But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.

But it was not before 1940 that the term "Botkin's disease" was introduced into medicine due to the efforts of the well-known Soviet physician M. Konchalovsky.

Botkin's disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children, adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.

Botkin's disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an electronic one. Being highly virulent virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.

Занятие № 10.

1.Тема: «Acute Abdomen »

2.Значение изучения темы – заболевания «острого живота» остаются актуальными на сегодняшний день. Прогноз всегда серьезен, поэтому важно вовремя определить диагноз. Чем раньше госпитализирован и оперирован больной (в случае необходимости), тем больше вероятность его выздоровления.

3.Цели занятия: на основе теоретических знаний и практических умений обучающийся должен уметь делать аннотацию текста, анализировать и производить классификацию, уметь осуществлять продуктивные речевые действия.

4.План изучения темы:

4.1. Исходный контроль знаний. Индивидуальный устный опрос. 4.2.Изучение нового материала.

1.Введение и семантизация нового лексического материала:

• Tentative diagnosis

• Perforation

• Obstruction

• Throbbing pain

• Umbilical area

• Micturition

• Pelvic brim

2.Аннотирование текста:

Text F «Acute Appendicitis» стр. 216, Text A «Peritonitis» стр. 230

Acute Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is known to occur in all age groups. Its incidence varies in different sex groups; it is more frequent in women from 20 to 40 years of age. Cases of appendicitis have been noted to occur even in infants and in very old age.

Acute appendicitis is known to begin suddenly with sharp pain which is at first felt in epigastrium but then becomes generalized in the abdomen. The pain becomes worse on

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deep breathing in and coughing, it does not radiate and is accompanied by nausea, retention of stools and gases.

The temperature is normal of subfebrile and there is moderate leucocytosis. The ESR is initially normal. With the development of the disease temperature elevation is observed and ESR becomes increased. The pulse is quick but it is found to be not more than 90100 beats per minute. The tongue is coated and dry.

The attack of acute appendicitis is known to last for 3-4 days. Then the temperature returns to normal, abdominal pains decrease and only a moderate tenderness is felt in the right lower part of the abdomen on palpation.

Acute appendicitis is treated surgically. The operation is performed both under general and under local anaesthesia.The appendix is removed immediately to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis. Such forms of appendicitis as gangrenous and perforating are particularly dangerous to life. But sometimes even a mild form of appendicitis may take a severe course and to result in perforation.

Peritonitis

Peritonitis is known to be general or localized, acute or chronic, primary or secondary. Acute general purulent peritonitis is believed to be due to perforation of one of the hollow abdominal organs. The most frequent causes are perforating appendicitis, inflammatory conditions of the female sex organs and perforating gastric or duodenal ulcers.

The main symptoms of this condition are vomiting, pain and tenderness in the abdomen, it being considerably enlarged due to the presence of fluid there. The temperature is known to be moderately elevated, the pulse rate being considerably changed. The blood analysis usually reveals leucocytosis.

This condition is extremely dangerous to the patient's life, an emergency surgery being performed to save the patient. During the operation the primary focus of peritonitis is to be removed, the danger for the patient being eliminated.

Emergency operative treatment is known to be followed by a course of antibiotic treatment, which greatly contributes to the recovery.

5. Симптоматика заболеваний (Acute Appendicitis, Peritonitis): составить сравнительный анализ.

5.Основные понятия и положения темы:

Тема: «Acute Abdomen »

In perforations the pain is sudden and dramatic; in acute obstruction is rapidly become severe; in appendicitis it generally takes a few hours to develop its maximum intensity. The perforations, the pain is intense and burning; in obstructions it's spasmodic and colicky; in inflammation it's aching or throbbing. In perforations, the pain originates over the perforation and spreads rapidly over the whole abdomen; in intestinal obstruction it's mainly referred to the umbilical region; in biliary and renal colic it has a characteristuc distribution; in appendicitis it generally starts in the midline of the upper abdomen and later settled over the site of the appendix, but it may be localized to that site from the start.

6.Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности:

6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки:

1. What do you know about character of pain?

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