- •Ділова іноземна мова Завдання, які треба виконати до заліку:
- •§ 4. Знайомство з фірмою. Структура фірми. Типи взаємин на фірмі
- •Структура фірми
- •Загальна структура
- •1 . Read and translate the dialogue At the company office
- •2. Translate the sentences
- •3. Translate into English
- •4. Read and translate the text Business structure
- •5. Translate the dialogue into English
- •§ 5. У відрядженні Замовлення номеру в готелі. Купівля квитка на потяг, літак Замовлення номеру в готелі
- •Вам знадобиться
- •Інструкція:
- •1. Read and translate the dialogue
- •I'd like a single room.
- •2. Уявіть, що Ви у Лондоні бажаєте зупинитись у готелі. Сформуйте свої відповіді на репліки клерка
- •3. Complete the dialogue
- •§ 6. Ділова телефона розмова
- •Read and translate the text
- •2. Read the dialogues
- •3. Read and discuss the telephone conversation. Write out the unknown words
- •§ 7. Ділова кореспонденція. Структура ділового листа. Лист-запит
- •1 . Read and translate the text
- •2. Fill in the missing pronouns: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, anything, something, nothing, everything
- •3. Складіть лист-запит в англійську компанію Avon:
- •4. Складіть лист-пропозицію компанії Avon на Ваш лист-запит
- •§ 8. Види ділових листів
- •1 . Read and translate the text
- •2. Exercise your grammar. Fill in the missing pronouns: much, many, little, few, a little, a few
- •3. Study new business proverbs:
- •4. Read one of the examples of a business letter. State to what type it belongs to
- •§ 9. Електронні засоби зв’язку. Факс. Телекс
- •1 . Read and translate the text
- •2. Complete the dialogue
- •3. Read and translate the text. Write out the unknown words The Telex
- •4. Decode the following two telexes
- •5. Change the following message into telex
- •6. The following telexes have just come to you. Paraphrase them verbally and choose the correct action to be taken in the questionnaire
- •§ 10. Інтернет. Електронна пошта
- •1 . Read and discuss the text. Write out the unknown words
- •Internet
- •2. Make the following sentences complete
- •3. Read and discuss the text. Write out the unknown words
- •4. Rewrite the letter; substitute the phrases in bold type with more suitable ones for e-mail correspondence. Don’t hesitate to omit unnecessary information
- •A “smiley” is a symbol in the Internet to express your emotions. What is the meaning of the following symbols?
- •§ 11. Конференції. Презентації
- •Поняття презентації та її призначення
- •§ 12. Анотації
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •Example
- •2. Look at the examples of the resume. Find two scientific articles and make the resume to them
- •§ 13. Реферат
- •§ 14. Доповідь
- •§ 15. Обговорення доповіді
1. Read and translate the text
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.
T he terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.
Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference. Most literature database search engines index only abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text.
Abstracts are protected under copyright law just as any other form of written speech is protected. However, publishers of scientific articles invariably make abstracts publicly available, even when the article itself is protected by a toll barrier. For example, articles in the biomedical literature are available publicly from MEDLINE which is accessible through PubMed. It is a common misconception that the abstracts in MEDLINE provide sufficient information for medical practitioners, students, scholars and patients. The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Consulting the abstract alone is inadequate for scholarship and may lead to inappropriate medical decisions.
An abstract allows one to sift through copious amounts of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to his research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance. It is commonly surmised that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the entire merits of a paper.
An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:
The research focus (i.e. statement of the problem(s)/research issue(s) addressed);
The research methods used (experimental research, case studies, questionnaires, etc.);
The results/findings of the research; and
The main conclusions and recommendations
It may also contain brief references, although some publications' standard style omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth).
Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content. Abstracts are typically sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background, Introduction, Objectives, Methods, Results, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often calledstructured abstracts by publishers. In articles that follow the IMRAD pattern (especially original research, but sometimes other article types), structured abstract style is the norm. (The "A" of abstract may be added to "IMRAD" yielding "AIMRAD".) Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called unstructured abstracts by publishers. They are often appropriate for review articles that don't follow the IMRAD pattern within their bodies.