III. Find English equivalents in the text:

звіт про війни		оцінювати
поєднувати, сполучати		обширні знання
царювання, правління		підтверджувати
занепад		головним чином
звинувачувати		наголошувати
послідовник		виявляти
робити вклад		відображати
значущий		оповідь
усне свідчення		божественний
спробувати		заснувати
шедевр		єпископ

IV. Define the key sentences of the text.

V. Interpret the following in English:

• the entire course of human events;

• inevitable process;

• cyclical theory;

• overwhelming evidence;

• the nature of history;

• to add fictitious details;

• to confirm the basic accuracy of Herodotus’ writing;

• detailed narrative;

• annals;

• to show the hand of God in historical events;

• members of the clergy;

• to concentrate more on the human view of events and less on the divine aspect;

• to have significant impact

VI. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

to confirm	to examine
to regard	to lead
to repeat	to prevail
to direct	to support
to argue	to introduce
to assume	to demand
to investigate	to recur
to dominate	to give reasons
to question	to consider
to present	to reject
to turn away	to suppose
to doom	to formulate
to devise	to condemn

VII. Error correction. Define false statements and give their right versions:

• The Ancient Greeks regarded history as a series of events with a beginning and an end.

• Cyclical theory dominated nearly all the history written in Europe during the Middle Ages.

• During the early 1900’s philosophers developed the concept of history as a process of inevitable progress.

• Philosopher Oswald Spender compared human civilizations with organisms, which go through a cycle of birth, development, and death.

• Most modern philosophers turn away from theories, that history has meaning and purpose, but they examine the nature of history and the method of explanation.

• The world’s oldest written history comes from the Ancient East.

• Herodotus strove to write critically and accurately.

• During the 300’s, only the members of the clergy tried to write a universal history by combining Jewish and Christian history with the record of the Greek and Roman past.

• During the 1800’s history became a recognized academic field.

• Gibbon formulated the basic methods used by modern historians to analyze and evaluate documents.