow the directions and write the name of the place next to each sentence.
- •1. Read the text and do the activities that follow. New York City Cab Driver
- •2. Read the text about the underground system in London, divide it into logical parts, entitle them. London Tube
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Carriage, resort, destination, arrival, cruise, brochure, cabin, platform
- •British Holidaymakers
- •Ellen Macarthur
- •A Safe Trip Abroad
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Advance, bunk beds, dormitory, double room, family room, key, reception, single room, twin room, vacancies
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •Bill, bottle, dessert, drinks, fish and chips, hungry, menu, non-smoker, order, table
- •3. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Translate the words in brackets in the correct tense form. Real Personal Service
- •1. Read the text and find examples of historical hotels in your own country. Hotel History. Inn
- •2. What would you say in these situations?
- •3. Disagree with the statements avoiding simple negations.
- •4. Lest we forget how difficult it is to master the English language, consider these travel and hotel signs from around the world. Try to say them correctly.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Choose the correct variant.
- •3. Choose the correct response out of two. If both responses are acceptable, choose the one that sounds more natural.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •2. Read the text, putting the verbs in the proper tense form.
- •3. Work in pairs. Make up the dialogues on the following situations:
- •4. Guess what holidays (American, Ukrainian and British) are described in the following sentences. The answers are given below.
- •Halloween: Holiday of the Dead
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •3. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences.
- •4. Match the halves of the sentence.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Translate these questions into English and answer them.
- •4. Put words in the correct order. Add some words if necessary. The City of Odesa
- •5. Render this text in English.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •4. Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •4. What do you think a good language learner does? Make up as many sentences as possible with the phrase given in the table.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations with their explanation.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where required.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Decide which answer – a, b, c or d – best fits each space and read the story given below. Experience in Learning a Foreign Language
- •The English-Speaking World
- •Канадський варіант англійської мови.
- •How the Americans Speak English
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. There are 15 words in this word square that are connected with money. Find 14 more by looking across or down the word square.
- •3. What can you say in these situations? Complete the sentences but don’t use the underlined words and phrases.
- •4. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •6. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Choose the most suitable response to each sentence (a-I) from the sentences (1-9).
- •3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Read the conversations below and guess the meanings of the phrases in bold. Match them with the definitions after the dialogues.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks given after it. Making a Million
- •2. Read and explain the following quotations.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and phrases.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Translate the words given in brackets.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
- •5. Choose the correct option.
- •6. Translate the following sentences.
- •4. Read the dialogues.
- •5. What would you say if you took part in these dialogues?
- •6. Translate the dialogues into English.
- •1. Study the following information carefully and give answers to the questions.
- •3. Read the sample of application form. What is the difference between application form and resume? Try to fill in the following:
- •Family relations
- •Appearance and Character
- •Dwelling and its Types
- •Time and Dates
- •Natural Phenomena in Weather and Seasons
- •Global Environmental Problems
- •Modern Means of Communication
- •Computer in Our Life
- •Youth Problems
- •Shops and Shopping
- •Food and Meals
- •Leisure Time
- •In the town
- •Traveling and Going through Customs
- •Home and Foreign Holidays and Traditions
- •Ukraine
- •English-speaking countries
- •Money, Currency, Finance
- •Job Hunting
5. Read the joke and say how you personally appreciate time.
Apreacher went into his church and he was praying to God.
While he was praying, he asked God, ‘How long is 10 million years to you?’
He replied, ‘1 second’.
The next day the preacher asked God, ‘God, how much is 10 million dollars to you?’
And God replied, ‘A penny’.
Then finally the next day the preacher asked God, ‘God, can I have one of your pennies?’
And God replied, ‘Just wait a sec’.
BLOCK IV
Topics for discussion and essays.
Explain the saying ‘Time is money’.
Explain why the time is not the same all over the world.
People often say that time flies, time changes and we can’t turn back the time. Express your opinion on the topic.
Describe peculiarities and express your opinion on ‘Some people are early birds others are night owls’.
Does waiting for something bother you?
Do you think you manage your time wisely?
If you could stop time, what would you do and why?
If time travel were possible, which period of world history would you like to return to? Why?
LESSON 5
Natural Phenomena in Weather and Seasons
There is no bad weather, there are bad clothes.
Rainbows apologize for angry skies.
A lot of people like snow. I find it to be an unnecessary freezing of water.
The best thing one can do when it's raining is to let it rain.
Snowflakes are kisses from heaven.
Bad weather always looks better through a window.
It is best to read the weather forecast before praying for rain.
Climate is what we expect, weather is what we get.
Introductory text
Notes to the text:
to forecast(ed) the weather – прогнозувати погоду
to have one thing in common – мати щось спільне / спільну річ
accurate – точний
complicated – складний
weather balloons – метеозонд, кулька-пілот
altitude – висота (над рівнем моря)
satellite – супутникова антена
to be processed by computer – обробляти на комп’ютері
to take into account – узяти до уваги
coast – узбережжя
basic equipment – базове (основне) обладнання
to get worse – погіршуватися
to beat (beat; beaten) the experts – перемогти експертів
Do-It-Yourself-Forecast
When the wind is in the west, the weather is always best.
When the wind’s in the south, the rain’s in its mouth.
Have you heard sayings like these before? Or have you heard that when cows lie down it’s going to rain? May be you’ve heard that a sunny Christmas Day means we’re going to have a warm Easter. Many cultures have traditional ideas about how to forecast the weather and they all have one thing in common: they are not very accurate. Most of them are about as accurate as saying that the weather tomorrow wall be more or less the same as today. The weather is too complicated to be forecasted easily.
How do meteorologists go about trying to forecast the weather? The first thing they need is information, and lots of it. Data is constantly collected from weather stations around the world. Weather balloons tell us what is happening at high altitude. Satellites give us images of cloud cover and wind direction. All this information is processed by computer and combined with information about the normal climate of a region to produce the forecast. Even so, we can only accurately forecast the weather for the next couple of days.
Can’t we amateurs forecast the weather at all, then? Yes, we can, but to be a great amateur meteorologist you need to do some of the things the experts do. First of all, collect your information. You need to know about the climate in the area where you live. What’s a typical summer like? How much rain normally falls in October? If your area never gets fog in the summer, then a forecast of fog in July is unlikely to be accurate. The next thing to be taken into account is local geography. Are there any mountains nearby? They could affect the wind. Are you by the coast? That could affect rainfall. You also need some basic equipment: a good thermometer, a barometer to measure pressure in the atmosphere and, if possible, a wind meter.
Then it’s a question of using your eyes, and even your ears. Listen to the radio. Is there a lot of static? With the fall of atmospheric pressure the weather will get worse. Go outside and listen. Do sounds seem clearer than usual? Is there a kind of ring around the sun or moon? It could mean that it’s going to rain. Is your barometer rising and do the clouds seem to be getting higher? It probably means that the weather is clearing up. With a little practice, your forecasts will become more accurate one day.
Making your own forecasts can be a lot of fun, and you might even beat the experts!
Comprehension questions.
What’s the common thing about the weather forecast that all cultures have?
Is it easy to forecast the weather?
What’s the first thing a meteorologist needs to forecast the weather?
What’s the function of weather balloons / satellites / computers in weather forecasting?
What are the things an amateur meteorologist needs to do to predict weather?
What equipment should an amateur meteorologist have?
You will even beat the experts one day, won’t you?
Choose the best answer according to the text.
What does ‘them’ in line 4 refer to?
a) different cultures b) traditional ideas about the weather
c) most weather forecasts d) the weather on different days
The writer does not mention that forecasters collect information about…
a) the weather very high in the atmosphere b) the accuracy of forecasts in the past
c) the amount of clouds over an area d) the way the wind is blowing
What does the writer say you need to know about your area?
a) the forecasts of the experts b) the general patterns of weather
c) how rains affect local people d) how summer fog is caused
The writer suggests that the amateur forecaster should…
a) buy a lot accurate equipment b) get a good map of the area
c) make notes about changes in the weather d) live in a flat area away from the sea
You might be able to forecast good weather when…
a) the reading on your barometer is falling b) you can hear sound very clearly
c) low clouds start to disappear d) the moon is very bright in the sky
To make accurate forecasts, you need to have…
a) experience in forecasting b) good planning
c) time to watch the weather change d) a good memory
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. General |
1. Загальна лексика |
weather / weather forecast / to predict weather / meteorologist |
погода / прогноз погоди / передбачати погоду / метеоролог |
season / spring / summer / autumn (fall, Am.) / winter |
пора року / весна / літо / осінь / зима |
to affect(ed)=to influence=to impact / to depend(ed) on (upon) |
впливати на / залежати від |
to clear(ed) up / to get colder / to get milder / |
прояснюватися / холоднішати / теплішати |
air humidity |
вологість повітря |
degree / Fahrenheit / Celsius (Centigrade) |
градус / за Фаренгейтом / за Цельсієм |
midsummer Day (22nd of June) |
середина літа (літнє сонцестояння, 22 червня) |
midwinter Day (22nd of December) |
середина зими (зимове сонцестояння, 22 грудня) |
2. Natural Features |
2. Властивості природи |
continents – e.g. Asia, Europe |
континент – напр. Азія, Європа |
countries – e.g. China, Brazil |
країни – напр. Китай, Бразилія |
islands – e.g. Sicily, Corsica, Hong Kong |
острови – напр. Сицилія, Корсика, Гонконг |
group of islands – e.g. the Bahamas, the Balearics |
групи островів – напр. Багамські (архіпелаг в Атлантичному океані), Балеарські (західна частина Середземного моря, Іспанія) |
oceans – e.g. the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean |
океани – напр. Атлантичний, Тихий, Арктичний |
seas – e.g. the Red Sea, the Dead Sea |
моря – напр. Червоне (Африка), Мертве (кордон Ізраїль-Йорданія) |
lakes – e.g. Lake Tanganyika, Lake Titicaca |
озера – напр. Танганьїка (Танзанія), Тітікака (кордон Перу та Болівії) |
rivers – e.g. the Nile, the Mississippi |
річки – напр. Ніл (Африка), Міссісіпі (США) |
falls – e.g. Niagara Falls, the Iguaçu Falls |
водоспади – напр. Ніагарський (північна Америка), Ігвесу (Бразилія) |
mountains – e.g. Mount Everest, Mount Fuji |
гори – напр. гора Еверест (Джомолунгма), Гімалайї, висота 8848 м; Фуджі (Японія, вулкан та гора) |
mountain ranges – e.g. the Andes, the Alps |
гірські хребти – напр. Анди (південна Америка), Альпи (Європа) |
jungles – e.g. the Amazon (the Amazon rainforest) |
джунглі – напр. Амазонка (південна Америка, тропічний, вологий ліс) |
forests – e.g. the Black Forest |
ліси – напр. Шварцвальд (гори в Німеччині) |
deserts – e.g. the Sahara, the Gobi |
пустелі – напр. Сахара, Гобі (територія Монголії, Китаю) |
3. Seasons’ Features |
3. Особливості пір року |
spring: spring months: March, April, May to awake (awoke; awoken) from winter sleep to be fill(ed) with new life to shine (shone; shone) brightly earth is warmed by the rays of the sun days become longer snow melt(ed)s / thaw / puddles little streams flow merrily to bud / to blossom(ed) to grow green / fresh green grass / green leaves
to fill(ed) the air with fragrance (scent) twitter of birds revival of nature |
весна: весняні місяці: березень, квітень, травень прокидатися від зимової сплячки наповнюватися новим життям яскраво світити земля обігрівається променями сонця дні стають довшими сніг тане / відлига / калюжі маленькі струмки весело течуть випускати бруньки / квітнути зеленіти / свіжа зелена трава / зелене листя наповнювати повітря ароматом спів птахів відродження природи |
summer: summer months: June, July, August unbearably hot weather to go bathing / to lie in the sun to do (did; done) the gardening farmer’s busy season to cut (cut; cut) the grass / to make the hay to plough(ed) / to sow (sowed; sown) early fruits / vegetables to pick(ed) mushrooms / berries to gather(ed) flowers to have (had; had) storms with lighting / thunder / hail dew on flowers |
літо: літні місяці: червень, липень, серпень нестерпно спекотна погода купатися / лежати на сонечку (загоряти) займатися садівництвом у фермера багато роботи зрізати (косити) траву / скласти сіно орати / сіяти ранні фрукти / овочі збирати гриби / ягоди рвати квіти мати бурю із блискавкою / громом / градом роса на квітах |
Indian summer: warm weather soft carpet of dying leaves nature is slowly falling asleep a soft breeze the sky seems sad silent gardens |
бабине літо: тепла погода м’який килим згасаючого листя природа поступово засинає теплий вітер (бриз) сумне небо тихі сади |
autumn (fall): autumn months: September, October, November cool weather / it often rains / it drizzles (sleet) / it’s muddy and wet / sky is covered with heavy clouds season of harvesting / to gather crops to ripen(ed) in orchards woods (forests) turn yellow (brown) leaves fall off to make multi-colored carpet birds fly (flew; flown) away |
осінь: осінні місяці: вересень, жовтень, листопад прохолодна погода / часто йде дощ / мряка (дощ зі снігом) / брудно і вогко / небо вкрите важкими хмарами пора врожаю / збирати врожай достигати в плодових садах ліси стають жовтими (коричневими) листя падає утворювати кольоровий килим птахи відлітають |
winter: winter months: December, January, February the sun shines rarely / it rises late and sets early
low temperature / it drops to zero lakes / rivers / streams are frozen roads are covered with slippery ice / deep snow
bare trees a piercing wind blizzard (snow-storm) to snow heavily / snowflakes / snow-work / snow-bank (snow-drift) / slush to make a snowman / to play snowballs |
зима: зимові місяці: грудень, січень, лютий сонце світить рідко / встає пізно та сідає рано низька температура / падає до нуля озера / річки / струмки замерзають дороги вкриті крижаною кіркою / глибокий сніг голі дерева пронизуючий вітер завірюха (хуртовина) снігопад / сніжинки / візерунки / замет (кучугура) / талий сніг ліпити сніговита / грати в сніжки |
4. Weather Conditions |
4. Погодні умови |
weather: 1) positive: calm / mild / fine (good) / warm / windy / clear / favorable 2) negative: bad / cloudy / showery / rainy / sunny (sunshine) / heat / changeable (unsettled, unstable) / wet (humid) / cold / cool (chilly) / snowy / windless / stuffy / frosty / foggy (misty) / nasty (abominable, awful) / severe / dull (gloomy) / unfavorable / dry |
погода: 1) позитивні прикметники: спокійна / м’яка / хороша / тепла / вітряна / ясна / сприятлива 2) негативні прикметники: погана / хмарна / злива / дощова / сонячна / спекотна / мінлива (нестабільна) / волога / холодна / прохолодна / сніжна / без вітру / задуха / морозна / туманна / огидна (бридка) / сувора / похмура / несприятлива / суха |
rain / rainfall (shower, downpour) / continuous (uninterrupted) rain / rainbow |
дощ / злива / затяжний дощ / веселка |
thunderstorm / thunder / lighting / hail / |
гроза / грім / блискавка / град |
It looks like rain / It’s pouring down rain / It’s raining cats and dogs / It’s sprinkling (drizzling) / I’m wet through (I’m wet to the skin) |
Схоже на дощ / Ллє як з відра / Мряка / Я змок до нитки |
snowfall / snowstorm / blizzard |
снігопад / завірюха / хуртовина (буран) |
temperature: hot / warm / chilly / cold / freezing |
температура: спекотно / тепло / прохолодно / холодно / дуже холодно |
wind: breeze / strong wind / gale / hurricane / offshore / choppy / side (cross) / head / fair (favorable) / north-west
how can the wind blow: fierce / furious / great (intense, powerful) / mad / howling / roaring / violent / sharp / shrewd |
вітер: бриз / сильний вітер / шторм (буря) / ураган / з берега / поривчастий / боковий / зустрічний / попутний / північно-західний як дме вітер: люто / несамовито / сильно / оскаженіло / завиває / ревуче / шалено / пронизливо / люто |
5. Climate |
5. Клімат |
hot / cold / dry / wet / mild / tropical / subtropical / insular / continental / moderate |
спекотний / холодний / сухий / вологий / м’який / тропічний / субтропічний / острівний / континентальний / помірний |
6. Disasters: |
6. Катастрофи |
volcanic eruption |
виверження вулкану |
earthquake / drought |
землетрус / посуха |
flood / tsunami (seismic sea wave) |
потоп / цунамі (гігантські хвилі як наслідок підводних землетрусів) |
hurricane / tornado / sandstorm |
ураган / торнадо/ піщана буря |
avalanche (snow-slip) |
сніжна лавина |
mud flow (torrent) / landslide (landslip) |
зсув ґрунту |
watersprout (whirlwind – water) / tornado (land) |
водяний смерч / торнадо (на суші) |