1. Choose the sentences from the text with the followigp words and word combinations, translate them into Ukrainian:

clubbed fingers, cyanotic, palpitation, fibrillation on exertion.

2. Read the text and say whether the following statement is true.

A patient with mitral insufficiency cannot lead normal life.

3. Write a short summary of the text.

MITRAL STENOSIS

Mitral stenosis is a relatively common heart lesion; it is the typical rheumatic heart defect. In this disease a simple endocarditis has glued the mitral valve flaps together and by shortening the chordae tendineae has pulled the flap edges almost down to the tips of the papillary muscles, thus greatly narrowing the mitral orifice. Normally one should be able to put three fingers through this orifice with ease; but in well-marked cases of stenosis one can hardly pass a lead pencil through it.

In cases of mitral stenosis the left ventricle is not affected; but the left auricle has great difficulty emptying itself through the narrow ori­fice into the ventricle; therefore it dilates and hypertrophies. Since no valve protects the pulmonary veins from a backward flow from this auri­cle, the pulmonary circulation becomes markedly congested; as a result of the abnormally high pulmonary, arterial pressure that must be main­tained by the right ventricle, the latter is subjected to an unphysiologic strain, and eventually fails.

Patients with mitral stenosis are more cyanotic, more short of breath, cough more and suffer more from "bronchitis" than those with mitral in­sufficiency. Hemoptysis is a common symptom.

The pulse of patients with mitral stenosis is small in volume and often irregular because of fibrillation. The apex beat is in about normal posi­tion and not conspicuous on inspection; but on palpation it is felt as a characteristic sudden tap, like that of a hammer.

I. Give a written translation of the paragraph dealing with the description of mitral stenosis.

2. Answer the following questions.

   1. What are the common symptoms of mitral insufficiency?

   2. How does the patient with mitral insufficiency look?

   3. Is mitral stenosis a common heart disease?

   4. What is affected in case of mitral stenosis?

   5. What does the patient suffer from?

3. Choose the sentences from the text with the definition of

mitral stenosis.

Aortic stenosis

Narrowing of the orifice between the left ventricle and the aorta is a lesion found most frequently in elderly men. Often this is the result of arteriosclerosis, which has rendered the flaps of the aortic valve so stiff that they cannot open; they become glued together or so thickened by cal­careous plates that they partially occlude the lumen of the mouth of the aorta. The left ventricle overcomes this obstruction to circulation by con­tracting more slowly but with greater energy than normal, forcibly squeezing the blood through the very small hole. The first heart sound, therefore, is a longdrawn, rough and vibrating, this rumble loudest at the aortic area and transmitted into the great vessels of the neck. Of all car­diac murmurs this may be the most musical, or the harshest, and is the loudest.

The pulse is slow in rate and small in volume; the pulse pressure is low.

This lesion increases the work of one cavity of the heart only; the left vetricle; hence the wall of the latter does what all muscles do when given increased work - it becomes stronger and thicker, that is, it hypertro­phies. Thus it is that while aortic stenosis is slowly developing, the left ventricle, if its myocardium is fairly normal, gradually increases its strength, and the patient is not aware that a valve lesion is developing.

Aortic stenosis is a disease with remarkably few symptoms, notwith­standing the fact that it is prone to develop in elderly men with masked arteriosclerosis, rigid chest, and emphysematous lungs, whose circulato­ry systems, therefore, are incapable of much compensatory adjustment.

I. Read the text and choose the sentences with the following words

and word combinations:

lumen, obstruction, cardiac murmurs, calcareous plates, transmit, aortic stenosis, compensatory adjustment

2. .Choose the sentences from the text describing the symptoms of

the disease.

2. Read the text and choose the sentences to prove the following

statements.