Indirect exclamations

When exclamations are converted into indirect speech, it is not so much the verb as the adverbial modifier which shows the character of the exclamation – whether it expresses joy, sorrow, surprise, etc.

e.g. She said, “How pleasant! Jane is going to spend a week with us!”

She cried joyfully (with joy, delightedly) that Jane was going to spend a week with them.

She said, “I am so sorry! Jane is leaving us!”

She said sadly (with deep sadness, sorrowfully) that Jane was leaving them.

She said, “I am sure we’ll never meet again.”

She said regretfully she was sure they would never meet again.

She said to them, “I’m sure you’ll soon forget me.”

She said with bitterness that she knew (was sure) they would soon forget her.

She said to him, “You are telling a lie!”

She cried indignantly (with indignation) that he was telling a lie.

She said to him, “Do you mean to say you’ve already read all the books?”

She asked in surprise if he had really read all the books.

She said to him, “Excuse me for disturbing you.”

She apologized (to him) for disturbing him.

She said to him, “I beg your pardon, I’ve forgotten to bring you the book.”

She begged his pardon for having forgotten to bring the book.

She said to him, “Do forgive me for what I’ve done.”

She begged his forgiveness (implored him to forgive her) for what she had done.

She said to them, “Thank you for your help.”

She thanked them (expressed her gratitude to them) for their help.

Greetings and leave-taking in indirect speech

When converting greetings and leave-taking into indirect speech, we use such verbs as to greet, to welcome, etc.

e.g. She said to them, “How do you do?”

She greeted them.

He said to them, “Happy to see you at my place.”

He welcomed them.

He said to them, “Good-bye!”

He bade them good-bye.

He said to them, “Good night!”

He wished them good night.

Remember to change some words in indirect speech:

here  there now  then

today  that day yesterday  the day before

tomorrow  the following day tonight  that night

ago  before

this  that

these  those

last month (year, etc.)  the previous month (year, etc.)

I. Put the following into indirect speech.

A. 1. “I look upon him as a friend,” says Tom. 2. “Ernie’s an educated man,” remarks Florrie. 3. “I’m a great reader,” says Tony. 4. “Jack is on the terrace. He is playing chess with his brother,” says Nelly. 5. “I can’t understand what he is talking about,” replies Bessie. 6. “They will be ready soon,” says Eliza. 7. “I’ll tell you when I’ll be back,” Nora says to Jack. 8. “He will be glad to go back,” she says. 9. “You have known me long,” Barbara says to Martha. 10. “He was born in Moscow,” she says.

B. 1. “He always has dinner there,” she said. 2. “I’m her guest at the moment,” he said. 3. “John always comes home to lunch,” said Martha. 4. “I am learning French,” said Florrie. 5. “The taxi is waiting,” Bentley said to Constance. 6. “I’ll be back in 5 minutes,” said Bessie. 7. “I’ll go in and see him before I go to bed,” said Stella. 8. “You won’t be able to see me on Tuesday,” she said to Jack. 9. “We shall not do that,” he said. 10. “I shall wait for Sheppey,” said Bolton.

C. 1. “You behaved very badly yesterday,” Pearl said to her. 2. “Marie-Lousie arrived last night and I’m expecting her every minute,” says Constance. 3. “He’ll meet Bessie here today,” she says. 4. “I think Mother and Major Liconde will be here tomorrow,” says Colin. 5. “I met Flora at lunch today,” said Clay. 6. “You’ve never looked so beautiful as you looked tonight,” he said to his wife. 7. “I spoke to her on the telephone two months ago,” she said. 8. “Arnold’s father arrived last night,” said Elizabeth. 9. “I’ll have another talk with Dick tomorrow myself,” said the doctor. 10. “I’ve not seen him this morning,” she said.

D. 1. “Step this way, please,” Albert said to him. 2. “Take off your coat,” Maurice said to his wife. 3. “Sit down and have something to eat, children,” said Mrs Tabret. 4. “Were you lunching together,” said Martha. 5. “Does he know French and German?” said Pearl. 6. “Are we having tea in the kitchen?” she asked Tom. 7. “Aren’t Bessie and Harry Bleane here?” she asked him. 8. “Is there a word of truth in this story?” Harvester asked Mrs Tabret. 9. “Have you missed me?” said his mother. 10. “Have you been expecting me?” Bessie asked Sheppey.

E. 1. “Tom wants to know if you are free tomorrow,” she said. 2. “Richard Twining is coming to dinner tonight,” said Pearl. 3. “I asked him to come today,” said Constance. 4. “Jane rang me up an hour ago,” said Jack. 5. “Will you tell Major Liconde what instructions you gave me last night?” she said to Harvester. 6. “I went to Kiev 7 years ago,” said Anna. 7. “I saw a very good film last night,” she said. 8. “All that was a long time ago,” he said. 9. “What are you reading now, Jack?” she said. 10. “Have you ever seen this before?” she said to him.

II. Put the following into direct speech.

1. She told him she would help him. 2. She said that she was ill and tired. 3. Maurice told Stella that she was the best dancer he had ever danced with. 4. Constance said that Martha had rung her up an hour before. 5. Bessie asked Florrie how much longer she was going to stay there. 6. She said that Maurice was so strange that day. 7. She asked him to come in. 8. She told him that she would do all she could. 9. Tony told Helen that she had said that the previous week. 10. She said that she would be all right in a minute.

III. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses.

1. Когда я позвонил ему домой, мне сказали, что он только что ушел. 2. У меня было очень мало времени. Я думал, что они уже уедут, прежде чем я приду туда. 3. Я сказал Тому, что позвоню ему сегодня вечером. 4. Я знала, что вы меня спросите об этом. 5. Мой друг сказал мне, что он только один раз был в Москве. 6. Вы сказали, что поможете мне. 7. Я вспомнил, что он навещал нас 5 лет назад. 8. Он спросил меня, завтракал ли я. 9. Я знаю, они вам сказали, что все будет хорошо. 10. Я думала, что они скоро вернутся.

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs express the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state indicated by the infinitive which follows them. The speaker may represent an action or state as necessary or unnecessary, possible or impossible, certain or doubtful, etc. The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, shall, will, would, need, dare. There are also the modal expressions «to be to + Infinitive» and «to have to + Infinitive».

Modal verbs are called defective verbs because they do not have some verbal characteristics. Modal verbs have the following peculiarities:

1) they don’t have the forms of the infinitive and participles;

2) their forms are the same for all persons, there is no -s in the third person singular;

3) they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to (with the exception of ought);

4) they form the negative and interrogative forms without the auxiliary verb do.

To make a question we place the modal verb before the subject:

e.g. Can you do it now? May I take this book?

To make a negative form we put the negative particle not after the modal verb:

e.g. You must not take this book.

All the modal verbs have two negative forms – a full negative form and a contracted negative form:

may not – mayn’t [meInt]

might not – mightn’t [maItnt]

must not – mustn’t [msnt]. Pay attention to the absense of sound [t] in the pronunciation!

should not – shouldn’t [∫dnt]

need not – needn’t [ni:dnt]

could not – couldn’t [kdnt]

The full negative form of the modal verb can is always written as one word cannot ['kænƒt], ['kæn‚t], and its contracted form is can’t [ka:nt]. The form cannot is mostly used in written English.

Note: The peculiar contracted forms of the two modal verbs:

shall not – shan’t [∫a:nt]

will not – won’t [w‚nt]

In the English language most commonly used modal verbs are: can [kæn] – могу, умею; may [meI] – могу, можно, must [mst] – должен, нужно, надо.

These modal verbs express the following meanings:

1. Ability – be able to, be capable of.

If you want to say that someone is able to carry out an action use can. It can express:

1) physical ability:

e.g. He can play football.

He can’t do this work well.

2) mental ability:

e.g. My son is 4 years old and he can read. (He is able to read.)

Can you speak French?

3) circumstantial ability:

e.g. I can’t find my keys!

Can you remember her name?

Could is used in the past:

e.g. He was late for school because he couldn’t find his bag.

2. Permission – be allowed to, be permitted to.

If you want to give or ask for permission, use can or may. May is more polite and formal than can.

e.g. You can leave when the bell rings.

Customers may buy extra copies at half price.

I’m sorry you can’t park here. (You are not allowed to park here.)

Could is a polite way of asking for permission.

e.g. Could I leave early today?

Might is a very formal and old-fashioned way of asking for permission.

e.g. Might I borrow your umbrella?

3. Possibility.

If you want to say that something is possible, use can or may. May is more polite and formal than can.

e.g. You can go by bus from London to Liverpool.

You may find the manager in the office.

The verb can in this meaning used with verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear) is not translated into Russian.

e.g. I can’t see that tree. – Я не вижу то дерево.

Can you hear the music? – Ты слышишь музыку?

4. Obligation.

If you want to demand that someone does something or something happens, use must. You can also use this idea about yourself to express a duty.

e.g. The builders must finish the job today.

We mustn’t leave the house before 6 o’clock.

I must remember to bring my notebook.

The negative form mustn’t expresses strong and categoric prohibition.

e.g. May I speak to him? – No, you mustn’t. – Нет, нельзя.

You mustn’t play with matches. – Нельзя играть со спичками.

Visitors mustn’t feed the animals. – Посетителям (зоопарка) запрещается кормить животных.

5. Necessity.

If you want to say that it is necessary for something to happen, use must.

e.g. We really must go now.

I must get my hair cut this weekend.

If you want to express the opposite meaning – absence of necessity – use needn’t.

e.g. There is a lot of time so you needn’t worry.

I. Make up questions and negative sentences

A. 1. I can show you an interesting picture of this city. 2. He can give you his report on the life of Jack London. 3. His brother could play the piano very well. 4. She could translate these English texts.

B. 1. You must attend a lecture on German History on Tuesday. 2. You must return my magazines on Wednesday. 3. You must take your children to the country for the weekend. 4. I must go to see my grandmother on my day off.

C. 1. You may discuss these questions after work. 2. They may take four magazines from that shelf. 3. She may sit on the sofa in my study. 4. He may leave Moscow on Saturday.

II. Define the meaning of the modal verb.

1. There is nobody in Room 35. You can work there. 2. It’s too dark. I can’t see anything. 3. – Can I use your typewriter? – Yes, certainly/Of course, you can. 4. – Can I take your textbook? – I’m afraid you can’t. I’m going to do some exercises. 5. – Can I park here? – I’m not sure. 6. – Can I stop here? – Certainly not/Of course, not. 7. – May I ask you a question? – Yes, you may. 8. – May I take your pen? – Do, please. 9. – May I come in? – Yes, of course/Certainly. 10. – May I smoke here? – I’m afraid not. 11. – May I cross the street now? – No, you mustn’t. There is a red light on. 12. – Must I come on Monday morning? – Yes, you must. 13. – Must I do this exercise in writing? – No, you needn’t. You may do it orally. 14. – I think Mary is a nice girl. – Can she dance? – Of course, she can, and she can sing as well. 15. – Can you write shorthand? – No, I can’t. 16. – May I use your typewriter? – Yes, you may. – And can Jack borrow your bike? – No, he can’t. 17. – I must say good-bye to you now. – Can’t you stay a little longer? – I’m afraid I can’t. I must do some work at home. – What a pity. Good-bye. 18. – Peggy is coming to see us today. – When? – This afternoon. – Then I must go and meet her at the station. 19. – I’m going fishing. Can Nick come with me? – No, he can’t. – Why not? – Because he must stay at home and prepare for his exam. 20. You must come round for a meal some time.

III. Express agreement. Do it as in the model.

Model: – Helen is a good pianist.

– You are right. She can play the piano very well.

1. Jack is a good jumper. 2. My brother is a good swimmer. 3. Robert is a good skater. 4. Mrs Brown is a good singer. 5. Alec is a good dancer. 6. Mike is a good football player. 7. Mr Smith is a good teacher. 8. He is a good chess player. 9. Mrs Green is a good cook. 10. Miss Smith is a good typist. 11. Mr Brown is a good painter.

IV. Ask for additional information.

Model: – I can’t play cricket. (what games)

– What games can you play?

1. You can’t take all these books. (which books) 2. She can’t finish the work tonight. (when) 3. You can’t keep the book long. (how long) 4. I can’t visit Peter tonight. (when) 5. We can’t stay at this hotel. (where) 6. He can’t help me. (why) 7. Betty can’t speak Spanish. (who)

V. Make sentences using can.

Learning English

Watching television

Visiting relatives

Winter sports

Going to the dentist

Meeting new people

Travelling can sometimes

often

occasionally be exciting.

boring.

interesting.

painful.

hard work.

dangerous.

good fun.

VI. Which of these things can you do? Which can’t you do? Write sentences like this:

Model: I can play the piano, but I can’t play the violin.

count to twenty in Spanish

swim

ride a bike

drive a car

understand sign language

dive

ride a horse

sail a boat

use a word processor

play chess

run a marathon

ski

Write similar sentences about when you were ten years old. Use could and couldn’t.

VII. Complete these sentences using the correct form of to be able to.

1. If you sit at the back, you ___________ see very well. 2. Fortunately, she ___________ give the police a good description of the burglar. 3. I’m sorry. We’re busy on Sunday, so we _________________ come. 4. Experiments suggest that some dolphins ____________________ use a complicated system of sounds for communication. 5. We got there in good time, so we ___________ help Janet get everything ready. 6. I hope we ___________ produce better results in the future. 7. The chairman sends his apologies that he ___________ be at us this evening.

VIII. Complete these sentences using can, can’t, could, couldn’t.

1. There was a woman with a big hat right in front of me. I ___________ see a thing. 2. I’m sorry, you’re in my light. I ___________ see what I’m doing. 3. It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we ___________ hear very well. 4. When she screams, you ___________ hear her all over the house. 5. She was phoning all the way from Singapore but I __________ hear her very clearly. 6. ___________ you hear me at the back? 7. Put your hands up if you ___________ hear me. 8. I’ve got a really bad cold. I ___________ smell anything. 9. There’s something good in the kitchen. You ___________ smell it from here. 10. There’s a lovely view. On a clear day you ___________ see for miles. 11. Can you move over a bit? I ___________ see anything when you’re in the way. 12. Turn the radio up a bit. I ___________ hear it very clearly.

IX. Read this passage and complete the sentences below.

In Britain you are not allowed to leave school or to get married until you are at least sixteen years old. You cannot drive a car until you are seventeen, and you cannot drive a taxi until you are twenty-one. You are allowed to vote at the age of eighteen.

1. When you are sixteen you can ___________ and you can also ___________, but you are not allowed to ___________ until you are eighteen. 2. You are allowed to __________ when you are seventeen, but you can’t __________ until you are twenty-one. 3. You can ___________ at the age of seventeen and you can ___________ at the age of eighteen. 4. It seems silly that you are allowed to ___________ when you are only sixteen, but you are not allowed to ___________ until you are seventeen. 5. I think you should be allowed to __________ a year earlier, when you are seventeen. 6. If you can ___________ at the age of seventeen I don’t see why you shouldn’t be allowed to ___________.

X. Ask and give permission.

Model: – May I go out for a moment, please?

– Yes, you may. / Yes, please. / Please, do. / Certainly.

Prompts: open the window, listen to the record, switch on the radio-set, go home, borrow your pen, talk with you, come in, ask you a question, use your phone, keep the book.

XI. Ask and deny permission.

Model: – May I smoke here?

– Please, don’t. / I’m afraid not. / No, you mustn’t.

Prompts: use your car, close the door, borrow your umbrella, go out, switch on the TV set, take your dictionary, cross the street now, buy an ice-cream, leave now, take your exercise-book.

XII. All of these sentences can be used to ask for permission. Rewrite each one using can, may or could. (Remember that may makes the requests more formal and could more polite.)

1. Do you mind if I open this window just a little? 2. I’d like to ask you just one more question. 3. Is it all right if I give you a ring some time later? 4. Is it OK if we go swimming? 5. Do you mind if I sit down? 6. I’d like an ice-cream please. 7. Do you think it’s possible for me to go home now? 8. Do you mind if I come back later?

XIII. Make six requests from this table.

Could I

May I

Could you let me have another cup of coffee

a look at your newspaper

something to eat

one of those biscuits

a bit of advice

a little more time please?

XIV. Respond using must to express obligation.

a) Model: – The suit is nice. (buy)

– You must buy it.

1. Bill is ill. (visit) 2. Jane is very busy. (help) 3. It’s 8.40. (go to school) 4. It’s 12 o’clock. (have lunch) 5. It’s late. (go to bed) 6. You are tired. (have a rest) 7. The book is interesting. (read) 8. The train is leaving in half an hour. (take a taxi) 9. It’s seven o’clock already. (get up)

b) Model: – You’ve got a temperature. (go out)

– You mustn’t go out.

1. It’s too cold. (stay out long) 2. He is very busy now. (speak to him) 3. There is a child in the room. (smoke) 4. It’s Peter’s textbook. (take) 5. You have much homework for tomorrow. (watch TV) 6. Betty can do this work herself. (help) 7. You are tired. (work hard)

XV. Make these invitations very welcoming by starting with You must.

Model: Can you come to our party next week?

– You must come to our party next week.

1. Would you like to come round for a game of chess some time? 2. Why don’t you bring your wife with you next time? 3. I’d like you to meet my brother next time he’s here. 4. Do have another cup of coffee. 5. Can’t you stay a little longer? 6. Would you like to see my holiday photographs? 7. Will you stay for lunch? 8. Would you like another piece of cake?

XVI. Give short answers to the following questions.

Model: – Must I help him?

– Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

1. Must I wait for you? 2. Must I copy the text? 3. Must we go there today? 4. Must I send them a fax? 5. Must I type the documents? 6. Must I come at 5 sharp? 7. Must I do this work myself? 8. Must I phone the manager? 9. Must we take a tent with us? 10. Must we start at once? 11. Must I be present at the meeting?

XVII. Respond to the following.

a) Model: I have a toothache. (go to the dentist)

– I’ll have to go to the dentist.

1. I’m busy now. (write the report by Monday) 2. I’ve lost my dictionary. (buy a new one) 3. It’s raining. (you, take an umbrella) 4. She is out. (you, wait) 5. My mother is ill. (I, call the doctor) 6. The bus is late. (we, take a taxi) 7. Peter didn’t pass his exam yesterday. (take it again in a week) 8. Mike can’t translate the text himself. (I, help him)

b) Model: The boss is in. (you, wait)

– You won’t have to wait.

1. We shall do the work ourselves. (you, help us) 2. Betty is quite well today. (she, miss the lecture) 3. There is still a lot of time left. (you, hurry) 4. Victor knows about the meeting. (you, ring him up) 5. The station is not far from the hotel. (we, take a taxi) 6. Paul will come here in some minutes. (you, wait)

XVIII. Ask for additional information.

Model: – Tom had to go to the police station. (why)

– Why did Tom have to go to the police station?

1. Ann has to leave tomorrow. (what time) 2. We had to answer a lot of questions at the exam. (how many) 3. George had to pay a parking fine. (how much) 4. Somebody will have to help him. (who) 5. I shall have to go to the station today. (why) 6. I had to return home. (why) 7. I shall have to take my exam soon. (when) 8. I had to wait for Peter. (how long)

XIX. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs.

1. When ___________ you come to your lessons? – I ___________ come to my lessons at eight o’clock. 2. You ___________ go away now, you ___________ stay here till six o’clock. 3. ___________ I take your pen? – Yes, you ___________. Here it is. 4. Nick knows French well. He ___________ translate the text. 5. I ___________ translate this letter. It’s too difficult. 6. ___________ I come into the room? – No, you ___________. 7. You ___________ come to your lessons in time. 8. ___________ you read this text? – Yes, I ___________. It’s easy. 9. I ___________ go to the library today. I have no time. 10. You ___________ read this book. It’s very easy. 11. You ___________ go out today. It’s too cold. 12. ___________ I take your pen? – Do, please. 13. We ___________ carry the bookcase upstairs. It is too heavy. 14. When ___________ you come to see us? – I ___________ come only tomorrow. 15. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you ___________, it is not necessary. 16. Mary ___________ finish the work at once. 17. ___________ you cut something without a knife? 18. Peter ___________ return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 19. ___________ we do the exercise at once? – No, you needn’t. 20. ___________ you pronounce this word?

XX. Translate it into English.

А. 1. Мой друг умеет хорошо говорить по-французски. 2. Я не могу дать вам эту книгу. Я должен приготовить уроки. 3. Можно убрать эти цветы со стола? – Да, конечно. 4. Я знаю немецкий плохо, но я могу переводить легкие тексты. 5. Я не смог прочитать эту книгу. Она слишком трудна для меня. 6. Вы хорошо играете на пианино? 7. Кто должен прийти на наш урок? 8. Какую книгу вы можете посоветовать мне прочитать? 9. Простите, я не могу отдать вам ваш журнал. Я забыл его вчера на работе. 10. Вы можете перевести это предложение? Оно очень легкое. 11. В детстве мой брат хорошо говорил по-английски. Теперь он не умеет говорить ни на одном иностранном языке. Он должен снова начать изучать английский язык. 12. Кто может ответить на мой вопрос? – Ник. Он много читает и хорошо знает литературу.

Б. 1. Можно войти? 2. Можете ли вы прийти к нам сегодня вечером? 3. Можно здесь курить? 4. Я не умею кататься на коньках, но я хорошо катаюсь на лыжах. 5. Можно мне открыть здесь окно? 6. Я не могу открыть окно. Помогите мне, пожалуйста. 7. Можно мне поговорить с вами сейчас? 8. Мой брат умеет говорить на трех иностранных языках.

В. 1. Можно вам помочь? – Пожалуйста. 2. Вы должны запомнить адрес и пойти туда тотчас же. 3. Какой-то человек хочет вас видеть. – Можете попросить его сюда. 4. Я должен оплатить это прямо сейчас? – Нет, не нужно, я могу подождать. 5. Вы должны подписать письмо и поставить дату. 6. Он может это сделать вовремя, не так ли? 7. Могу я повидать мистера Блэка? – Да, он в кабинете. 8. Можно включить радио? – Боюсь, что нет. Дети должны идти спать. 9. Можно пока положить книги на этот стол. 10. Чем могу быть вам полезен? – Могу я оставить сообщение для мистера Грина? – Конечно. 11. Пока (в настоящее время) этого делать не нужно. 12. Можно задать вам вопрос? – Пожалуйста.

Г. 1. Ты сможешь помочь мне по математике сегодня вечером? – Боюсь, что нет. Я должен поехать в аэропорт встретить друга. 2. Я должна поторопиться. Мы с Аней договорились встретиться в институте в 10 часов. 3. Не надо вставать так рано. Ты сможешь все сделать днем. 4. Можно мне просмотреть эти документы? – Боюсь, что нет. Я должна показать их директору. Вы сможете взять их только после обеда. 5. Я напряженно работал и смог завершить работу в срок. 6. Я не смогу пойти с вами в театр. Я должен буду задержаться на работе до 8 часов. 7. Мне не пришлось посылать ей телеграмму. Она смогла позвонить сама. 8. Тебе пришлось долго ждать? – Около часа. 9. Поторопись. Нам нельзя опаздывать на поезд. Придется поймать такси.

REFERENCES

1. Cobuild Collins Student’s Grammar. – Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.

2. Lebedeva A.Y. Exercises in English Tenses. – Л.: Просвещение, 1979.

3. Lee L. Cider with Rosie. – England: Penguin Group, 1962.

4. Molinsky J.S., Bliss B. Side by Side. English Through Guided Conversations. – М.: Interprint, 1992.

5. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. Elementary Course. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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